| Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore | |
|---|---|
 Bridalveil Falls emptying intoLake Superior | |
 Interactive map of Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore | |
| Location | Alger County,Michigan, United States |
| Nearest city | Munising, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 46°33′44″N86°18′45″W / 46.56222°N 86.31250°W /46.56222; -86.31250 |
| Area | 73,236 acres (296.38 km2) |
| Established | October 15, 1966 |
| Visitors | 953,052 (in 2024) |
| Governing body | National Park Service |
| Website | Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore |
| Official name | Pictured Rocks |
| Designated | February 17, 1965 |
Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore is aU.S. National Lakeshore in theUpper Peninsula ofMichigan, United States. It extends for 42 mi (68 km) along the shore ofLake Superior and covers 73,236 acres (114 sq mi; 296 km2). The park has extensive views of the hilly shoreline betweenMunising andGrand Marais inAlger County, with picturesquerock formations,waterfalls, and sanddunes.
Pictured Rocks derives its name from the 13 miles (24 km) of colorfulsandstone cliffs northeast of Munising. The cliffs reach up to 200 feet (60 m) above lake level. They have been naturally sculptured into a variety of shallow caves,arches, and formations resemblingcastle turrets and human profiles. Near Munising, visitors can also visitGrand Island, most of which are included in the separateGrand Island National Recreation Area.
TheU.S. Congress designated Pictured Rocks the firstNational Lakeshore in the United States in 1966. It is governed by theNational Park Service (NPS), with 22 year-round NPS employees as of May 2006, and received 1,313,179 visitors in 2021.[2]
The colors in the cliffs are created by the large amounts of minerals in the rock. The cliffs are composed of theMunising Formation of 500-million-year-oldCambrianPeriodsandstone. The Munising Formation sits atopPrecambrian sandstone of theJacobsville Formation. The mottled red Jacobsville Formation is the oldest rock in the park. On top of the Munising Formation, acting as a cap over the other layers is the hard sandstone of the youngerAu Train Formation from theOrdovician Period. Streaks on the face of the cliffs come from groundwater leaching out of the rock and evaporating, leaving streaks ofiron (red),manganese (black-white),limonite (yellow-brown),copper (pink-green), and other minerals.[3]
Although the Pictured Rocks shore waters are a rich fishing ground, the sandstone cliffs are dangerous to canoes and other open boats skirting the coastline. In 1658, the fur traderPierre Esprit Radisson made this risky passage and noted that hisNative American companions made an offering oftobacco to the local spirit of the cliffs.
During theRomantic Era of the 1800s, a series of American writers described their feelings upon sight of the Pictured Rocks. Geologist and US Indian AgentHenry Rowe Schoolcraft visited in 1820 and remarked upon "some of the most sublime and commanding views in nature".[4] In 1850,George CopwayKah-Ge-Ga-Gah-Bow, aMississaugasOjibwe writer and Methodist missionary, publishedThe Traditional History and Characteristic Sketches of the Ojibway Nation, in which he cited the detailed description of the Pictured Rock by GeneralLewis Cass.[5]: 24–7 Around 1850, developers planned a tourist resort, Grand Island City, adjacent to the Pictured Rocks near the current site of Munising.
After the lumbering era ended around 1910, much of the land making up the current National Lakeshore reverted to the state of Michigan for unpaid property taxes. Eager for federal help and recognition, the state cooperated with the federal government in the region's redevelopment. In October 1966, Congress passed a bill authorizing the establishment of the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore " to preserve for the benefit, inspiration, education, recreational use, and enjoyment of the public, a significant portion of the diminishing shoreline of the United States and its related geographic and scientific features."[6] This was America's first National Lakeshore.
On April 13, 2006, one of the named rock formations collapsed: the Inner Turret of Miner's Castle in the Munising Formation. The collapse was reported via cell phone by fishermen in the area, according to chief ranger Larry Hach. Miners Castle consists of crumbly cross-bedded sandstone poorly cemented by secondary quartz, according to Research Ecologist Walter Loope of theU.S. Geological Survey. Rockfalls along the cliffs typically occur in the spring and fall due to freezing-thawing action.
On March 30, 2009, theOmnibus Public Land Management Act was signed into law, protecting 11,740 acres (47.5 km2) of Pictured Rocks as the Beaver Basin Wilderness, spanning the 13 miles of shoreline.[7]
In 2010, singerKid Rock filmed the video for his song "Born Free" at the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore.[8][9]
In early 2014, Courtney Kotewa's snapshot of kayakers passing under a rock arch at the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore was chosen as the grand prize winner of the 2013 Share the Experience photo contest, sponsored by the National Park Foundation.[10][11]
Munising, on the western end of the lakeshore, is accessed byM-28 andM-94. Grand Marais, on the eastern end, is reached byM-77.
Vehicular access to much of the park is seasonal. Only the road to the visitor's center is plowed. All other park roads are closed from December to March, and County Road H-28 is only partially plowed. Snowmobiles are permitted into the interior of the park year round.[12]
Paved highways penetrate the Lakeshore from both ends, connected by County RoadH-58. Roads come close to the shoreline only near Miners Castle, 12 Mile Beach, and the Grand Sable Dunes. The rest of the shoreline is seen from land only by hiking. A 42-mile (67-km) section of theNorth Country Trail spans the lakeshore. A permit is needed for backcountry camping, which is allowed along many miles of the National Lakeshore. This means thatdispersed camping is not allowed in the park.
Many boat companies offer daily trips along the lakeshore fromMemorial Day weekend through the fall season.Sea kayaking is another popular way to explore the park. While this may be the best way to see the natural formations, it is a strenuous trip in cold, dangerous water, not to be undertaken lightly or without proper equipment. Guides are available. The most efficient port of entry for kayaks is from Miner's Beach or the harbor at Munising. In addition, pontoons can be cheaply rented locally.
Winter sports activities includecross-country skiing,snowshoeing,snowmobiling, ice climbing, andice fishing.
The administrators of Pictured Rocks have worked to make much of its rugged environment wheelchair accessible.[13] Features include:
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From the west (Munising) to the east (Grand Marais):
Pictured Rocks is the site of many of Michigan's waterfalls. Most of the waterfalls resulted from water running over the cliffs of the Munising Formation. This lime and sandstone formation exists betweenTahquamenon Falls, some 75 miles (121 km) east, toLaughing Whitefish Falls, 30 miles (48 km) west of the Lakeshore. Pets are not allowed on most of the trails.[14]
The Grand Sable Dunes, at the eastern end of the Lakeshore, are aperched dune formation. Sand washed ashore bywave action was then blown upslope by northerlyprevailing winds until it came to rest atop a glacialmoraine. The Grand Sable Dunes today form a five-mile-long sand slope that rises from Lake Superior at a 35° angle. The summits of the tallest dunes are as high as 275 feet (85 m) above lake level.
Glacial melt during the last major advance/retreat called the Marquette Readvance created the conditions for the formation of the Grand Sable Banks. Dominant northwesterly winds eventually caused blowing sand to become perched on the banks.[16] Today, the Grand Sable Banks rise to heights of up to 300 ft. at a 35-degree angle from the shore ofLake Superior. The Grand Sable Dunes perched on top of these banks offers a desolate sandscape with jack pine forest near the edges.[17]
In the late 19th century, loggers in the area built a wooden log slide from the top of the dunes at the Grand Sable Banks to Lake Superior below to facilitate the transportation of timber from the area.[18] The location is a popular spot to view the Grand Banks and climb on the dunes. Visitors may also take a trail from the Grand Sable Visitors Center near the eastern end of the dunes or stop along a section of the dunes that border onGrand Sable Lake.
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Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore offers a variety of recreational opportunities for visitors year-round, including hiking,back-country camping, kayaking, boating, swimming,scuba diving, fishing, and winter activities includingsnowmobiling,ice climbing, andcross-country skiing.[19] The beautiful scenery, and variety of opportunities to enjoy the park attract significant visitors, including a record 800,000 in 2018.[20]
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The colored rock formations attract kayakers and boat tours during the summer, as visitors flock to see the varied rock formations and colored rocks. Due to the danger of kayaking on the water near the cliffs, specialized equipment forsea-kayaking and knowledge are required to safely paddle near the cliffs.[21]
Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore is a popular scuba diving destination in the Midwest and country, as the turbulent waters of Lake Superior have created many shipwrecks to explore over the years. A popular destination is theAlger Underwater Preserve.[22]
Due to thelake-effect snow, Pictured Rocks and theMunising area have some of the highest snowfall across the country. This snowfall creates the perfect opportunity for snowmobilers, with dedicated snowmobile and cross-country ski trails in the park. Additionally, the long winter and constant runoff from snowmelt create one of the best ice-climbing opportunities in the country, with over 50 named ice formations.[23] Ice climbing in Michigan attracts climbers from across the Midwest, the country, and even internationally. Additionally, the ice formations attract visitors to sightsee and explore the interesting ice features.[24]
| Climate data for Grand Marais, Michigan | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F | 25.3 | 27.4 | 36.4 | 49.2 | 62.1 | 70.4 | 75.9 | 74.8 | 67 | 55.8 | 41.5 | 29.7 | 51.3 |
| Mean daily minimum °F | 11.2 | 10.6 | 17.9 | 29.3 | 37.9 | 45.7 | 51.9 | 52.8 | 47.1 | 38 | 28.2 | 17 | 32.3 |
| Average rainfall inches | 2.3 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 3 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 29.8 |
| Average snowfall inches | 47.3 | 30.7 | 16 | 4.8 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 12.6 | 41.7 | 154.2 |
| Mean daily maximum °C | −3.7 | −2.6 | 2.4 | 9.6 | 16.7 | 21.3 | 24.4 | 23.8 | 19 | 13.2 | 5.3 | −1.3 | 10.7 |
| Mean daily minimum °C | −11.6 | −11.9 | −7.8 | −1.5 | 3.3 | 7.6 | 11.1 | 11.6 | 8.4 | 3 | −2.1 | −8 | 0.2 |
| Average rainfall mm | 58 | 36 | 41 | 41 | 64 | 74 | 64 | 81 | 91 | 76 | 66 | 64 | 760 |
| Average snowfall cm | 120 | 78 | 41 | 12 | 0.76 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 32 | 106 | 392 |
| Source:[25] | |||||||||||||
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