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Piyassili

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Piyassili (also transliterated asPiyaššili; died ca. 1315 BC), also known asSarri-Kusuh (orŠarri-Kušuḫ), was aHittite prince and a middle son of KingŠuppiluliuma I—younger than the heirArnuwanda II, but older than the eventual successorMuršili II and probably older than the ill-fatedZannanza too. After Šuppiluliuma concluded a treaty withShattiwaza, son of KingTushratta ofMitanni, and married one of his daughters to him, Piyassili led a Hittite army that put Shattiwaza on the throne of Hanigalbat. According to Hittite sources, Piyassili and Shattiwaza crossed theEuphrates atCarchemish, then marched againstIrridu, already inHurrian territory. After having reduced Irridu andHarran, they continued east towards toWashukanni and perhaps conquered the capitalTaite as well.

Biography

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After Shattiwaza had been made a vassal ruler ofHanigalbat, Suppiluliuma gave to Piyassili the Hurrian nameSarri-Kusuh and the territory ofAshtata (with the cities ofEkalte,Ahuna andTerqa) andCarchemish, formerly belonging to Hanigalbat. "And all of the cities of the land of Carchemish, Murmurik, Shipri, Mazuwati and Šurun – these fortified cities– I gave to my son."^[1] In fact, the whole former territory of Hanigalbat west of the Euphrates seems to have come under direct Hittite rule and was governed by Piyassili.

When the Egyptians attackedKadesh, Šuppiluliuma besieged and retook the town. The people were deported and Šuppiluliuma made Piyassili governor of that town as well. Still bearing the name "Sarri-Kusuh" Piyashshili came to Muršili's aid in the campaign againstArzawa around 1320 BC. Piyassili then returned to Carchemish.

Piyassili fell ill and died before the ninth year ofMuršili II's reign. After his death, a rebellion broke out in Kadesh andNuhašše. After it had been quelled, Piyassili's son was made king of Carchemish by his uncle Muršili II.

Hittite New Kingdom royal family tree according to Trevor Bryce

Kantuzilli^[a]

Tudhaliya I/II^[b]

Nikkalmati^[c]

Arnuwanda I^[c]

Asmunikal^[c]

Hattusili II?^[d]

Tudhaliya III^[e]

Daduhepa^[f]

Zida^[g]

Tudhaliya the Younger^[h]

Henti^[g] (1)

Šuppiluliuma I^[h]

(2)Tawananna^[i]

Arnuwanda II^[g]

Telipinu^[j]

Sarri-Kusuh^[k]^[l]

Zannanza^[m]

Gassulawiya^[n] (1)

Mursili II^[g]

(2)Tanuhepa^[o]

Talmi-Sarruma^[p]

Sahurunuwa^[k]^[q]

Muwatalli II^[o]

Halpasulupi^[r]

Massanauzzi^[s]

Hattusili III^[t]

Puduhepa^[u]

Ini-Tesub^[k]^[v]

Urhi-Tesub^[o]

Kurunta^[w]

Nerikkaili^[x]

numerous daughters^[y] and sons^[z]

Tudhaliya IV^[aa]

Talmi-Tesub^[k]^[ab]

Arnuwanda III^[ac]

Suppiluliuma II^[ac]^[ad]

Kuzi-Tesub^[ae]

(1) = 1st spouse
(2) = 2nd spouse
Small caps indicates a Great King (LUGAL.GAL) of the Land of Hatti; italic small caps indicates a Great Queen or Tawananna.
Dashed lines indicate adoption.
Solid lines indicate marriage (if horizontal) or parentage (if vertical).

References:

Trevor Bryce (1997).The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
Trevor Bryce (2005).The Kingdom of the Hittites (new edition). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
Trevor Bryce (2012).The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Jacques Freu (2007).Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite. Paris, France: L'Harmattan.
Volkert Haas (2006).Die hethitische Literatur. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter.

Notes:

^Scholars have suggested that Tudhaliya I/II was possibly a grandson of the Hittite kingHuzziya II; the first Tudhaliya is now known to be the son of Kantuzzili (Bryce 1997, p. 131 suggested Himuili, but the new edition, Bryce 2005, p. 122, indicated Kantuzzili).
^Bryce (1997) does not consider it clear whether Tudhaliya I/II was one king or two (p. 133); the link points to Tudhaliya II. Among those who identify distinct kings Tudhaliya I and Tudhaliya II, Freu (2007) has Kantuzzili—his son Tudhaliya I—his son Hattusili II—his son Tudhaliya II (p. 311).
^^a ^b ^cBryce (1997), p. 139.
^The existence of Hattusili II is doubted by many scholars (Bryce 1997, pp. 153–154; Bryce 2005, p. 141). Among those who accept the existence of Hattusili II, Freu (2007), p. 311, has Tudhaliya I—his son Hattusili II—his son Tudhaliya II.
^Bryce (1997), p. 158.
^Bryce (1997), p. 172.
^^a ^b ^c ^dBryce (1997), p. 174.
^^a ^bBryce (1997), p. 168.
^Also known as Malnigal; daughter ofBurnaburias II of Babylonia (Bryce 1997, p. 173).
^‘Great priest’ inKizzuwadna and king (lugal) of Aleppo (Bryce 1997, p. 174).
^^a ^b ^c ^dKing (lugal) of Carchemish.
^Bryce (1997), pp. 174, 203–204.
^Zannanza died on his way to Egypt to marry a pharaoh's widow, probablyAnkhesenpaaten, the widow ofTutankhamun (Bryce 1997, pp. 196–198).
^Bryce (1997), p. 227.
^^a ^b ^cBryce (1997), p. 230.
^Bryce (1997), p. 220.
^Bryce (1997), p. 222.
^Haas (2006), p. 91.
^Massanauzzi married Masturi, king of theSeha River Land (Bryce 1997, p. 313).
^Bryce (1997), p. 296.
^Puduhepa was the daughter of the Kizzuwadnan priest Pentipsarri (Bryce 1997, p. 273).
^Bryce (1997), pp. 346, 363.
^King (lugal) of Tarhuntassa (Bryce 1997, p. 296); apparently later Great King of Hatti (Bryce 1997, p. 354).
^Nerikkaili married a daughter of Bentesina, king ofAmurru (Bryce 1997, p. 294).
^Two daughters of Hattusili III were married to the pharaohRamesses II; one was given the Egyptian nameMa(hor)nefrure. Another, Gassuwaliya, married into the royal house of Amurru. Kilushepa was married to a king of Isuwa. A daughter married into the royal family of Babylon. A sister of Tudhaliya IV married Sausgamuwa, king of Amurru after his father Bentesina. From Bryce (1997), pp. 294 and 312.
^Bryce (1997), p. 332.
^Bryce (1997), p. 363. Tudhaliya IV probably married a Babylonian princess, known by her title of Great Princess (dumu.sal gal) (Bryce 1997, pp. 294, 331).
^Bryce (1997), p. 363.
^^a ^bBryce (1997), p. 361.
^Last documented Great King of the Land of Hatti.
^King and then Great King of Carchemish (Bryce 1997, pp. 384–385).