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Pinnipedimorpha

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Stem-clade of arctoid carnivorans

Pinnipedimorphs Temporal range:Oligocene–Holocene,24–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Artist reconstruction ofEnaliarctos emlongi
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Clade:	Pan-Pinnipedia
Clade:	Pinnipedimorpha Berta et al., 1989
Subtaxa
†EnaliarctidaeMitchell & Tedford, 1973 PinnipediformesBerta, 1994 †PinnarctidionBarnes, 1979 †PacificotariaBarnes, 1992 †PteronarctosBarnes, 1989 PinnipediaIlliger, 1811

Pinnipedimorpha is aclade ofarctoid carnivorans that is defined to include the last common ancestor ofPhoca andEnaliarctos, and all descendants of that ancestor.^[1] Scientists still debate on which lineage of arctoid carnivorans are the closest relatives to the pinnipedimorphs, being more closely related tomusteloids.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Below is an overall phylogeny of the taxa covered in the article followed after a composite tree in Berta et al. (2018)^[1] and a total-evidence (combined molecular-morphological) dataset in Paterson et al. (2020):^[7]

†Amphicynodontidae

†Semantoridae

Pinnipedimorpha

†Enaliarctidae

Pinnipediformes

†Pinnarctidion

	†Pacificotaria

	†Pteronarctos

Pinnipedia

Phocoidea

	Phocidae

	†Eotaria

	Otariidae

References

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^^a ^bBerta, A.; Churchill, M. & Boessenecker, R.W. (2018)."The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses".Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences.46:203–228.Bibcode:2018AREPS..46..203B.doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009.
^Lento, G. M.; Hickson, R. E.; Chambers, G. K.; Penny, D. (1995)."Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds".Molecular Biology and Evolution.12 (1):28–52.doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189.PMID 7877495.
^Hunt, R. M. Jr.; Barnes, L. G. (1994)."Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds"(PDF).Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History.29:57–67.
^Higdon, J. W.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R.; Beck, R. M.; Ferguson, S. H. (2007)."Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset".BMC Evolutionary Biology.7: 216.doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-216.PMC 2245807.PMID 17996107.
^Sato, J. J.; Wolsan, M.; Suzuki, H.; Hosoda, T.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Hiyama, K.; Kobayashi, M.; Minami, S. (2006). "Evidence from nuclear DNA sequences sheds light on the phylogenetic relationships of Pinnipedia: Single origin with affinity to Musteloidea".Zoological Science.23 (2):125–46.doi:10.2108/zsj.23.125.hdl:2115/13508.PMID 16603806.S2CID 25795496.
^Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J.; Nedbal, M. A. (2005)."Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships".Systematic Biology.54 (2):317–37.doi:10.1080/10635150590923326.PMID 16012099.
^Paterson, R. S.; Rybczynski, N.; Kohno, N.; Maddin, H. C. (2020)."Pinniped taxonomy: review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description".Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution.7 (457).doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00457.

†Magnotherium
Monachini	†Afrophoca †Auroraphoca †Messiphoca Monachus Neomonachus †Eomonachus †Noriphoca †Palmidophoca †Pliophoca †Pontophoca †Pristiphoca †Terranectes
Miroungini	†Callophoca Mirounga
Lobodontini	†Acrophoca †Australophoca †Hadrokirus †Homiphoca Hydrurga Leptonychotes Lobodon Ommatophoca †Piscophoca †Properiptychus †Virginiaphoca

Phocinae

†Cryptophoca †Frisiphoca †Kawas †Leptophoca †Monachopsis †Monotherium †Phocanella †Prophoca †Sarmatonectes
Erignathini	Erignathus †Platyphoca
Cystophorini	Cystophora †Miophoca †Pachyphoca
Phocini	†Batavipusa †Gryphoca Halichoerus Histriophoca †Nanophoca Pagophilus Phoca †Planopusa †Praepusa Pusa

Otarioidea	see below↓

†Dusignathinae	Dusignathus Gomphotaria
Odobeninae	†Aivukus Odobenus †Ontocetus †Pliopedia †Protodobenus †Valenictus

Panotariidae

†Eotaria

Otariidae

Callorhinae

Callorhinus
†Pithanotaria

Otariinae

†Thalassoleon
Zalophini	Eumetopias †Oriensarctos †Proterozetes Zalophus
Otariini	Arctocephalus Arctophoca †Hydrarctos Neophoca Otaria Phocarctos