Pink is a pale tint ofred, the color of thepink flower.[2][3][4] It was first used as acolor name in the late 17th century.[5] According to surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most often associated with charm, politeness, sensitivity, tenderness, sweetness, childhood, femininity, andromance. A combination of pink and white is associated with innocence, whereas a combination of pink and black links to eroticism andseduction.[6]
In the 21st century, pink is seen asa symbol of femininity, though it has not always been seen this way. Prior to the second half of the 20th century, pink frequently reflectedmasculinity.[7][8] Scholars have linked the decisive feminization of pink to the emergence ofBarbie in 1959.[8]
Etymology and definitions
The color pink is named after the flowers,pinks,[9]flowering plants in the genusDianthus, and derives from the frilled edge of the flowers. The verb "to pink" dates from the 14th century and means "to decorate with a perforated or punched pattern" (possibly from Germanpicken, "to peck").[10] It has survived to the current day inpinking shears, hand-held scissors that cut a zig-zagged line to prevent fraying.
Optics
In optics, the word "pink" can refer to any of the pale shades of colors betweenbluishred to red in hue, of medium to high lightness, and of low to moderatesaturation.[11] Although pink is generally considered atint of red,[12][13] the colors of mosttints of pink are slightly bluish, and lie between red andmagenta. A few variations of pink, such as salmon color, lean toward orange.[14][15][16][17]
History, art, and fashion
The color pink has been described in literature since ancient times. In theOdyssey, written in approximately 800 BCE,Homer wrote "Then, when the child of morning,rosy-fingered dawn appeared..."[18] Roman poets also described the color.Roseus is theLatin word meaning "rosy" or "pink."Lucretius used the word to describe thedawn in hisepic poemOn the Nature of Things (De rerum natura).[19]
Literature
In Spanish and Italian, aromantic novel is known as a "pink novel" (novela rosa in Spanish,romanzo rosa in Italian).
Carl Surely's short story "Dinsdale's Pink" is acoming of age tale of a young man growing up in Berlin in the 1930s, dealing with issues of gender, sexuality and politics.
InLouisa May Alcott's 1868-69 bookLittle Women, Amy March uses blue and pink ribbons to tell the difference between her sister Meg's newborn twins.[21]
Art and fashion throughout the years
Pink was not a common color in the fashion of the Middle Ages; nobles usually preferred brighter reds, such ascrimson. However, it did appear in women's fashion and religious art. In the 13th and 14th centuries, in works byCimabue andDuccio, the Christ child was sometimes portrayed dressed in pink, the color associated with the body of Christ.
In the high Renaissance painting theMadonna of the Pinks byRaphael, the Christ child is presenting apink flower to theVirgin Mary. The pink was a symbol of marriage, showing a spiritual marriage between the mother and child.[22]
During the Renaissance, pink was mainly used for the flesh color ofwhite faces and hands. The pigment commonly used for this was called light cinabrese; it was a mixture of the red earth pigment calledsinopia, orVenetian red, and a white pigment calledBianco San Genovese, or lime white. In his famous 15th century manual on painting,Il Libro Dell'Arte,Cennino Cennini described it this way: "This pigment is made from the loveliest and lightest sinopia that is found and is mixed and mulled with St. John's white, as it is called in Florence; and this white is made from thoroughly white and thoroughly purified lime. And when these two pigments have been thoroughly mulled together (that is, two parts cinabrese and the third white), make little loaves of them like half walnuts and leave them to dry. When you need some, take however much of it seems appropriate. And this pigment does you great credit if you use it for painting faces, hands, and nudes on walls..."[23]
The Greek poetHomer wrote of "the child of morning, rose-fingered dawn" in theOdyssey. Sunrise atSerifos, Greece.
In the early Renaissance, the infant Jesus was sometimes shown dressed in pink, the color associated with the body of Christ. This isThe Virgin and Child Enthroned with Two Angels, byCimabue. (1265–1280)
In the 1280s,Duccio also painted the Christ child dressed in pink
A knight in red receiving a helmet from a damsel in pink, from an English manuscript ofThe Romance of Alexander (1338–1344).
Pink was particularly championed byMadame de Pompadour (1721–1764), the mistress of KingLouis XV of France, who wore combinations of pale blue and pink, and had a particular tint of pink made for her by theSevres porcelain factory, created by adding nuances of blue, black and yellow.[24]
While pink was quite evidently the color of seduction in the portraits made byGeorge Romney ofEmma, Lady Hamilton, the future mistress of AdmiralHoratio Nelson, in the late 18th century, it had the completely opposite meaning in the portrait of Sarah Barrett Moulton painted byThomas Lawrence in 1794. In this painting, it symbolized childhood, innocence and tenderness. Sarah Moulton was just eleven years of age when the picture was painted, and died the following year.
Madame de Pompadour, the mistress ofLouis XV, made pink and blue the leading fashion colors in the Court of Versailles. She had a special pink tint created for her by the Sevres porcelain factory. This portrait byFrançois Boucher was painted in 1758.
Pink had become a popular color throughout Europe by the late 18th century. It was associated with both romanticism and seduction. This fashion plate is from 1778 to 1787.
In 19th century England, pink ribbons or decorations were often worn by young boys; boys were simply considered small men, and while men in England wore red uniforms, boys wore pink. The clothing for children in the 19th century was almost always white, since, before the invention of chemical dyes, clothing of any color would quickly fade when washed in boiling water.[25] Queen Victoria was painted in 1850 with her seventh child and third son, Prince Arthur, who wore white and pink. In late nineteenth-century France, Impressionist painters working in a pastel color palette sometimes depicted women wearing the color pink, such asEdgar Degas' image of ballet dancers orMary Cassatt's images of women and children.
Queen Victoria in 1850 or 1851 with her third son and seventh child, Prince Arthur. In the 19th century, baby boys often wore white and pink. Pink was seen as a masculine color, while girls often wore white and blue.
Young boy in pink, American school of painting (about 1840). Both girls and boys wore pink in the 19th century.
The Impressionist painterClaude Monet used pink, blue and green to capture the effects of light and shadows on a white dress inSpringtime (1872).
Mary Cassatt,Girl in a Bonnet Tied with a Large Pink Bow, 1909. Oil on canvas (68 x 57.2 cm). Private Collection.
20th and 21st centuries
A dress parade, held in 1949, at the famous Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York, caused a stir among attendees due to the vibrant pink tones in the dresses and garments. The journalists and critics of the time, seeking to know Mexican designer Ramón Valdiosera's inspiration, asked him about the origin of the color. The artist simply replied that that pink was already part of Mexican culture, which the New York fashion critic Perle Mesta then described as Mexican Pink.[26]
TheFirst inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953), when Eisenhower's wifeMamie Eisenhower wore a pink dress as her inaugural gown, is thought to have been a key turning point in the association of pink as a color associated with girls. Mamie's strong liking of pink led to the public association with pink being a color that "ladylike women wear." The 1957 American musicalFunny Face also played a role in cementing the color's association with women.[27]
In the 20th century, pinks became bolder, brighter, and more assertive, partly because of the invention of chemical dyes that did not fade. The pioneer in the creation of the new wave of pinks was the Italian designerElsa Schiaparelli (1890–1973), who was aligned with the artists of thesurrealist movement, includingJean Cocteau.[25] In 1931 she created a new variety of the color, calledshocking pink, made by mixingmagenta with a small amount of white. She launched a perfume called Shocking, sold in a bottle in the shape of a woman's torso, said to be modelled on that ofMae West. Her fashions, co-designed with artists like Cocteau, featured the new pinks.[28]
The transition to pink as a sexually differentiating color for girls occurred gradually, through the selective process of the marketplace, in the 1930s and 40s. In the 1920s, some groups had described pink as a masculine color, an equivalent to red, which was considered for men but lighter for boys. But stores nonetheless found that people were increasingly choosing to buy pink for girls, and blue for boys, until this became an accepted norm in the 1940s.[31][32]
Mamie Eisenhower in her pink inaugural gown, painted in 1953 by Thomas Stevens
Shocking pink, a mix of magenta with a little white, was the signature color of Italian fashion designerElsa Schiaparelli.
In the 17th century, the wordpink orpinke was also used to describe a yellowish pigment, which was mixed with blue colors to yield greenish colors.Thomas Jenner'sA Book of Drawing, Limning, Washing (1652) categorises "Pink &blewbice" amongst thegreens (p. 38),[33] and specifies several admixtures of greenish colors made with pink—e.g. "Grasse-green is made of Pink and Bice, it is shadowed withIndigo and Pink ... French-green of Pink and Indico [shadowed with] Indico" (pp. 38–40). InWilliam Salmon'sPolygraphice (1673), "Pink yellow" is mentioned amongst the chiefyellow pigments (p. 96), and the reader is instructed to mix it with eitherSaffron orCeruse for "sad" or "light" shades thereof, respectively.
Plants and flowers
Pink is one of the most common colors of flowers; it serves to attract the insects and birds necessary forpollination and perhaps also to deter predators. The color comes from natural pigments calledanthocyanins, which also provide the pink inraspberries.
As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules andairborne particles. This is calledRayleigh scattering. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye.[34] Atsunrise andsunset, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange, red and pink light. The remaining pinkish sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon a pink or reddish glow.[35]
Sunrise in southeast Alaska. Sunsets and sunrises are sometimes pink because of an optical effect calledRayleigh scattering.
An Ocelated frogfish (Antennarius ocellatus), fromEast Timor. The frogfish is camouflaged to look like a rock covered with algae or seaweed; it lies motionless and waits for its prey to come to it.
The so-called "white elephant" is revered in several countries inSoutheast Asia and is naturally pinkish gray. They are actuallyalbino elephants.
Thepig has been domesticated over ten thousand years and selectively bred to have a pink skin, withoutmelanin, which farmers traditionally have preferred to a dark color.[36]
Flamingoes inLaguna Colorada,Bolivia. The pink or reddish color of flamingos comes fromcarotenoid proteins in their diet of animal and plantplankton. An unhealthy or malnourished flamingo, or one kept in captivity and not fed sufficient carotene, is usually pale or white.
TheLophochroa leadbeateri, commonly known as Major Mitchell's Cockatoo or the pink cockatoo, is a native of the arid interior regions of Australia.
Lake Hillier, Australia, the color is caused by algae
Sound
Pink noise (sampleⓘ), also known as 1/f noise, inaudio engineering is a signal or process with a frequency spectrum such that the power spectral density is proportional to the reciprocal of the frequency.
Pinkneon signs are generally produced using one of two different methods. One method is to use neon gas and a blue or purple phosphor, which generally produces a warmer (more reddish) or more intense shade of pink. Another method is to use an argon/mercury blend and a red phosphor, which generally produces a cooler (more purplish) or softer shade of pink.
PinkLEDs can be produced using two methods, either with a blue LED using two phosphors (yellow for the first phosphor, and red, orange, or pink for the second), or by placing a pink dye on top of a white LED. Color shifting was a common issue with early pink LEDs, where the red, orange, or pink phosphors or dyes faded over time, causing the pink color to eventually shift towards white or blue. These issues have been mitigated by the more recent introduction of more fade-resistant phosphors.
Engineering
Insulation manufactured byOwens Corning is dyed pink, with thePink Panther as its corporate mascot. The company holds a trademark on the color pink for insulation products in order to prevent competitors from using it, and is the first company in the United States to trademark a color.[38]
According to public opinion surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most associated with charm, politeness, sensitivity, tenderness, sweetness, softness, childhood, the feminine, and the romantic.[40] Although it did not have any strong negative associations in these surveys, few respondents chose pink as their favorite color. Pink was the favorite color of only two percent of respondents.[41] There was a notable difference between men and women in regards to a preference for pink; three percent of women chose pink as their favorite color, compared with less than one percent of men. Many of the men surveyed were unable to even identify pink correctly, confusing it withmauve. Pink was also more popular with older people than younger.[42]
In Japan, pink is the color most commonly associated withspringtime due to the blooming cherry blossoms.[43][44] This is different from surveys in the United States and Europe wheregreen is the color most associated with springtime.
Pink in other languages
In many languages, the word for the color pink is based on the name of therose flower; likerose in French;roze in Dutch;rosa in German, Latin, Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish, Italian, Swedish and Norwegian (Nynorsk andBokmål);rozovyy/розовый in Russian;różowy in Polish; ורוד (varód) in Hebrew; গোলাপি (golapi) in Bangla; and गुलाबी (gulābee) in Hindi. In English "rose", too, often refers to both the flower and the color.
In Chinese, the color pink is named with a compound noun 粉紅色, meaning "powder red" where the powder refers to substances used for women's make-up.
In Danish, Faroese and Finnish, the color pink is described as a lighter shade of red:lyserød in Danish,ljósareyður in Faroese andvaaleanpunainen in Finnish, all meaning "light red". Similarly, some Celtic languages use a term meaning "whitish red":gwynnrudh in Cornish,bándearg in Irish,bane-yiarg in Manx,bàn-dhearg in Scottish Gaelic (which also usesliath-dhearg "greyish/pale red" andpinc from English). In Icelandic, the color is calledbleikur, originally meaning "pale".
In the Japanese language, the traditional word for pink,momo-iro (ももいろ), takes its name from the peach blossom. There is a separate word for the color of the cherry blossom:sakura-iro. In recent times a word based on the English version,pinku (ピンク), has begun to be used.
The Thai word for the color, ชมพู (chom-puu), derives ultimately from Sanskrit जम्बू (jambū) "rose apple".
Idioms and expressions
In the pink. To be in top form, in good health, in good condition. In Romeo and Juliet, Mercutio says; "I am the very pink of courtesy." Romeo: Pink for flower? Mercutio: Right. Romeo: Then my pump is well flowered."[45]
To see pink elephants means to experience hallucination often from the consumption of alcohol. The expression was used by American novelistJack London in his bookJohn Barleycorn in 1913.
Pink slip. To be given a pink slip means to be fired or dismissed from a job. It was first recorded in 1915 in the United States.
Pink money,the pink pound orpink dollar is an economic term which refers to the spending power of theLGBT community.[46]Advertising agencies sometimes call the gay market thepink economy.
Tickled pink means extremely pleased.
The Pink Tax refers to the invisible price women must pay for goods that are created and advertised specifically for them. It is the tendency for products targeted specifically toward women to be more expensive than those targeted toward men.[47]
Architecture
Early pink buildings were usually built of brick orsandstone, which takes its pale red color from hematite, or iron ore. In the 18th century - the golden age of pink and other pastel colors - pink mansions and churches were built all across Europe. More modern pink buildings usually use the color pink to appear exotic or to attract attention.
Casa Rosada, or the "Pink House", inBuenos Aires, built between 1713 and 1855 as a fort and then customs house, is the official residence and office of the President of Argentina.
TheRoyal Hawaiian Hotel inHonolulu, Hawaii, built in 1927, was the first hotel onWaikiki Beach. Its pink color was designed to match an exotic setting, and to contrast with the blue of the sea and green of the landscape.
According to surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most associated with sweet foods and beverages. Pink is also one of the few colors to be strongly associated with a particular aroma, that of roses.[48] Manystrawberry andraspberry-flavored foods are colored pink and light red as well, sometimes to distinguish them fromcherry-flavored foods that are more commonly colored dark red (although raspberry-flavored foods, particularly in the United States, are often colored blue as well). The drinkTab was packaged in pink cans, presumably to subconsciously convey a sweet taste.
The pink color in most packaged and processed foods, ice creams, candies and pastries is made with artificialfood coloring. The most common pink food coloring iserythrosine, also known as Red No. 3, anorganoiodine compound, a derivative offluorone, which is a cherry-pink synthetic.[49] It is usually listed on package labels as E-127. Another common red or pink (particularly in the United States where erythrosine is less frequently used) isAllura Red AC (E-129), also known as Red No. 40. Some products use a natural red or pink food coloring,Cochineal, also calledcarmine, made with crushed insects of the familyDactylopius coccus.
Pink is the color most commonly associated with sweet tastes
This restroom sign on anAll Nippon Airways Boeing 767-300 uses pink for the female gender
In Europe and the United States, pink is often associated with girls, while blue is associated with boys. These colors were first used asgender markers just prior to World War I (for either girls or boys), and pink was first established as a female gender indicators in the 1940s.[50]: 87 [51] In the 20th century, the practice in Europe varied from country to country, with some assigning colors based on the baby's complexion, and others assigning pink sometimes to boys and sometimes to girls.[52]
Many[53][54][55][56][57] have noted the contrary association of pink with boys in 20th-century America. An article in the trade publicationEarnshaw's Infants' Department in June 1918 said:
The generally accepted rule is pink for the boys, and blue for the girls. The reason is that pink, being a more decided and stronger color, is more suitable for the boy, while blue, which is more delicate and dainty, is prettier for the girl.
One reason for the increased use of pink for girls and blue for boys was the invention of new chemical dyes, which meant that children's clothing could be mass-produced and washed in hot water without fading. Prior to this time, most small children of both sexes wore white, which could be frequently washed.[58] Another factor was the popularity of blue and white sailor suits for young boys, a fashion that started in the late 19th century. Blue was also the usual color of school uniforms, for boys and girls. Blue was associated with seriousness and study, while pink was associated with childhood and softness.
By the 1950s, pink was strongly associated with femininity, but to an extent that was "neither rigid nor universal" as it later became.[50]: 92 [59][60]
One study by two neuroscientists inCurrent Biology examined color preferences across British and Chinese cultures and found significant differences between male and female responses. Both groups favored blues over other hues, but women had more favorable responses to the reddish-purple range of the spectrum and men had more favorable responses to the greenish-yellow middle of the spectrum. Despite the fact that the study used adults in mainstream cultures, and both groups preferred blues, and responses to the colorpink were never even tested, the popular press represented the research as an indication of an innate preference by girls for pink. The misreading has been often repeated in market research, reinforcing American culture's association of pink with girls on the basis of imagined innate characteristics.[50]: 97–8 [61]
As of 2008 various feminist groups and theBreast Cancer Awareness Month use the color pink to convey empowerment of women.[62] Breast cancer charities around the world have used the color to symbolize support for people with breast cancer and promote awareness of the disease. A key tactic of these charities is encouraging women and men to wear pink[63] to show their support for breast cancer awareness and research.
Pink has symbolized a "welcome embrace" in India and masculinity in Japan.[62]
In the United States and Europe, baby girls are often dressed in pink and white.
Boy in a sailor suit (1883). The blue sailor suit helped make blue instead of pink the color for boys in the 20th century.
Indian actressShriya Saran. In many cultures, pink is associated with femininity.
A cake with a pink middle layer indicating a baby girl at agender reveal party
Toys
Rows of pink girls' toys in a Canadian store, 2011
Toys aimed at girls often display pink prominently on packaging and the toy themselves. This is a relatively recent trend, with toys from the 1920s to the 1960s not being gendered by color (though they were gendered by a focus on domesticity and nurturing). The current color-based gendering of toys can be traced back to the deregulation of children's television programs. This allowed toy companies to produce shows that were designed specifically to sell their products, and gender was an important differentiator of these shows and the toys they were advertising.[64]
In its 1957 catalog,Lionel Trains offered for sale a pink modelfreight train for girls. Thesteam locomotive andcoal car were pink and the freight cars of the freight train were variouspastel colors. Thecaboose wasbaby blue. It was a marketing failure because any girl who might want amodel train would want a realistically colored train, while boys in the 1950s did not want to be seen playing with a pink train. However, today it is a valuable collector's item.[65]
Politics
It was a common practice to colorBritish Empire pink on maps
Pink, being a 'watered-down' red, is sometimes used in a derogatory way to describe a person with mildcommunist orsocialist beliefs (seePinko).
The termlittle pink (小粉红) is used to describe the young nationalists on the internet in mainland China.[66]
Code Pink is an American women's anti-globalization and anti-war group founded in 2002 by activistMedea Benjamin. The group has disrupted Congressional hearings and heckled President Obama at his public speeches.
The TRS party of Telangana, India has pink as its primary color
Pink is often used as a symbolic color by groups involved in issues important to women, as well as tolesbian,gay,bisexual andtransgender (LGBT) people.
A Dutch newsgroup about homosexuality is callednl.roze (roze being the Dutch word for pink), while in Britain,Pink News is a gay newspaper and online news service. There is a magazine calledPink for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community which has different editions for variousmetropolitan areas.[70] In FrancePink TV is an LGBT cable channel.
In Ireland, Support group for IrishPink Adoptions defines apink family as a relatively neutral umbrella term for the single gay men, single lesbians, or same-gender couples who intend to adopt, are in the process of adopting, or have adopted. It also covers adults born/raised in such families. The group welcome the input of other people touched by adoption, especially people who were adopted as children and are now adults.[71][non-primary source needed]
Thepink ribbon is the international symbol ofbreast cancer awareness. Pink was chosen partially because it is so strongly associated with femininity.[76]
Pieces ofconsumer electronics, which are most often in monochrome colors, have also been made and released in pink, most often targeted at female customers.[77][78] It has been noted that pink colored technology tends to be more expensive than the equivalent product in different colors.[79]
In the Frenchacademic dress system, the five traditional fields of study (Arts, Science, Medicine, Law and Divinity) are each symbolized by a distinctive color, which appears in theacademic dress of the people who graduated in this field. Redcurrant, an extremely red shade of pink, is the distinctive color for Medicine (and other health-related fields)Groseille (couleur) [fr].
Heraldry
The word pink is not used for any tincture (color) in heraldry, but there are two fairly uncommon tinctures which are both close to pink:
The heraldic color ofrose is a modern innovation, mostly used in Canadian heraldry, depicting a reddish pink color like the shade usually calledrose.
In French heraldry, the colorcarnation is sometimes used, corresponding to the skin color of a light skinned Caucasian human. This can also be seen as a pink shade but is usually depicted slightly more brownish beige than the rose tincture.
Pink is used for the newsprint paper of several important newspapers devoted to business and sports, and the color is also connected with the press aimed at theLGBTQIA community.
Since 1893 the LondonFinancial Times newspaper has used a distinctivesalmon pink color for its newsprint, originally because pink dyed paper was less expensive than bleached white paper.[80] Today the color is used to distinguish the newspaper from competitors on a press kiosk or news stand. In some countries, thesalmon press identifies economic newspapers or economics sections in "white" newspapers. Some sports newspapers, such asLa Gazzetta dello Sport in Italy, also use pink paper to stand out from other newspapers. It awards a pink jersey to the winner of Italy's most important bicycle race, theGiro d'Italia. (See#Sports).
Law
In England and Wales, abrief delivered to abarrister by asolicitor is usually tied with pink ribbon. Pink was traditionally the color associated with the defense, while white ribbons may have been used for theprosecution.[81]
InCatholicism, pink (calledrose by the Catholic Church) symbolizes joy and happiness. It is used for the Third Sunday ofAdvent (Gaudete Sunday) and the Fourth Sunday ofLent (Laetare Sunday) to mark the halfway point in these seasons of penance. For this reason, one of the candles in anAdvent wreath may be pink, rather than purple.[82]
Pink is the color most associated with Indian spiritual leaderMeher Baba, who often wore pink coats to please his closest female follower, Mehera Irani, and today pink remains an important color, symbolizing love, to Baba's followers.
SomeWiccans believe that it represents affection, friendship, companionship, and spiritual healing. It is often used for love spells.[83]
Palermo, a soccer team based inPalermo, Italy, traditionally wears pink home jerseys.
Cerezo Osaka, a soccer team based inOsaka, Japan, typically wears pink home shirts.Cerezo is the Spanish translation for cherry tree, which are known for its pinkblossoms.
Inter Miami, a soccer team based inSouth Florida, United States, currently features pink home shirts. The club wore white home shirts in its first two seasons in existence.
Pink can mean thescarlet coat worn infox hunting (a.k.a. "riding to hounds"). One legend about the origin of this meaning refers to a tailor named Pink (or Pinke, or Pinque).
WWE Hall of FamerBret Hart, as well as other members of theHart wrestling family, is known for his pink and black wrestling attire.
TheWestern Hockey League teamCalgary Hitmen originally wore pink as a tribute to the aforementioned Bret Hart, who was a part team owner at the time.
Snooker uses a pink-colored object ball that is worth 6pts when legally potted.
Formula One constructorsForce India andRacing Point used pink as the primary color on their cars during the 2017–2020 seasons. At the2017 United States Grand Prix, the purple side-wall branding on the ultra-soft compound tire was replaced by pink for the race to raise awareness ofBreast Cancer Awareness Month. Several teams also incorporated pink into their liveries to support the cause (except Force India, whose cars were pink to begin with).
To distinguish tuned performance models from ordinary ones,Subaru uses a badge with a pink background on their cars. Also the logo of their motorsports armSubaru Tecnica International is colored pink.
TheNFL among other sports have incorporated pink into their promotions, team uniforms and equipment during the month of October in support ofBreast Cancer Awareness Month.
Heller, Eva (2009).Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques. Pyramyd (French translation).ISBN978-2-35017-156-2.
Broecke, Lara (2015).Cennino Cennini'sIl Libro dell'Arte: a New English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription. Archetype.ISBN978-1-909492-28-8.
Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Think Pink, 2014.Exhibition Link
Susan Stamberg/NPR, "Girls Are Taught To 'Think Pink,' But That Wasn't Always So, 2014.Story link.
^Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 5th Edition, Oxford University Press.
^Webster New World Dictionary, Third College Edition: "Any of a genus (Dianthus) of annual and perennial plants of the pink family withwhite, pink or red flowers.; its pale red color."
^As he moves out of the darkness, a pink ribbon blows down next to him and he sees that Faith is part of the "communion" that is taking place in the woods.
^Peril, Lynn (2002).Pink Think: Becoming a Woman in Many Uneasy Lessons. London; New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 4.
When Did Girls Start Wearing Pink? In 1927,Time magazine printed a chart showing sex-appropriate colors for girls and boys according to leading U.S. stores. In Boston, Filene's told parents to dress boys in pink. So did Best & Co. in New York City, Halle's in Cleveland, and Marshall Field in Chicago.
Today's color dictate wasn't established until the 1940s due to Americans' preferences as interpreted by manufacturers and retailers. "It could have gone the other way"
^Stamberg, Susan (April 1, 2014)."Girls Are Taught To 'Think Pink,' But That Wasn't Always So".npr.org.NPR. Archived fromthe original on 2014-04-15. Retrieved2014-09-26.a 1918 trade catalog for children's clothing recommended blue for girls. The reasoning at the time was that it's a 'much more delicate and dainty tone,' Finamore says. Pink was recommended for boys 'because it's a stronger and more passionate color, and because it's actually derived from red.'
^Orenstein, Peggy."What's Wrong With Cinderella?",The New York Times Magazine, December 24, 2006, retrieved December 10, 2007. Orenstein writes: "When colors were first introduced to the nursery in the early part of the 20th century, pink was considered the more masculine hue, a pastel version of red. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, was thought to be dainty. Why or when that switched is not clear, but as late as the 1930s a significant percentage of adults in one national survey held to that split."
^ab"Pink: The Color." "Part 2: Girl Culture A to Z" - In: Mitchell, Claudia and Jacqueline Reid-Walsh (editors).Girl Culture: Studying girl culture : a readers' guide orGirl Culture: An Encyclopedia Volume 1. ABC-CLIO (Greenwood Publishing Group), 2008.ISBN0313339090, 9780313339097. p.473. "It is important to note its significance to femininity as a Western phenomenon, because the color is a sign of masculinity in Japan and signifies a welcome embrace in India.[...]of pink with femininity has been strategically used in gendered terms to convey strength and pride: pink is the color of Breast Cancer Awareness Month, and many feminist groups have adopted the color pink as a sign of empowerment." -See Google Books search result
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