Sergei Rachmaninoff composed hisPiano Concerto No. 1 inF♯ minor,Op. 1, in1891, at age 17–18 (the first twomovements were completed while he was still 17; the third movement and theorchestration were completed shortly after he had turned 18). He dedicated the work toAlexander Siloti. He revised the work thoroughly in 1917.
This contrast with the later works can be heard from the opening bars, where a brass fanfare precedes a flourish of double octaves and chords on the piano – a musical gesture similar to the Schumann and Grieg piano concertos. This flourish occurs later in the movement, as well, an important factor in thesymmetry of the movement. The main theme (like the other themes in this work common to both versions) is short by Rachmaninoff's standards but already shows thesequential devices and arch-like design inherent in his later works.[2]
This reflectivenocturne is only 74 bars long. The texture is less cumbersome in the revised version; the harmonies remain the same but are enlivened by occasionalchromatic notes.[3]
Rachmaninoff replaced an initially drab opening with afortissimo passage alternating betweentime signatures of9 8 and12 8. This movement is insonata rondo form, in which thedevelopment is a lengthy section inE-flat major. Amaestoso reemergence of the concerto's main theme was eliminated. In the original version he had attempted to use this theme in an upward sequential treatment similar to what he would do later in the Second and Third Concertos. The problem here was that the theme did not lend itself so easily to this treatment, thus sounding contrived. It also came too late in the movement to have the right expansive effort prevalent in the other concertos.[3]
This was actually Rachmaninoff's second attempt at a piano concerto. In 1889 he had begun but abandoned a concerto inC minor (the same key, incidentally, in which he would later write hisSecond Piano Concerto). He wrote Natalya Skalon on 26 March 1891, "I am now composing a piano concerto. Two movements are already written; the last movement is not written, but is composed; I shall probably finish the whole concerto by the summer, and then in the summer orchestrate it."[4] He finished composing and scoring the piece on 6 July and was satisfied with what he had written.[5] The first movement was premiered on 17 March 1892 at theMoscow Conservatory, with the composer as soloist andVasily Safonov conducting. This may have been the only time the composer played the concerto in its original form, although Siloti, to whom it is dedicated, programmed it to play himself on several occasions.[6]
Composition students were usually advised to base their efforts on a specific model for their first exercises in new forms. In Rachmaninoff's case this was theGrieg Piano Concerto,[7] which was a favourite work of his and one with which he had been familiar from Siloti practicing it at the Rachmaninoff household during the spring and summer of 1890 for future concerts.[8] Rachmaninoff adapted the entire musical structure of the outer movements to the Grieg concerto, literally building his music into it. With all his other concertos, Rachmaninoff would prove more enterprising.[9]
The public was already familiar with theSecond andThird Concertos before Rachmaninoff revised the First in 1917. The First is very different from his later works; in exchange for less memorable melodies, this concerto incorporates elements of youthful vivacity and impetuosity.
The differences between the 1890–1891 original and the 1917 revision reveal a tremendous amount about the composer's development in the intervening years. There is a considerable thinning of texture in the orchestral and piano parts and much material that made the original version diffuse and episodic is removed.[10]
Of all the revisions Rachmaninoff made to various works, this one was perhaps the most successful. Using an acquired knowledge ofharmony,orchestration, piano technique and musical form, he transformed the early composition into a concise, spirited work.[3] Nevertheless, he was perturbed that the revised work did not become popular with the public. He said toAlfred Swan, "I have rewritten my First Concerto; it is really good now. All the youthful freshness is there, and yet it plays itself so much more easily. And nobody pays any attention. When I tell them in America that I will play the First Concerto, they do not protest, but I can see by their faces that they would prefer the Second or Third."[11]
I. Vivace – Moderato
