Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets was the name of three separate ice hockey teams based atDuquesne Garden inPittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The original team was part of theUnited States Amateur Hockey Association (USAHA) from 1920 to 1925 and developed from predecessors dating back to 1915. After winning the USAHA Championship in 1924 and 1925, the ostensibly amateur (but arguably semi-professional) Yellow Jackets turned fully professional and became thePittsburgh Pirates of theNational Hockey League. After the Pirates relocated in 1930 to play as thePhiladelphia Quakers, a second Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets club (organized by the founder of the original club) played for two seasons in theInternational Hockey League, a minor professional circuit. A third Yellow Jackets team was organized at the amateur level in 1935 byJohn H. Harris and competed in theEastern Amateur Hockey League before folding in 1937.
| Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets | |
|---|---|
| City | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,United States |
| League | USNHL (1918) USAHA (1920–1925) |
| Founded | 1915 |
| Operated | 1916–1925 |
| Home arena | Duquesne Garden |
| Colors | Gold, black (1916) Red, gray (1916–1920) Gold, black (1920–1925) |
| Franchise history | |
| 1916 | Duquesne Garden hockey team |
| 1916–1920 | Pittsburgh Athletic Association |
| 1920–1922 | Pittsburgh Hockey Club |
| 1922–1925 | Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets |
| Championships | |
| League championships | 1 USNHL (1918); 2 USAHA (1923–24, 1924–25) |
| Division championships | 2 (1923–24, 1924–25) |
The roots of the Yellow Jackets trace back to the winter of 1915–16, whenRoy Schooley, a local politician and former hockey referee, put together an amateur team to play exhibition games at theDuquesne Garden. Schooley brought in Canadian players including Dinny Manners, brothersLarry andJoe McCormick, andRussell McCrimmon.[1] The team, known as the "Duquesne Garden hockey team" after its home arena, compiled a record of 20 wins, 3 losses and no ties in early 1916 against teams from Canada and the US.[2] A highlight of the season was a three-game series sweep of theSt. Paul (Minnesota) Athletic Club, which had won theMacNaughton Cup as champion of the American Hockey Association and had defeated the Lachine club of Canada, holders of theArt Ross Cup.[2] After beating St. Paul, the Duquesne Garden team was claimed to be the hockey champion of the world,[2][3] though this claim was not officially or widely recognized.
After its first season, the Duquesne Garden exhibition team established an affiliation with thePittsburgh Athletic Association (PAA), a private athletic and social club, adopting that organization's name, colors, and "Winged Head" insignia.[4][5] The team finished its 1916–17 campaign with a 37–3–0 record.[6] A late-season addition to the roster wasHerb Drury, an immediate star who would remain with the team and all its successors through to the final one, the Philadelphia Quakers.
During the winter of 1917–18 the PAA team joined theNew York Wanderers,Boston Arenas and Boston Navy Yard in forming theUnited States National Hockey League, which would last only one season. The PAA won the league title and went on to defeat the Montreal Hochelaga club, holders of theArt Ross Cup, in an international amateur championship series to win a new honor called the Fellowes international trophy.[7][8] That season's overall record of 24–3–2 included a 22-game winning streak.[9]
There was no 1918–19 season for the PAA, with Duquesne Garden being used as a barracks[10] and most of the players in military service.[11] The team resumed its dominance in 1919–20, going 25–5–3 playing an independent schedule.[12]
The PAA team figured prominently in the formation of the firstU.S. Olympic ice hockey team. When the sport was about to debut as an Olympic competition at the1920 Games inAntwerp,Belgium, the PAA won a three-team American tournament (withBoston AA andSt. Paul AC) that was originally supposed to determine which one of the clubs would be sent intact to the Olympics to represent the United States.[13] However, as it became clear that no team had enough US-eligible players to furnish a full Olympic roster, it was decided to choose representatives from all three of the teams.[14] Four of the eleven selections were from the PAA: the two McCormicks and Drury, who were born in Canada but had acquired US citizenship, and US-born goalieRay Bonney.[12] Joe McCormick was appointed the US team's captain.[15] PAA manager Schooley, who assembled the Olympic team, said that the PAA's Manners, McCrimmon, andEd Nagle, all Canadians, would have been worthy of inclusion had they been eligible.[16] The Americans won the silver medal, having overwhelmed all of their opponents except for Canada's gold medalistWinnipeg Falcons, to whom they lost 2–0.
In late October, 1920, theUnited States Amateur Hockey Association was formed, with Schooley andWilliam S. Haddock serving as co-founders and respectively acting as the league's secretary-treasurer and president.[17] The team that had been playing under the PAA banner reorganized as the Pittsburgh Hockey Club, shedding the red and gray colors of the PAA for new uniforms of black and gold.[18] An original member of the USAHA, the team played only a few exhibition games in its inaugural season before suspending operations because of eligibility problems.[19] It was reapproved for league play for the following season.[20] The team would not become known as the Yellow Jackets until the 1922–23 season.[21]
According to former sports reporter Paul Sullivan, who covered hockey for much of his life for thePittsburgh Gazette Times and later thePittsburgh Sun-Telegraph, the USAHA was not a completely amateur league. Sullivan noted that even though the USAHA was called an amateur league, "They didn't come down from Canada because they thought Pittsburgh was a nice place."[22] The eastern teams of USAHA soon imported Canadian players, to add to their rosters of local players. In February 1923, Schooley invitedLionel Conacher, a futureHall of Famer, to come to Pittsburgh and officiate games, "to see if the crowd would take to him". Schooley then asked Conacher to play with the Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets in a four-game series against his former team, theToronto Aura Lee hockey team, and against theHamilton Tigers. Conacher impressed the Pittsburgh fans by scoring 11 of the Yellow Jackets' 23 goals in the four games.[23] Schooley then used his connections in the Pittsburgh media[24] to promote Conacher to the city's hockey fans. After seeing how well the fans took to Conacher, Schooley made him the team's captain, and asked him to invite a number of his friends to play for the Yellow Jackets. These players includedHarold Cotton,Hib Milks,Harold Darragh,Rodger Smith,Duke McCurry,"Tex" White and goalieRoy Worters.[17]
Dick Carroll, who had coached theToronto Arenas to theStanley Cup in 1918,[25] was appointed the team's coach once Conacher and his teammates arrived in Pittsburgh for the 1923–24 season by Schooley. However the use of Canadian players drew criticism, with theBoston-based teams leading the charge. In one instance, theBoston Herald questioned why: "Boston hockey … [was] hooked up with Pittsburgh at all… [After all] the best hockey in Boston is played by our own boys … [and Pittsburgh hockey] … is played mainly by a bunch of traveling mercenaries, who practically all are of Canadian birth and training."Boston Herald columnist W.E. Mullins referred to the Yellow Jackets as "Pittsburgh's Canadians". These imported players joined current Yellow Jackets players Dinny Manners and Herb Drury, the latter of whom was about to win his second silver medal as a member of the U.S. Olympic hockey team.[17][26]
In the Yellow Jackets' 1923–24 season opening game at Duquesne Garden, Conacher scored ahat trick.[23] The Yellow Jackets posted a 15–5–0 record for the season to earn first place in the league's Western group. Pittsburgh then defeated theBoston Athletic Association to win the Fellowes Cup 4 games to 1 in the playoffs.[27] A Boston newspaper, theBoston Traveller, on January 29, 1924, termed the Yellow Jackets "a wonder team" and another account referred to Conacher as "Canada’s Wonder Athlete". The trio of Rodger Smith, Conacher and Roy Worters was part of Pittsburgh’s "stonewall defense."[23] The Yellow Jackets were so dominant by 1924 that they spun off another Pittsburgh team, named theFort Pitt Hornets, who played in the Eastern Division.[22] Dinny Manners, who served asplayer-coach of the Yellow Jackets in the 1922–23 season, when they were only a .500 club, still played for the team during the 1923–24 season, however the following season he joined the Hornets.[17][28]
In their 1924–25 season, the Yellow Jackets finished theirsplit regular season with a 15–3–2 first-half record for first place in the Western Group, followed by a 10–8–2 second-half record for second place in the west.[27] After sweeping the second-half winnerEveleth Arrowheads in the group playoff, the Jackets moved on to the league finals against their in-city rivals the Fort Pitt Hornets, who had won the Eastern Group.[29] The favored Yellow Jackets defeated the Hornets three games to none, with one tie, to retain the Fellowes Cup.[30]
The Yellow Jackets stopped playing after the USAHA folded at the end of the 1924–25 season. When Duquesne Garden president Henry Townsend was granted an NHL expansion team for the following season, he filled it with the former Yellow Jackets players. The NHL team took the namePittsburgh Pirates from thebaseball club, something thenew NFL team would also do eight years later.[31] The team wore black and yellow uniforms that largely resembled the Yellow Jackets' outfits from the previous season. The Pirates made it to the NHL semifinals within a year and would be barely nudged out of the playoffs. In 1926, the playoff series was just two games long, with total goals deciding the issue. The Pirates, who finished third in the seven-team NHL, lost to theMontreal Maroons, 3–1, in the opener in Pittsburgh and tied, 3–3, in Montreal. The Maroons' 6–4 edge in goals gave them the series and they went on to win the 1926 Stanley Cup. Among the Jackets-turned-Pirates were two Hockey Hall of Famers—Lionel Conacher and goalie Roy Worters. The Pirates would operate from 1925 until 1930.[31]
The Pittsburgh Hockey Club that succeeded the Pittsburgh Athletic Association hockey team in 1920 wore black jerseys with gold trim and the word "Pittsburg" (as thename of the city was still sometimes spelled) written in script diagonally across the chest.[32][33] Black and gold had also been worn by the club's original predecessor, the 1916 Duquesne Garden team.[34]
In November 1922, the Pittsburgh club switched to gold jerseys with a black "P" on the front;[35] the nickname "Yellow Jackets" appeared in the press by the next month.[36] On the sleeves were patches in the form of thecoat of arms of the city of Pittsburgh.[37] A late version of the Yellow Jackets jersey featured a slanted and more angular "P" logo on the front and the word "Champions" cursively written above the "P".[38] When the Yellow Jackets became the city's first NHL team, the Pittsburgh Pirates, they retained the colors, chest logo, and sleeve patches from the previous season's uniforms but changed the word above the "P" to read "Pirates".
The team's colors gained new relevance decades later when the city's second NHL team, the Pittsburgh Penguins, wanted to change their uniform colors from blue and white to black and gold. When the change was protested by theBoston Bruins, the Penguins showcased the Pirates-Yellow Jackets jerseys as precedence for the move.[39]
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against
| Season | GP | W | L | T | Pts | GF | GA | Finish | Playoffs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1921–22 | 12 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 10 | – | – | third in Group 2 | Missed Playoffs[27] |
| 1922–23 | 20 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 20 | 49 | 35 | fourth in West | Missed Playoffs[27] |
| 1923–24 | 20 | 15 | 5 | 0 | 30 | 63 | 25 | first in West | Won USAHA Championship over Boston Athletic Association 4–1[27] |
| 1924–25 | 40 | 25 | 11 | 4 | 54 | 78 | 39 | first in West | Won USAHA Championship over Fort Pitt Hornets 3–0–1[30] |
| Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets | |
|---|---|
| City | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,United States |
| League | International Hockey League |
| Founded | 1930 |
| Operated | 1930–1932 |
| Home arena | Duquesne Garden |
| Colors | Gold, black |
| Owner(s) | Roy Schooley |
| Head coach | Charlie Reid |
| Championships | |
| Playoff championships | 0 |
The Pirates left Pittsburgh and became the short-livedPhiladelphia Quakers in 1930, due to issues related to theGreat Depression and the failure to find a replacement for the agingDuquesne Garden. Shortly afterwards, Schooley headed a group that acquired the Niagara Falls franchise in theInternational Hockey League and transferred it to Pittsburgh under the reclaimed name "Yellow Jackets".[40] The Pittsburgh team competed in the IHL for only two seasons.
In 1932, the Yellow Jackets served as afarm team for theChicago Black Hawks who often took several of their key players in mid-season. Before a March 1932 game against theBuffalo Bisons, Pittsburgh'sDoc Romnes was recalled to Chicago to aid the team in their NHL title chase. This and other roster moves over the season left the Yellow Jackets' coach,Charlie Reid to constantly change his forward lines.[41]
By 1932, the Yellow Jackets were having financial problems, despite the support Pittsburgh fans gave them, leaving some doubt as to whether the team would operate in 1932–33. On August 22, 1932, it was reported that the defunct Pittsburgh Pirates would be returning to the NHL forthe upcoming season. The news put the Yellow Jackets in limbo, since the Pirates still held territorial rights and could deny the team permission to operate. However the trust company that owned the Jackets had the right to deny the NHL team the right to play at Duquesne Gardens. However the optimism was short-lived and on October 1, 1932 the Pirates formally suspended operations.[42] The Yellow Jackets went dormant as well,[42] and ultimately disbanded without playing another season.[43]
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against
| Season | GP | W | L | T | Pts | GF | GA | Finish | Playoffs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1930–31 | 48 | 21 | 18 | 9 | 51 | 101 | 108 | fourth in IHL | fourth in round robin[44] |
| 1931–32 | 48 | 17 | 22 | 9 | 43 | 91 | 118 | fifth in IHL | Missed Playoffs[45] |
| Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets | |
|---|---|
 | |
| City | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,United States |
| League | Independent (early 1935) Eastern Amateur Hockey League (1935–1937) |
| Founded | 1935 |
| Operated | 1935–1937 |
| Home arena | Duquesne Garden |
| Colors | Gold, black |
| Owner(s) | John H. Harris |
| Head coach | Dinny Manners |
| Championships | |
| Playoff championships | 0 |
In January 1935,[46] Pittsburgh theater chain ownerJohn H. Harris, who had taken a lease on the Garden in 1932,[47] hired coach and former player Dinny Manners to put together an amateur team with the intent of placing it in theEastern Amateur Hockey League.[48] This was the third hockey team in Pittsburgh to take the name Yellow Jackets, not including yet another team of the same name in a local commercial league.[43]
The team spent its shortened first season in early 1935 as an independent playing various exhibition games against other clubs. Then on October 29, 1935, theMontreal Gazette reported that the Yellow Jackets had joined the EAHL with theNew York Rovers.[49] During the team's three seasons of play,Frank Brimsek served as the team's goaltender. Brimsek would go on to win 252 games in goal, which gave him the record for winningest American-born netminder. His record would stand until February 15, 1994, whenTom Barrasso and the NHL'sPittsburgh Penguins defeated theWinnipeg Jets, 5-3, at thePittsburgh Civic Arena.[25][50]
The Yellow Jackets had a hand in providing Pittsburgh with another professional hockey team, thePittsburgh Shamrocks. The idea for the Shamrocks team came about when Yellow Jackets' owner, John Harris, and Charles King, president of the International American Hockey League, met in Pittsburgh to discuss Pittsburgh’s possible entrance into the league in the fall. The meeting resulted in the establishment of the Shamrocks and established that the Garden's ice time would be split by the new IHL team and the Yellow Jackets, who became the newest members of the Eastern Amateur Hockey League.[25] During his tenure as owner of the Yellow Jackets, John Harris made two notable decisions. First, on March 31, 1936, he hiredSonja Henie, 24-year-oldNorwegianfigure skater to perform before a Yellow Jackets’ game, leading to the creation of theIce Capades.[51] Then, on October 4, 1936, Harris purchased theDetroit Olympics and moved the team to Pittsburgh, where they were renamed thePittsburgh Hornets. Some players from the Yellow Jackets and Shamrocks players then joined the Hornets. After the 1936–37 season, the Yellow Jackets folded.[52]
Two players from the team have been inducted into theHockey Hall of Fame: Brimsek in 1966 and wingerGordie Drillon in 1975.
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against
| Season | GP | W | L | T | Pts | GF | GA | Finish | Playoffs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1935–36 | 40 | 22 | 16 | 2 | 46 | 108 | 74 | second in EHL | second in round robin[53][54] |
| 1936–37 | 48 | 19 | 24 | 5 | 43 | 119 | 147 | third in EHL | Missed Playoffs[53] |