It has an ancient historical centre, derived from the time in which it was theEtruscans' port, in the surroundings ofPopulonia. In theMiddle Ages, it was instead an important port of theRepublic of Pisa.
Itshinterland hosts a considerable industrial area. Its port is still heavily used, both for industry and for tourism, with ferry boats toPortoferraio (Elba) andOlbia (Sardinia).
The area of modern Piombino was settled since ancient times. During theEtruscan era the main city in the area wasPopulonia, now afrazione within the comune of Piombino.
The namePiombino derives almost certainly fromPopulino, meaning "Small Populonia", which the refugees gave to a small village where they had taken refuge after the city had been attacked by Greek pirates (9th century). It is also probable that Piombino had already been founded during the period ofOstrogoth rule.
In 1022 the Monastery of San Giustiniano was founded in the area, boosting the activity of fishermen, sailors and workers. In 1115 Piombino submitted to theRepublic of Pisa, becoming its second main port: authority was exerted by aCapitano ("Captain"). During the conflicts between the Pisane and the Genoese (12th–13th centuries), the city was sacked various times. In 1248 theCapitano Ugolino Arsopachi built the Channels.
In 1445, through his marriage with Caterina Appiani,Rinaldo Orsini acquired the Lordship of Piombino. In 1501–1503 the lordship came under the control ofCesare Borgia. AfterCosimo I de' Medici had occupied the Lordship of Piombino in the course of the war againstSiena, in 1553 and 1555 a French-Ottoman fleet attacked Piombino, but was pushed back. In 1557, a peace treaty reinstated the Appiani as rulers of Piombino, with the exception ofPortoferraio, which was given to theGrand Duchy of Tuscany, and the area ofOrbetello, which became part of theState of the Presidi under Spanish control.
During World War II, in the days that followed the announcement of theArmistice of Cassibile, Piombino was the setting for one of the first episodes of theItalian resistance.[4] On 10 September 1943, duringOperation Achse, a small German flotilla, commanded byKapitänleutnant Karl-Wolf Albrand, tried to enter the harbour of Piombino but was denied access by the port authorities.[4] GeneralCesare Maria De Vecchi, in command of the Italian coastal forces (and a former FascistGerarca), commanded the port authorities to allow the German flotilla to enter, against the advice ofCommander Amedeo Capuano, the Naval commander of the harbour.[4][5][6] Once they entered and landed, the German forces showed a hostile behaviour, and it became clear that their intent was tooccupy the town; the local population asked for a resolved reaction by the Italian forces, threatening an insurrection, but the senior Italian commander, general Fortunato Perni, instead ordered histanks to open fire on the civilians, to disperse the crowds; De Vecchi forbade any action against the Germans.[4][5][6] This however did not stop the protests; somejunior officers, acting on their own initiative and against the orders (Perni and De Vecchi even tried to dismiss them for this), assumed command and started distributingweapons to the population, and civilian volunteers joined the Italian sailors and soldiers in the defense.[4][5][7] Battle broke out at 21:15 on 10 September, between the German landing forces (who aimed to occupy the town centre) and the Italian coastal batteries, tanks, and civilian population.[4][5][6] Italian tanks sank the Germantorpedo boatTA11;[8][9] Italian artillery also sank sevenMarinefährprahme, thepénichesMainz andMeise (another péniche,Karin, was scuttled at the harbour entrance as ablockship) and sixLuftwaffe service boats (Fl.B.429,Fl.B.538,Fl.C.3046,Fl.C.3099,Fl.C.504 eFl.C.528), and heavily damaged the torpedo boatTA 9 and thesteamersCarbet andCapitano Sauro (formerly Italian).[10]Sauro andCarbet were scuttled because of the damage they had suffered.[10][11] The German attack was repelled; by the dawn of 11 September, 120 Germans had been killed and about 200–300 captured, 120 of them wounded.[6] Italian casualties had been 4 killed (twosailors, oneGuardia di Finanzabrigadier, and one civilian) and a dozen wounded;[12][13] four Italiansubmarine chasers (VAS 208,214,219 and220) were also sunk during the fighting.[10] Later in the morning, however, De Vecchi ordered the prisoners to be released, and had their weapons given back to them.[4][5][14] New popular protests broke out, as the Italian units were disbanded and the senior commanders fled from the city; the divisional command surrendered Piombino to the Germans on 12 September, and the city was occupied.[4][5][6] Many of the sailors, soldiers and citizens who had fought in the battle of Piombino retreated to the surroundingwoods and formed the firstpartisan formations in the area.[5] For the deeds of its citizens, the town received a Gold Medal for Military Valour from PresidentCarlo Azeglio Ciampi.
The ancient portTrain station buildingTorre Mozza, 16th century Tuscan coastal tower. It is now a historical and tourist attraction in the Follonica gulf, in front of Elba island.
Co-Cathedral ofSant'Antimo (c. 1377), built by theAugustinians and originally dedicated to St. Michael. It is inPisane-Gothic style, a memoir of the rule of Pisa over Piombino. The interior, with two naves (one added in 1933), houses precious works by Andrea Guardi, including a Baptismal Font. The counter-façade has Renaissance sepulchres of the Appiani family. Also by Guardi is the cloister (1470).
TheRivellino (Walls Tower-Gate) is the city's most ancient monument (1212).
TheChiesa della Misericordia (early 13th century). It houses a precious 15th-century crucifix.
TheCassero Pisano (Castle). It is formed by two distinct buildings, the Fortress, built underCosimo I de' Medici (1552–53), and the Cassero (late 15th century), the latter used as a military jail until 1959.
ThePalazzo Comunale (Town Hall), mostly a modern reconstruction of the ancientPalazzo degli Anziani (1435). In the Musters Hall, with portraits of the Princes of Piombino.
Chapel of St. Anne, a noteworthy Renaissance work by Guardi. Annexed is theTorre Civica (Town Tower, 16th century).
TheCisterna di Cittadella (Citadel's Cistern), also by Guardi. On the sides are the portraits ofJacopo III Appiani and his son and wife, later disfigured by order ofCesare Borgia.
Casa delle Bifore (House of the Mullioned Windows, 1280s).
The Natural Province Reserve Padule Orti Bottagone, created in 1998, next to the locality of Torre del Sale.
Piombino has schools, a gymnasium (middle school), lyceums (high schools), churches, banks, parks and squares. In the locality of Punta Falcone is an astronomical observatory, created in 1976.East of Piombino, there was a power station with 1280 MW generation capacity with two chimneys, each 195 metres (640 ft) tall, but this is now being dismantled. West of Piombino, there is the start of the submarine power cable section to Corsica from HVDCSACOI.
