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Thepillarbox effect occurs inwidescreenvideo displays when black bars (mattes or masking) are placed on the sides of the image. It becomes necessary when film or video that was not originally designed for widescreen is shown on a widescreen display, or a narrower widescreen image is displayed within a wideraspect ratio, such as a 16:9 image in a 2.39:1 frame (common in cinemas). The original material is shrunk and placed in the middle of the widescreen frame.
Some olderarcade games that had a tall vertical and short horizontal are displayed in pillarbox even on4:3 televisions. Some early sound films made between 1928 and 1931, such asSunrise: A Song of Two Humans, were released in even narrower formats such as 1.20:1 to make room for thesound-on-film track on then-standard film stock.[1] These will appear pillarboxed even on 4:3 screens.
Pillarboxing is the vertical equivalent of (horizontal)letterboxing and goes by several names, includingreverse letterboxing, curtain boxing, orpostcarding. Pillarboxing is derived from its resemblance topillar box–style mailboxes used in theUK and theCommonwealth of Nations. The four-direction equivalent is calledwindowboxing, caused when programming is both letterboxed and pillarboxed.
In order to use the entire screen area of a widescreen display (which is already significantly less than a fullscreen of equal diagonal measurement), and to prevent a reversescreen burn-in onplasma displays, the simplest alternative to pillarboxing is tocrop the top and bottom. However, this results in the loss of some of the image within what theproducer assumed would be thesafe area. Thisoverscan may or may not bother the viewer, but it often cuts off the channel banner or otheron-screen displays. Likewise, the vertical equivalent ofpan and scan is called "tilt and scan" or "reverse pan and scan". This moves the cropped "window" up and down, but it is rarely done. A third option is to stretch the video to fill the screen, but this is often considered ugly, as it severely distorts everything on the screen.
Because certainscreen resolutions can be used for both fullscreen and widescreen (anamorphic),widescreen signaling (such as theActive Format Description) must be used to tell the display device which to use, or the viewer must set it manually, in order to prevent unnecessary pillarboxing or stretching on widescreen displays.
Somehigh-definitiontelevision networks andTV stations use "stylized pillarboxing", meaning they fill-in the blank areas on the sides with their HDlogo or other still ormotion graphics, when the program being shown is only available in4:3 aspect ratio (standard definition).
The use of graphics assures viewers that they are watching the HD version of a channel, instead of their thinking they are watching the SD version, along with filling the entire screen with a video image rather than the regular black bars. This also tells widescreentelevision sets with automaticresizing not to stretch the video, and instead to present it in the proper aspect ratio (although conversely, this may causefullscreen SDTV sets andanalogcable TVheadends to horizontally compress or towindowbox the video).
A limited number of local stations also apply custom pillarboxes, but most have removed them with both the advent of all-HD schedules and customer complaints about erroneous technical information inPSIP data. SomeTV shows present an "echo" of the edges of the program video in the sidebars, usually blurred. Localtelevision stations in the U.S. typically use graphics or a simple colorgradient forelectronic news-gathering packages shown on theirlocal news programs. Until equipment replacement withdrew the majority of SD cameras from news organizations, portable ENG cameras were often not able to shoot in HD (due to their number and expense), though the studio cameras were in high definition.
Some financial news channels (such asCNBC's "HD+" and theFox Business "HD Wing") offered "enhanced" HD feeds, which were pillarboxed to one side to provide a sidebar for additional on-screen data (such as stock quotes and graphs).[2]
Some Japaneseanime switched from SD to HD during their run. Sometimes a flashback to a scene produced in SD had to be shown. For instance, inNaruto, the image of Naruto and Sasuke filled in the blank gaps as one of the SD-era flashbacks is being shown.[citation needed]