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Pitt–Newcastle ministry

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Government of Great Britain

Not to be confused with the earlierPitt–Devonshire ministry, formed in 1756 under Pitt and the Duke of Devonshire.

Pitt–Newcastle ministry

Pitt (top) and Newcastle (bottom)

Between 1757 and 1762,^[1] at the height of theSeven Years' War, thePitt–Newcastle ministry governed theKingdom of Great Britain. It was headed byThomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, serving in his second stint as prime minister. The most influential and famous minister, however, wasWilliam Pitt the Elder,Secretary of State.

History

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The ministry ended a period of political instability in which Great Britain had struggled in the war. Pitt was a strong war leader but lacked the support inParliament necessary to provide effective leadership. Newcastle provided this, as he had a solid support base in theHouse of Commons. They divided duties between each other; Pitt directed the defence and foreign policies, while Newcastle controlled the nation's finances and patronage.

The ministry led Britain to many victories in the war, particularly in the so-calledAnnus Mirabilis of 1759, which put the country in a strong position by 1761; that year, however, Pitt resigned over a dispute concerning the entry of Spain into the war. Since KingGeorge II died in 1760, the ministry had been under pressure by the accession ofGeorge III, who disliked both Pitt and Newcastle and favouredJohn Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute. Bute, aTory, was madeNorthern Secretary in March 1761, and following Pitt's resignation, the ministry is otherwise referred to as theBute–Newcastle coalition.^[2]

In 1762 Newcastle was forced to resign, with his followers (the "Pelhamites") dismissed by Bute in what became known as the "Massacre of the Pelhamite Innocents";^[3]^[4] this is traditionally considered to have been the moment the ministry collapsed.^[5]

Ministry

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As compared to the 20th and 21st century, whenministers hold acabinet-level position under the British prime minister, it is unclear which of the following ministers, beyond Pitt, functionally acted as members of Prime Minister Newcastle's cabinet.

Cabinet members
Portfolio	Minister	Took office	Left office
First Lord of the Treasury^[6] Leader of the House of Lords	Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle (head of ministry)	1757 (1757)	1762 (1762)
Chancellor of the Exchequer^[7] Second Lord of the Treasury	Henry Bilson-Legge	1757 (1757)	1761 (1761)
Chancellor of the Exchequer^[7] Second Lord of the Treasury	William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington	1761 (1761)	1762 (1762)
Lord Chancellor^[8](after 1761) Lord Keeper of the Great Seal(before 1761)	Robert Henley, 1st Baron Henley	1757 (1757)	1762 (1762)
Lord President of the Council^[9]	John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville	1757 (1757)	1762 (1762)
Lord Privy Seal^[10]	Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple	1757 (1757)	1761 (1761)
	In commission	1761 (1761)	1761 (1761)
	John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford	1761 (1761)	1762 (1762)
Leader of the House of Commons	William Pitt (head of ministry)	1757 (1757)	1761 (1761)
Leader of the House of Commons Treasurer of the Navy	George Grenville	1761 (1761)	1762 (1762)
Secretary of State for the Southern Department^[11]	William Pitt (head of ministry)	1757 (1757)	1761 (1761)
Secretary of State for the Southern Department^[11]	Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont	1761 (1761)	1762 (1762)
Secretary of State for the Northern Department^[11]	Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness	1757 (1757)	1761 (1761)
Secretary of State for the Northern Department^[11]	John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute	1761 (1761)	1762 (1762)
Master-General of the Ordnance^[12]	Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough	1757 (1757)	1758 (1758)
	Vacant	1758 (1758)	1759 (1759)
	John Ligonier, 1st Viscount Ligonier	1759 (1759)	1762 (1762)
First Lord of the Admiralty^[13]	George Anson, 1st Baron Anson	1757 (1757)	1762 (1762)
Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland^[14]	Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll	1757 (1757)	1761 (1761)
Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland^[14]	Charles Douglas, 3rd Duke of Queensberry	1761 (1761)	1762 (1762)
Lord Chamberlain of the Household^[15]	The Duke of Devonshire	1757 (1757)	1762 (1762)
Lord Steward of the Household	John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland	1757 (1757)	1761 (1761)
Lord Steward of the Household	William Talbot, 1st Earl Talbot	1761 (1761)	1762 (1762)
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster^[16]	Richard Edgcumbe, 1st Baron Edgcumbe	1757 (1757)	1758 (1758)
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster^[16]	Thomas Hay, 9th Earl of Kinnoull	1758 (1758)	1762 (1762)
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland	John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford	1757 (1757)	1761 (1761)
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland	George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax	1761 (1761)	1762 (1762)
Master of the Horse^[17]	Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Gower	1757 (1757)	1760 (1760)
	Francis Hastings, 10th Earl of Huntingdon	1760 (1760)	1761 (1761)
	John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland	1761 (1761)	1762 (1762)
Paymaster of the Forces	Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland	1757 (1757)	1765 (1765)

Notes

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^Cook & Stevenson 1980, p. 11
^Cook & Stevenson 1980, p. 12;Namier & Brooke 1985, p. 539
^Roberts, Roberts & Bisson 2016, p. 311;Kelch 1974, p. 178
^Bloy, Marjorie (12 January 2016),"The Massacre of the Pelhamite Innocents",A Web of English History, retrieved16 August 2017
^Middleton 1985, p. 209
^Haydn 1851, p. 112
^Haydn 1851, p. 168
^Haydn 1851, p. 105
^Haydn 1851, p. 119
^Haydn 1851, p. 147
^^a ^bHaydn 1851, p. 172
^Haydn 1851, p. 192
^Haydn 1851, p. 160
^Haydn 1851, p. 401
^Haydn 1851, p. 206
^Cook & Stevenson 1988, p. 45
^Haydn 1851, p. 209

References

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Browning, Reed (2004), "Holles, Thomas Pelham-, duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and first duke of Newcastle under Lyme (1693–1768)",Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press,doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21801 (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
Cook, Chris; Stevenson, John (1980),British Historical Facts, 1760–1830, Springer (published 2016),ISBN 978-1-137-06465-3
——; Stevenson, John (1988),British Historical Facts: 1688–1760, Palgrave Macmillan UK,ISBN 978-1-349-02369-1
Haydn, Joseph (1851),The Book of Dignities, London: Longmans, Brown, Green, and Longmans
Kelch, Ray A. (1974),Newcastle; A Duke Without Money: Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1693–1768, University of California Press,ISBN 978-0-520-02537-0
Middleton, Richard (1985),The Bells of Victory: The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry and the Conduct of the Seven Years' War, 1757–1762, Cambridge University Press,ISBN 0-521-26546-0
Namier, Lewis;Brooke, John, eds. (1985),The House of Commons, 1754–1790, Boydell & Brewer,ISBN 978-0-436-30420-0
Roberts, Clayton; Roberts, David F.; Bisson, Douglas (2016),A History of England, Volume 2: 1688 to the Present, Routledge,ISBN 978-1-315-50960-0

Preceded by

Caretaker ministry

Government of Great Britain
27 June 1757 – 26 May 1762 (1757-06-27 –1762-05-26)

Succeeded by

Bute ministry

v t e British governments
Great Britain (1707–1801)	Godolphin–Marlborough Harley Townshend Stanhope–Sunderland I Stanhope–Sunderland II Walpole–Townshend Walpole Carteret Broad Bottom I and II Short-lived Newcastle I Pitt–Devonshire 1757 Caretaker Pitt–Newcastle (Newcastle II) Bute Grenville Rockingham I Chatham Grafton North Rockingham II Shelburne Fox–North (Portland I) Pitt I
UK (GB and Ire) (1801–1922)	Addington Pitt II All the Talents Portland II Perceval Liverpool Canning Goderich Wellington–Peel Grey Melbourne I Wellington Caretaker Peel I Melbourne II Peel II Russell I Who? Who? (Derby–Disraeli I) Aberdeen Palmerston I Derby–Disraeli II Palmerston II Russell II Derby–Disraeli III (Disraeli I) Gladstone I Disraeli II Gladstone II Salisbury I Gladstone III Salisbury II Gladstone IV Rosebery Salisbury III and IV Balfour Campbell-Bannerman Asquith I–III Asquith Coalition Lloyd George I and II
UK (GB and NI) (1922–present)	Law Baldwin I MacDonald I Baldwin II MacDonald II National Government I National Government II National Government III National Government IV Chamberlain War Churchill War Churchill Caretaker Attlee I and II Churchill III Eden Macmillan I and II Douglas-Home Wilson I and II Heath Wilson III and IV Callaghan Thatcher I Thatcher II Thatcher III Major I Major II Blair I Blair II Blair III Brown Cameron–Clegg (Cameron I) Cameron II May I May II Johnson I Johnson II Truss Sunak Starmer
Current ministry

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