Thepillory is a device made of a wooden or metal framework erected on a post, with holes for securing the head and hands, used during themedieval andrenaissance periods forpunishment bypublic humiliation and often further physical abuse.[1] The pillory is related to thestocks.[2]
The word is documented in English since 1274 (attested in Anglo-Latin fromc. 1189), and stems fromOld Frenchpellori (1168;modern Frenchpilori, see below), itself frommedieval Latinpilloria, of uncertain origin, perhaps a diminutive of Latinpila 'pillar, stone barrier'.[3]
Rather like the lesser punishment called thestocks, the pillory consisted of hinged wooden boards forming holes through which the head or various limbs were inserted; then the boards were locked together to secure the captive. Pillories were set up to hold people in marketplaces, crossroads, and other public places.[2] They were often placed on platforms to increase public visibility of the person; often a placard detailing the crime was placed nearby.
In being forced to bend forward and stick their head and hands out in front of them, offenders in the pillory would have been extremely uncomfortable during their punishment. However, the main purpose in putting criminals in the pillory was to humiliate them publicly. On discovering that the pillory was occupied, people would excitedly gather in the marketplace to taunt, tease and laugh at the offender on display.[citation needed]
Those who gathered to watch the punishment typically wanted to make the offender's experience as unpleasant as possible. In addition to being jeered and mocked, the criminal might be pelted with rotten food, mud, offal, dead animals, and animal excrement. Sometimes people were killed or maimed in the pillory because crowds could get too violent and pelt the offender with stones, bricks and other dangerous objects.[4] However, whenDaniel Defoe was sentenced to the pillory in 1703 forseditious libel, he was regarded as a hero by the crowd and was pelted with flowers.[5]
The criminal could also be sentenced to further punishments while in the pillory: humiliation by shaving off some or all hair or regularcorporal punishment(s), notablyflagellation or even permanent mutilation such asbranding or having an ear cut off (cropping), as in the case ofJohn Bastwick.
InProtestant cultures (such as in theScandinavian countries), the pillory would be the worldly part of a church punishment. The delinquent would therefore first serve the ecclesiastical part of his punishment on the pillory bench in the church itself, and then be handed to the worldly authorities to be bound to the Skampåle (literally: "Shame Pole") for public humiliation.
In 1816, use of the pillory was restricted in England to punishment forperjury orsubornation.[2][6] The pillory aspenalty was abolished inEngland and Wales in 1837,[7] afterLord John Russell had said "I shall likewise propose to bring in a Bill to abolish the punishment of the pillory—a punishment which is never inflicted."[8] However, the stocks remained in use, though extremely infrequently, until 1872.[nb 1] The last person to be pilloried in England was Peter James Bossy, who was convicted of "wilful and corrupt perjury" at theOld BaileyOyer and Terminer in 1830. He was sentenced to seven yearspenal transportation toVan Diemen's Land, six months in prison atNewgate and one hour in the pillory in the Old Bailey.[10][11]
In France, time in the "pilori" was usually limited to two hours. It was replaced in 1789 by "exposition", and abolished in 1832.[2] Two types of devices were used:
Like other permanent apparatus for physical punishment, the pillory was often placed prominently and constructed more elaborately than necessary. It served as a symbol of the power of the judicial authorities, and its continual presence was seen as a deterrent, like permanentgallows for authorities endowed withhigh justice.
The pillory was also in common use in other western countries and colonies, and similar devices were used in other, non-Western cultures. According to one source, the pillory was abolished as a form of punishment in the United States in 1839,[2] but this cannot be entirely true because it was clearly in use inDelaware as recently as 1901.[12][13] GovernorPreston Lea finally signed a bill to abolish the pillory in Delaware in March 1905.[14]
Punishment by whipping-post remained on the books in Delaware until 1972, when it became the last state to abolish it.[15] Delaware was the last state to sentence someone to whipping in 1963; however, the sentence was commuted. The last whipping in Delaware was in 1952.[16]
InPortugal today pillory has a different meaning. The Portuguese word isPelourinho, and there are examples which are monuments of great importance, in a tradition dating back to Roman times, when criminals were chained to them.[17] They are stone columns with carved capitals, and they are usually located on the main square of the town, and/or in front of a major church or palace, or town hall: they symbolize local power and authority.Pelourinhos are considered major local monuments, several clearly bearing the coat of arms of a king or queen. The same is true of its former colonies, notably in Brazil (in its former capital,Salvador, the whole old quarter is known asPelourinho) and Africa (e.g. Cape Verde's old capital,Cidade Velha), always as symbols of royal power. In Spain, the device was calledpicota.[18]
There was a variant (rather of the stocks type), called abarrel pillory, or Spanish mantle, used to punish drunks, which is reported in England and among its troops. It fitted over the entire body, with the head sticking out from a hole in the top. The criminal is put in either an enclosed barrel, forcing him to kneel in his own filth, or an open barrel, also known as "barrel shirt" or "drunkards collar" after the punishable crime, leaving him to roam about town or military camp and be ridiculed and scorned.[19]
Although a pillory, by its physical nature, could double as a whipping post to tie a criminal down for public flagellation (as used to be the case in many German sentences tostaupenschlag), the two as such are separate punishments: the pillory is a sentence topublic humiliation, whipping is essentially a painful corporal punishment. The combination of the pillory and the whipping post was one of the various punishments thePuritans of theMassachusetts Bay Colony applied to enforce religious and intellectual conformity on the whole community.[20] Sometimes a single structure was built with separate locations for the two punishments, with a whipping post on the lower level and a pillory above (see image at right).
When permanently present in sight of prisoners, whipping posts were thought to act as a deterrent against bad behaviour, especially when each prisoner had been subjected to a "welcome beating" on arrival, as in 18th-centuryWaldheim in Saxony (12, 18 or 24 whip lashes on the bare posterior tied to a pole in the castle courtyard, or bybirch rod over the "bock", a bench in the corner).[citation needed] Still a different penal use of such constructions is to tie the criminal down, possibly after a beating, to expose him for a long time to the elements, usually without food and drink, even to the point of starvation.[citation needed]
Finger-pillories were at one time in common use as instruments of domestic punishment. Two stout pieces of oak, the top being hinged to the bottom or fixed piece, formed when closed a number of holes sufficiently deep to admit the finger to the second joint, holding the hand imprisoned. A finger-pillory is preserved in the parish church of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire.[21]
While the pillory has left common use, the image remains preserved in the figurative use, which has become the dominant one, of the verb "to pillory" (attested in English since 1699),[22] meaning "to expose to public ridicule, scorn and abuse", or more generally to humiliate before witnesses.
Corresponding expressions exist in other languages, e.g.,clouer au pilori "to nail to the pillory" in French,mettere alla gogna in Italian, orponer en la picota in Spanish. In Dutch it isaan de schandpaal nagelen (nailing to the pole of shame) oraan de kaak stellen, placing even greater emphasis on the predominantly humiliating character as the Dutch word for pillory,schandpaal, literally meaning "pole of shame".
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