Physicians in the United States Congress have been a small minority of the members of Congress, with fluctuating numbers over the years. The number of physicians serving and running for Congress has risen over the last 50 years from 5 in 1960, down to a low of 2 in 1990, to a maximum of 21 in 2013 and a decrease to 14 in 2017. Possible explanations for this development have been increasinghealth care spending and increasedhealth care reform debate in the United States, leading up to theHealthcare Reform Act.

In public opinion research by theAmerican Medical Association (AMA) from 2013, voters rated "understanding of the problems facing ourhealthcare industry, including the bureaucratic red tape that is stranglinghealth care providers and driving up thecost of health care for most Americans" as the most convincing statement of a physician candidate for Congress. Physicians in Congress have received largecampaign contributions from health caretrade associations and from peers through physician associations such as the AMA.

In 1776, 11 percent of the signers of theDeclaration of Independence were physicians.^[1] Likewise, two (5 percent) of the 39 individuals crafting theUS Constitution in 1787 were physicians.^[2]

During the first 100 years of Congress (1789–1889), 252 (or 4.6 percent) of 5405 members were physicians.^[3]

The number of physicians serving and running for Congress has risen over the last 50 years from 5 in 1960, down to 3 in 1970 and a low of 2 in 1990 up to 10 (in 2000)^[3] to a maximum of 21, including one female physician, in 2013,^[4] as of 2015, there were 18, and as of 2017 a small decrease to 15 physicians.^[5]

Possible explanations for the increase since the 1990s have been increasinghealth care spending^[6] and increasedhealth care reform debate in the United States, leading up to theHealthcare Reform Act.^[7]

Tom Coburn said, "physicians have watched the profession undergo tremendous realignments that are shifting doctors' responsibilities away from patient care, changes they attribute to the government's inefficacy".^[7] Jim McDermott was quoted as saying "They want to have their hands right there on the handle so they can pull it one way or another."^[7] Physicians "balked at the idea of lawmakers with no medical experience making decisions that could upend the profession", per Andy Harris.^[7]

Kelley Paul, wife of Rand Paul, said in 2015 when he made his 2016 White House bid, "Being a physician gives Rand a unique perspective in Washington, simply because he's trained to diagnose a problem and find a solution."^[8]

In 2013, three quarters of physicians in Congress were Republican,^[4] and 80% as of 2017.^[5] As a possible reasonJim McDermott offered, "politically conservative physicians were more likely to chafe at the direction of changes in health care, with greater oversight by the government and a more regulated role for the private sector. It's a fundamental debate about what is in the public good."^[7]

During the 2016 cycle the AMApolitical action committee spent $2 million with "direct contributions to 348 physician-friendly [Congressional] candidates (58% Republican and 46% Democratic)".^[9]

Of the 27 physicians in Congress since 2005, 93% have been men, which is in stark contrast to 70% male physicians in general. 63% were from the South (vs 35% of all Congressional members) and 26% were surgeons (vs 11% of all US physicians).^{[10][obsolete source]}

According to a 2024 study using data of the US Census Bureau’sCurrent Population Survey being a physician was not associated withpolitical participation and was actually negatively associated with attending public meetings.^[11]

In 2013, the AMA funded three focus groups of voters across the country and an online survey to researchpublic opinion on physicians as Congressional candidates. The top scoring potential message for a physician was to link back to health careexpertise. "Because physicians work in health care daily, they bring a clear understanding of the problems facing ourhealthcare industry, including the bureaucratic red tape that is stranglinghealth care providers and driving up thecost of health care for most Americans."^[6]

Senate candidates in 2014 included "an obstetrician in North Carolina,Milton R. Wolf, a radiologist in Kansas, a liver disease specialist in Louisiana, and RepresentativesPaul Broun andPhil Gingrey in Georgia, all of them Republicans. At least 26 more physicians were running for the House, some for re-election," per aNew York Times article from March 2014.^[7]

From 2013 to 2015 there were 20 physicians in U.S.Congress, 19 of whom were male and 16 of whom were members of the Republican party.

† 2009/2012 cycle††2013–2014 cycle

From 2015 to 2017, there were 17 physicians in U.S. Congress. All were male and 14 were members of the Republican party.

† 2009/2014 cycle

From 2017 to 2019 there were 16 physicians in the U.S. Congress; all were male and 14 were members of the Republican party. There were also one podiatrist, one dentist, and one optometrist.^[5]

From 2019 to 2021 there were 17 physicians in the U.S. Congress; all but one were male and 14 were members of the Republican party.

There were 17 physicians in the 117th Congress, of whom 13 served in the House and 4 served in the Senate.^[56]

There were 19 physicians in the 118th Congress, of whom 15 served in the House and 4 served in the Senate. Three were women.^[57]

There are 21 physicians in the 119th Congress, of whom 17 are serving in the House and four in the Senate.^[58]

• "Physicians in the Senate" United States Senate, accessed May 28, 2015
• National Council of Physician Legislators Alliance for Patient Access, accessed 7 June 2018

• Lists of members of the United States Congress
• American physicians
• Health policy in the United States

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