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InDenmark,photography has developed from strong participation and interest in the verybeginnings of the art in 1839 to the success of a considerable number ofDanes in the world ofphotography today.
PioneersMads Alstrup andGeorg Emil Hansen paved the way for a rapidly growing profession during the last half of the 19th century while both artistic and press photographers have made internationally recognized contributions. Although Denmark was slow to accept photography as an art form, Danish photographers are now increasingly active, participating in key exhibitions around the world.[1][2]
Among Denmark's most successful contemporary photographers areJacob Aue Sobol, who gained recognition for portraits of his Greenlandic girlfriend, andPer Bak Jensen, who introduced a new perspective to modernlandscape photography. Press photography has prospered too underJan Grarup andClaus Bjørn Larsen, who have covered wars and conflicts of global importance over the past 20 years.
Christian Tuxen Falbe, a Danish marine officer, was inParis in January 1839 on behalf ofCrown Prince Frederik whenLouis Daguerre revealed the art ofdaguerreotyping. Falbe informed the Crown Prince of a visit to Daguerre where he had seen some of the very earliest daguerreotypes, explaining how impressed he had been by the new process and how important he thought it would be for art and science in Denmark.[3] Shortly afterwards, he returned toCopenhagen with a camera and a couple of his own daguerreotypes for the Crown Prince who, believing them to be of scientific importance, deposited them withHans Christian Ørsted, one of Denmark's most prominent scientists.[4] As a result of Ørsted's own interest in photography, the new art took on rapidly: the daguerreotypistMads Alstrup (1809–76) opened Copenhagen's firstphotographic studio in 1842;[5][6] and by 1850 there were over a hundred studios in Copenhagen and many more in the provinces.[7]
The oldest photograph on record in Denmark is credited toPeter Faber (1810–1877), a songwriter and a pioneer intelegraphy. His daguerreotype ofUlfeldts Plads is in theCopenhagen City Museum. The image of the square is in fact reversed left to right, as was normal for daguerreotypes unless a mirror was used together with the camera. Careful analysis of the photograph suggests that it dates back to July 1840. The exposure time of about 15 minutes in sunlight explains why the only figure to be seen is a man sleeping at the foot of the Pillar of Shame towards the left of the picture.[8]
Its status in the history of Danish photography is rivalled by a portrait ofBertel Thorvaldsen sitting at an easel outside his studio in the garden of theRoyal Danish Academy of Fine Arts atCharlottenborg Palace in Copenhagen. This daguerrotype was taken by the French photographer Aymard Charles Théodore Neubourg, who visited Copenhagen in the summer of 1840. An examination of the circumstances under which it was taken reveals that the date was Sunday, 26 July 1840.[9] It has also been noticed that Thorvaldsen is making thehorn sign with what apparently is his left hand although, as a result of the daguerrotype mirror effect, it is actually his right hand. This has been ascribed to the anxiety he must have experienced while facing the new mechanical device which could reveal even the slightest detail.[10][11]
Several Danes are remembered for their contributions to daguerreotypy. While in Paris in 1848,Anton Melbye (1818–1875), a marine artist, learnt from Daguerre.[12]Rudolph Striegler, Johan Emilius Bogh and Johan Ludvig Ussing were among those who began to specialize inportrait photography opening studios in Copenhagen and the provinces.[13]
Georg Emil Hansen (1833–1891) fromNæstved came from a family of photographers. When his father, Carl Christian Hansen, opened a studio in Copenhagen, he decided to open one of his own. He became one of the most respected photographers of his day, withChristian IX of Denmark and theDanish Royal Family as customers in the early 1860s. He also excelled in adopting new techniques. He was the first to use paper prints and to make full-length portrait enlargements. He received awards for his exhibitions inLondon (1862) andBerlin (1865). In 1867, together with his brother,Niels Christian Hansen, and two other photographers, he set up a photographic firm which later becameHansen, Schou & Weller, suppliers to the royal Danish court.[14]
The technique ofcarte de visite photography was brought to Denmark byRudolph Striegler in 1860. It spread rapidly and by the 1870s provided a cheap and attractive alternative to portrait painting for photographers such asLudvig Grundtvig (1836–1901) and Adolph Lønborg (1835–1916) in Copenhagen, andHeinrich Tønnies (1856–1903) who opened a studio inAalborg.[15]
Heinrich Tønnies (1825–1903) remains to date one of the premier CDV photographers of Denmark. In June 1856 he began his photographic career as a partner under C. Fritsche in Aalborg and by December of the same year he bought his partner's share of the business and struck out with a studio under his own name. By 1861, Tönnies' business boomed requiring a larger studio and the hiring of assistants, and by 1870 he became a Danish citizen. Ultimately, his family business spanned three-generations and 75 years. The breadth of his photographic products included: Daguerreotypes, calotypes, pannotypes, photo-lithography, stereoscopy, ambrotypes, CDVs, and medallions. It is believed that he produced no less than 75,000 CDVs, many ordered in relation to a large wave of emigration from Nordjylland to North America. Owing to the poverty of Denmark's Vendsyssel region, local demands for inexpensive CDVs persisted in Aalborg right up until World War I, making Tönnies' studio one of the last to produce CDVs in Denmark.
Pietro Boyesen (1819–1882) was aDanish photographer who spent most of his professional life inRome. Boyesen had a talent for composition and characterization. In contrast to the boring studio portraits which were so common at the time, Boyesen would have his subjects pose outdoors in intimate Roman settings. By playing with the subjects clothes and their relationship to the surroundings, Boyesen would produce works presenting a somewhat timid but intimate charm.[16]
Frederikke Federspiel (1839–1913) was one of the first female photographers in Denmark. At the age of 35, she received training in photography from her family inHamburg, Germany, where her uncle, Poul Friedrich Lewitz, her aunt and cousins were all photographers. In 1876, when registering her business inAalborg, she became one of the first officially recognized female photographers in Denmark when she gave her profession as "Photographin", a German word which clearly shows that she was a woman. Specializing in portraits, she also became one of the earliest female members of theDansk Fotografisk Forening in 1883. One of the first to experiment withmagnesium powder for flash, she installed electric lamps in her studio when electricity came to Aalborg in 1901.[17]
Kristen Feilberg (1839–1919) stands as another Danish photographer known mainly for his images captured far beyond the borders of Denmark. From the 1860s until the 1890s, Feilberg participated in expeditions toSumatra,Singapore, andPenang. In 1867, he exhibited photos at an exhibition in Paris and in 1870 he joined an expedition to the Batak lands of East Sumatra, where he successfully recorded scores of ethnographic images.[18]
Christian Hedemann (1852–1932) counts as among the earliest Danish photographers who emigrated the farthest distance. Though educated in Denmark, he left Copenhagen in 1878 and settled inHawaii. Primarily occupied as a mechanical engineer at the Hana Sugar Plantation, Island ofMaui, and later as a technical manager at the Honolulu Iron Works, as an avid amateur photographer he helped found the Hawaiian Camera Club (1889–1893). He became an American citizen in 1903 and in 1909 accepted an appointment as Danish Consul. His remarkable photographs of the Hawaiian royal family and native social elites remain as some of the earliest images available of pre-annexed Hawaii.[19]
Mary Steen (1856–1939) was a successful photographer in Copenhagen, pioneering indoor photography with pictures of families inside their own homes. Later, as court photographer, she not only photographed the royal family in Denmark but also spent some time in London where she photographedQueen Victoria. She did much to improve working conditions for women and her example encouraged many women to become professional photographers.[20]
Benedicte Wrensted (1859–1949) was a notable Danish female photographer, who emigrated to the US in 1894. Wrensted learned her craft from her maternal aunt, Charlotte Borgen, and for a time in the 1880s operated a studio on Torvet 8, inHorsens, Denmark. Much of her photographic career is anchored to her studio inPocatello, a small town in southeasternIdaho, where she took photographs of the local inhabitants and recorded the growth of the town. Perhaps her most famous work remains her documentary photographs of theShoshone Great Basin Native Americans which are considered of great anthropological importance. Wrensted became a U.S. citizen in 1912, at age 53, and in the same year ended her career as a photographer. Many of her Native American images are preserved at theSmithsonian Institution andNational Archives.[21][22]
Ludvig Luplau operated in Copenhagen until he emigrated to the U.S.A (circa 1870), where he opened a photography studio in Chicago. His CDV backmarks stated "Ludvig Luplau from Copenhagen," and the Chicago city business directories listed him at a variety of locations in the 1870s-90s. His stereoview backmark advertising claimed Luplau & Co., of 80 Fourth Street, specialized in both outdoor photography and stereoscopic interiors. Louis Laplau, his son, continued in photography beginning in the 1890s.
Peter Elfelt (1866–1931), who served his photography apprenticeship in 1893 inHillerød with Carl Rathsack, soon opened a studio of his own together with his two brothers. His work was widely recognized with the result that, in 1900, he was given the title of Photographer to the Royal Danish Court. He took not only a large number of portraits but also landscapes across Denmark. He later became a major name incinematography too.[23]
A number of other techniques developed in parallel with the use of daguerreotypes. Theambrotype, usingcollodium to produce a positive image on glass, and the pannotype, also collodium-based, were both used in Denmark from around 1855.Negative-based paper prints, used from the beginning of the 1850s, were produced onsalt paper until around 1857 when salt was replaced byalbumen. Collodion emulsionchloride paper was used from 1865 and in 1880gelatin emulsion paper was introduced.[3]
Thanks to the increasing availability of simpler techniques, amateur photography gained popularity at the beginning of the 20th century.Sigvart Werner and Julius Møller were among the many who were influenced by thepictorialist trend, concentrating on pictorial landscape and genre photography.[24]
From the 1890s, theDetroit Publishing Company used thePhotochrom technique based onchromolithography to produce a large number of colour postcards, many of European cityscapes. In their collection, there are several views of Copenhagen taken between 1890 and 1900.[25]
Benefitting from the advent of postcards,Mary Willumsen (1884–1961) photographed women in scanty clothing or nude at the Helgoland beach facility in Copenhagen. Between 1916 and 1920, she took many such photographs which she sold at a nearby kiosk. The operation was discontinued when the police began to take an interest. Many of the compositions are now considered to have considerable artistic merit.[26][27]
TheDanish Union of Press Photographers (Pressefotografforbundet) is claimed to be the world's first national organization for newspaper photographers. It was founded in 1912 inCopenhagen by six press photographers.[28] Today it has over 800 members.[29]
One of the earliest and most successful press photographers was Danish-AmericanJacob Riis (1849–1914) who campaigned for social reform in theUnited States. Essentially a journalist, he took up photography only after he had emigrated to America. A prominent user offlash, he was able to publish indoor scenes of the slums ofNew York City, contributing to the implementation of "model tenements". He is now regarded as a pioneer in photography.[30]
While some Danish newspapers started to include photographs in the 1890s, it was only in the 1950s that press photography was introduced throughout the country. Taking the French-based international photographic bureauMagnum as a model,Jesper Høm, Gregers Nielsen and others set up Delta Photos, a group designed to support journalistic photography.[31]
Delta Photos was dissolved in 1972 but other organizations such asMorten Bo'sRagnarok and Henrik Saxgren's2. Maj sought to promote more clearly defined social and political objectives. Some photographers, such asViggo Rivad andKrass Clement, chose instead to become freelancers.
In the 1970s,Jacob Holdt (b. 1947) spent a number of years in theUnited States where he photographed scenes of the socially disadvantaged across the country. In his bookAmerican Pictures (1977), a worldwide success, he contrasted these with photographs of the American elite, hoping to provide a basis for social reform.[32][33]
Today Danish press photographers are as active as ever.Jan Grarup, in particular, has covered wars and conflicts around the globe over the past 20 years, earning prestigious awards at home and abroad.[34]Claus Bjørn Larsen, also working as awar photographer, won theWorld Press Photo of the Year award in 1999 for his work inKosovo.[35]
Documentary photography has also flourished outside the press. As an example,Jette Bang (1914–1964) was fascinated byGreenland and the Greenlanders. From 1936, she took over 12,000 black-and-white photographs of the country and its inhabitants, showing how close to nature people lived.[36]
Since the very beginning, Danes have argued about the precise place of photography in society. In 1839, Crown Prince Frederik deposited Falbe's daguerreotypes with Ørsted, the secretary of theRoyal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, despite the fact that Daguerre, the inventor, was an artist.[37] In 1842, the artist Johan Frederik Møller was refused a grant from theRoyal Danish Academy of Fine Arts for studying photography in France on the grounds that it was not an art.[38] Photographers came within neither the scope of the Academy of Sciences nor that of the Academy of Fine Arts but were regarded as manual workers.
The confusion continued until the end of the 19th century when artists began to use photography as an aid to painting. Notable examples arePeder Severin Krøyer,Jens Ferdinand Willumsen andLaurits Andersen Ring who used photography to obtain more detail and realism in their paintings.[39]
With the advent of photographic societies such asDanske Kamera Piktorialister (Danish Camera Pictorialists) in the 1930s, there was increasing pressure from activists such as H. B. J. Cramer to have photography recognized as an art form. Indeed, the movement continued right up to the 1970s.[40] A counter-movement topictorialism, the 1920s'Neue Sachlichkeit was slow to reach Denmark but surfaced in 1948 whenKeld Helmer-Petersen published his abstract colour studies in122 Colour Photographs.[41]
Apart from the 20 rather amateurish artistic photography events arranged byAage Remfeldt between 1946 and 1976 atCharlottenborg, Denmark had few photographic exhibitions until the 1960s.[42] The situation improved in 1963 whenJesper Høm arranged an exhibition at theDanish Museum of Art & Design with photographers fromNew York City,Moscow andParis. Another positive influence wasKeld Helmer-Petersen's bookFragments of a City with photographs of fire escapes and artistically silhouetted cranes taken while he was a student at Chicago'sInstitute of Design, some of which were published in the magazinePerspectiv.[40]
In the winter of 1968–1969, Jens Juncker-Jensen went even further with an excellent exhibitionFotografiet som udtryksmiddel (Photography as a means of expression) for which he drew the very best material from the few photographic books of the time, attracting not only professional and amateur photographers but also architects and television producers. It provided a basis for six TV programmes over the following months. There was, however, little real discussion of photography as an art form.[40]
In the early 1970s, under the influence of the United States where photography had become an academic discipline, exhibitions such asNew American Photography in Copenhagen'sBella Center presented top artistic photographers of the 1950s and 1960s includingHarry Callahan,Jerry Uelsmann andDiane Arbus. This was followed in 1973 by the opening ofGalleriet for Creativ Fotografi (Gallery for Creative Photography) in Copenhagen, to be followed in 1977 by the IMAGE gallery inAarhus which encouraged experimental photography. Subsequent exhibitions involved the landscape photographerKirsten Klein, the pioneers ofstaged photography Nanna Bisp Büchert and Lis Steincke, as well as the magic realistPer Bak Jensen.[40]
In the 1990s, after Per Bak Jensen had joined the teaching staff at theRoyal Academy in Copenhagen, it was clear that photography had been accepted as an art form. As evidence, in October 2004, for the very first time, a number of the Academy's students and graduates presented their photographs at an exhibition in Copenhagen's Galleri Asbæk under the common title ”Eye of the Beholder – et blik på portrættet”.[43]
Recognizing the growing status of photography as an art form, artists such asRichard Winther,Stig Brøgger,Jytte Rex,Peter Brandes and Ane Mette Ruge have actively contributed to its development. On the digital front, younger artists like Lisa Rosenmeier have combined classical techniques of art and photography with digitized forms of expression.[44][45]
Some of Denmark's more widely recognized contemporary photographers are:
