Founded in 1372, Phnom Penh succeededAngkor Thom as the national capital in 1434 following thefall of Angkor, and remained so until 1497.[9] It regained its capital status during theFrench colonial era. It underwent a period of investment and modernization duringCambodia's independence period, earning the nickname the "Pearl of Asia" for itscolonial French,New Khmer andArt Deco architecture.[10] The city's population swelled in the 1960s and 1970s as refugees fled fromcivil war and American bombing during theVietnam War. Phnom Penh's entire population wasforcibly evacuated in 1975 by theKhmer Rouge, and faced persecution, forced labour andgenocide. Phnom Penh remained largely uninhabited during theDemocratic Kampuchea era until Vietnam-backed forces took the city in1979. The city was reconstructed and infrastructure improved in themodern era with the support of international investment and aid. By 2019, it was home to more than 2 million people, approximately 14% of the Cambodian population.[4]
The Greater Phnom Penh area includes the nearbyTa Khmau city and some districts ofKandal province.[11] The city formerly functioned as a processing center, with textiles, pharmaceuticals, machine manufacturing, and rice milling. It is also home to many prominent schools, colleges and universities. Its cultural institutions and events have made it a hub for domestic and internationaltourism.[12]
Phnom Penh (lit.'Penh's hill') takes its name from the presentWat Phnom (lit.'hill temple'), or from the ancientFunan Kingdom, which existed from the 1st to the 7th century AD inSoutheast Asia and was the forerunner of the currentCambodian monarchy. Legend has it that in 1372, a wealthy widow namedPenh found aKoki tree floating down theTonlé Sap River after a storm.[14] Inside the tree were four bronzeBuddha statues and a stone statue ofVishnu. Penh ordered villagers to raise the height of the hill northeast of her house and used the Koki wood to build a temple on the hill to house the four Buddha statues, and a shrine for the Vishnu image slightly lower down. The temple became known as Wat Phnom Daun Penh, which is now known as Wat Phnom, a small hill 27 metres (89 ft) in height.
The initial settlement of Phnom Penh is believed to have been established since the 5th century AD, according to the discovery of ancient kiln site in Choeung Ek commune ofDangkao district, southern part of central Phnom Penh in the early 2000s. Choeung Ek archaeological site was one of the largest kiln pottery center in Cambodia and the earliest known kiln sites in Southeast Asia to produce the ceremonial vessels known as kendi from 5th to 13th century.[16] Archaeologists stated that a large community is surrounded by a circular earthwork structure that is 740 metres in diameter and 4 metres high, built in the 11th century. In addition, there are remnants of other ancient village infrastructure, irrigation system, inscription,Shiva linga as well as an ancient brick temple foundation and its ornate remains which dated back toFunan era.[2][17]
First recorded a century after it is said to have taken place, the legend of the founding of Phnom Penh tells of a local woman,Penh (commonly referred to asDaun Penh (Lady Penh inKhmer), living at Chaktomuk, the future Phnom Penh.[18] It was the late 14th century,[19] and the Khmer capital was still at Angkor near Siem Reap 350 km (217 mi) to the north. Gathering firewood along the banks of the river, Lady Penh spied a floating koki tree in the river and fished it from the water. Inside the tree she found four Buddha statues and one of Vishnu.[20][21]
Phnom Penh from east drawn in 1887.Stupa of KingPonhea Yat on the top of Wat Phnom
The discovery was taken as a divine blessing, and to some a sign that the Khmer capital was to be brought to Phnom Penh from Angkor.[22] To house the new-found sacred objects, Penh raised a small hill on the west bank of the Tonle Sap River and crowned it with a shrine, now known as Wat Phnom at the north end of central Phnom Penh. "Phnom" is Khmer for "hill" and Penh's hill took on the name of the founder, and the area around it became known after the hill.[23][24]
Phnom Penh first became the capital of Cambodia afterPonhea Yat (c. 1390 – 1463),[19] king of theKhmer Empire, moved the capital fromAngkor Thom after it was captured and destroyed bySiam a few years earlier. There is astupa[b] behind Wat Phnom that houses the remains of Ponhea Yat and the royal family as well as the remainingBuddhist statues from the Angkorean era.[citation needed] In the 17th century,Japanese immigrants also settled on the outskirts of present-day Phnom Penh.[26] A smallPortuguese community survived in Phnom Penh until the 17th century, undertaking commercial and religious activity in the country.[27]
Phnom Penh remained the royal capital for 73 years, from 1432 to 1505. It was abandoned for 360 years (from 1505 to 1865) by subsequent kings due to internal fighting between the royalpretenders. Later kings moved the capital several times and established their royal capitals at various locations in Tuol Basan (Srey Santhor),Pursat,Longvek, Lavear Em andOudong.[28]
From 1673 to 1674, Phnom Penh was the stronghold of rebel kingKaev Hua II.[29] After theCambodian revolt of 1812, kingAng Chan II began to reign in the area. The Vietnamese generalLê Văn Duyệt builtAn Man Thành, a fortress garrisoned by Vietnamese army. After theSiamese–Vietnamese War (1833–1834),Đại Nam annexed Cambodia, the An Man garrison was renamed Nam Vang and the became the administrative center of the VietnameseTây Thành province. When Cambodian suzerainty was restored in 1847, the royal seat remained in Oudong.
It was not until 1866, under the reign of KingNorodom I (1860–1904), the eldest son of KingAng Duong, who ruled on behalf of Siam, that Phnom Penh became the permanent seat of government and capital of Cambodia, and theRoyal Palace was built. Beginning in 1870, theFrench colonial authorities turned a riverside village into a city where they built hotels, schools, prisons, barracks, banks, public works offices, telegraph offices, law courts, and health services buildings. In 1872, the first glimpse of a modern city took shape when King Norodom employed the services of French contractor Le Faucheur to construct 300 brick houses for sale and rental toChinese traders.[citation needed]
By the 1920s, Phnom Penh was known as the "Pearl of Asia", and over the next four decades, Phnom Penh continued to experience rapid growth with the building of railways toSihanoukville and Pochentong International Airport (nowPhnom Penh International Airport). Phnom Penh's infrastructure saw major modernisation under the rule ofNorodom Sihanouk.[citation needed]
During theVietnam War, Cambodia was used as a base by thePeople's Army of Vietnam and theViet Cong, and thousands of refugees from across the country flooded the city to escape the fighting between their own government troops, the People's Army of Vietnam, the Viet Cong, theSouth Vietnamese and their allies, theKhmer Rouge, and American air strikes. By 1975, the population was 2–3 million, the bulk of whom were refugees from the fighting.[30] The Khmer Rouge cut off supplies to the city for more than a year before itfell on 17 April 1975.[31] Reports from journalists stated that the Khmer Rouge shelling "tortured the capital almost continuously", inflicting "random death and mutilation" on millions of trapped civilians.[32] The Khmer Rouge forcibly evacuated the entire city after taking it, in what has been described as adeath march:François Ponchaud wrote that "I shall never forget one cripple who had neither hands nor feet, writhing along the ground like a severed worm, or a weeping father carrying his ten-year old daughter wrapped in a sheet tied around his neck like a sling, or the man with his foot dangling at the end of a leg to which it was attached by nothing but skin";[33]Jon Swain recalled that the Khmer Rouge were "tipping out patients from the hospitals like garbage into the streets....In five years of war, this is the greatest caravan of human misery I have seen".[34] All of its residents, including the wealthy and educated, were evacuated from the city and forced to do difficult labour on rural farms as "new people".[35] Tuol Sleng High School was taken over byPol Pot's forces and was turned into theS-21 prison camp, where people were detained and tortured. Pol Pot sought a return to an agrarian economy and therefore killed many people perceived as educated, "lazy", spies, or political enemies. Many others starved to death as a result of failure of the agrarian society and the sale of Cambodia's rice to China in exchange for bullets and weaponry. The former high school is now theTuol Sleng Genocide Museum, where Khmer Rouge torture devices and photos of their victims are displayed. Choeung Ek (theKilling Fields), 15 kilometers (9 mi) away, where the Khmer Rouge marched prisoners from Tuol Sleng to be murdered and buried in shallow pits, is also now a memorial to those who were killed by the regime.[citation needed]
TheKhmer Rouge were driven out of Phnom Penh by the People's Army of Vietnam in 1979,[36] and people began to return to the city.Vietnam is historically a state with which Cambodia has had many conflicts, therefore thisliberation was and is viewed with mixed emotions by the Cambodians. A period of reconstruction began, spurred by the continuing stability of government, attracting new foreign investment and aid by countries includingFrance,Australia, andJapan. Loans were made from theAsian Development Bank and theWorld Bank to reinstate a clean water supply, roads and other infrastructure. The 1998 Census put Phnom Penh's population at 862,000;[37] and the 2008 census was 1.3 million.[38] By 2019, its population reached over 2.2 million, based on general population census.[4]
Phnom Penh is in the south-central region of Cambodia, and is fully surrounded by theKandal province. The municipality is on the banks of theTonlé Sap,Mekong, andBassac Rivers. These rivers provide freshwater and other natural resources to the city. Phnom Penh and the surrounding areas consist of a typicalflood plain area for Cambodia. Although Phnom Penh is at 11.89 metres (39 ft) above the river, monsoon season flooding is a problem, and the river sometimes overflows its banks.[citation needed]Boeung Kak, Phnom Penh's largest freshwater lake, was controversially filled in 2010 to make way for property development.[39]
The city covers an area of 678.46 square kilometres (262 sq mi), with some 11,401 hectares (28,172 acres) in the municipality and 26,106 ha (64,509 acres) of roads. The agricultural land in the municipality amounts to 34.685 km2 (13 sq mi) with some 1.476 km2 (365 acres) underirrigation.
Phnom Penh has atropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classificationAw). The climate is hot year-round with only minor variations. Temperatures typically range from 22 to 35 °C (72 to 95 °F) and weather is subject to the tropicalmonsoons. The southwest monsoon blows inland bringing moisture-laden winds from theGulf of Thailand andIndian Ocean from May to November, sees high temperatures accompanied by high humidity. The dry season lasts from December to April; when overnight temperatures can drop to 22 °C (72 °F).
Climate data for Phnom Penh (temperature: 1988–2013, extremes: 1906–2013)
Phnom Penh Capital HallSections (khans) of Phnom Penh.
Phnom Penh is an autonomous municipality of area 678.46 square kilometres (261.95 sq mi) with a government status equal to that of the provinces. The autonomous municipality is subdivided into 14 administrative divisions calledkhans (sections). The district s are subdivided into 105sangkats (quarters), and further subdivided into 953phums (villages).[42] Allkhans are under the governance of Phnom Penh.Dangkao,Meanchey,Porsenchey,Sen Sok andRussey Keo are considered the outskirts of the city.
Phnom Penh is governed by the governor who acts as the top executive of the city as well as overseeing the Municipal Military Police, Municipal Police, and Bureau of Urban Affairs. Below the governor is the first vice governor and five vice governors. The chief of cabinet, who holds the same status as the vice governors, heads the cabinet consisting of eight deputy chiefs of cabinet who in turn are in charge of the 27 administrative departments. Everykhans also has a chief.[43]
As of 2019[update], Phnom Penh had a population of 2,129,371 people, with a total population density of 3,136 inhabitants per square kilometre in a 679 square kilometres (262 sq mi) city area.[4] The population growth rate of the city is 3.92%. The city area has grown fourfold since 1979, and the metro area will continue to expand in order to support the city's growing population and economy.
A survey by the National Institute of Statistics in 2017 showed that 95.3% of the population in Phnom Penh areKhmer, 4%Chams, and 0.7% others, predominantlyChinese,Vietnamese, and other smallethnic groups who areThai, Budong,Mnong Preh,Kuy and Chong.[44]
The official language isKhmer, butEnglish andFrench are widely used in the city. The number ofslum-inhabitants at the end of 2012 was 105,771, compared with 85,807 at the start of 2012.[45][outdated statistic]
Note: As stated in the "History" paragraph (The 1998 Census put Phnom Penh's population at 862,000;[37]and the 2008 census was 1.3million.[38])the information collides with the information provided in the "Historical population" table. Needs editing.
The state religion isTheravada Buddhism. More than 97.8% of the people in Phnom Penh are Buddhists.Chams,South Asians, and small minority ofKhmers have been practicingIslam for hundreds of years. A small percentage follow Christianity. Mosques, Churches and Buddhist Temples can be found in the City.
The Central Post Office BuildingThe Hong Kong Center, headquarters of oil producerTotalEnergies in Cambodia
Phnom Penh is Cambodia's economic centre as it accounts for a large portion of theCambodian economy. Double-digit economic growth rates in recent years have triggered an economic boom in Phnom Penh, with new hotels, restaurants, schools, bars, high rises and residential buildings springing up in the city.[citation needed]
The economy is based on commercial interests such as garments, trading, and small and medium enterprises. In the past few years[when?] the property business has been booming, with rapidly increasing real estate prices.Tourism is also a major contributor in the capital as more shopping and commercial centres open, making Phnom Penh one of the major tourist destinations in South East Asia along withSiem Reap andSihanoukville. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, tourism made up 19.2 percent (US$2,053 million) of Cambodia's GDP in 2009 and accounts for 13.7 percent of total employment.[47] One of the most popular areas in Phnom Penh for tourists isSisowath Quay, alongside the Tonle Sap River. Sisowath Quay is a five kilometre strip of road that includes restaurants, bars, and hotels.[48]
TheUS$2.6 billion new urban development,Camko City, is meant to bolster the city landscape. The Bureau of Urban Affairs of Phnom Penh Municipality has plans to expand and construct new infrastructure to accommodate the growing population and economy. High rise buildings will be constructed at the entrance of the city and near the lakes and riverbanks. Furthermore, new roads, canals, and a railway system will be used to connect Camko City and Phnom Penh.[49]
Other projects include:
Grand Phnom Penh International City (under construction)
Gold Tower 42 (On hold 32 floors construction begins again in the mid of 2018)
The tallest skyscraper in Phnom Penh isVattanac Capital Tower at a height of 188 metres (617 ft), dominating Phnom Penh's skyline with its neighbour skyscraper Canadia Tower (OCIC Tower).[50] The tower was completed in December 2014. Modern high rises have been constructed all around the city, not concentrated in any one particular area.[citation needed]
The Central MarketPhsar Thmei is a tourist attraction. The four wings of the yellow colored market are teeming with numerous stalls selling gold and silver jewelry, antique coins, clothing, clocks, flowers, food, fabrics and shoes. Phsar Thmei is undergoing under a major renovation, along with the creation of newer stalls.[citation needed]
The Japanese Supplementary School of Phnom Penh, formerly known in English as the Phnom Penh Japanese School,[54][55] is apart-time Japanese School, operated by the Japanese Association of Cambodia (JACAM;カンボジア日本人会Kambojia Nihonjin-kai). It is in Sangkat Toek Thla in Sen Sok.[56] It was established in 2002. It had 60 students in June 2011.[57]
"Dried" version of Phnom Penh noodles with soup broth on the side.
Phnom Penh also has its own dialect ofKhmer. Speakers of the Phnom Penh dialect oftenelide syllables, which has earned it a reputation for being lazy speech. Phnom Penh is also known for its influence onNew Khmer Architecture. Phnom Penh is notable forKa tieu Phnom Penh, its variation on rice noodle soup, a dish available in sit-down cafes as well as street cafes.
The city hosts a number of music events throughout the city.Indie bands have grown in number due also in part to the emergence of private music schools such as SoundsKool Music (also operating in the city of Siem Reap), and Music Arts School (registered as anon-governmental organization). The Cambodian fishing dance originated in Phnom Penh at theRoyal University of Fine Arts in the 1960s.[58]
The Cambodian fishing dance originated from Phnom Penh.
The two most visited museums in the city are theNational Museum, which is the country's leading historical and archaeological museum, andTuol Sleng Genocide Museum, a former Khmer Rouge prison. TheNational Museum hosts celebrations of Cambodian dance and music, including a popular classicApsara dance show of traditional folk dances as well as original creations.
At this time, Phnom Penh celebratesCambodian New Year, an occasion increasingly popular with tourists. During this typically hottest part of the year, water gets thrown around adding to the party atmosphere along with dancing and music. The precise date changes year-by-year but this holiday lasts, at least, three days. This festival marks the turn of the year based on the ancient Khmer calendar and also marks the end of the prior year harvest.
The largest annual festival in Phnom Penh, this lively gathering celebrates the reversing of the flow of the Tonlé Sap River. The holiday lasts three days as people flood into the city to enjoy the fireworks, boat races, live concerts, eating and partying. The boat racing dates back to ancient times marking the strengths of the Khmer marine forces during theKhmer Empire.
On 22 November 2010, at least 348 people were crushed to death in abridge stampede at the festival.[59]
Ancestors' Day, also called Pchum Ben, is a very important aspect of Cambodian culture. It may be translated as "gathering together" to make offerings and is a time of reunion, commemoration, express love and appreciation for one's ancestors. By offering food and good karma to those possibly trapped in the spirit world, living relatives help assuage their misery and guide them back into the cycle of reincarnation.
Vesākha is an annual holiday observed traditionally by Buddhists in Cambodia. Sometimes informally called "Buddha's Birthday", it actually encompasses the birth, enlightenment (nirvāṇa), and passing away (Parinirvāna) of Gautama Buddha.
The oldest structure isWat Phnom from the founding days of the city, constructed in 1373. The main tourist attractions are theRoyal Palace with theSilver Pagoda, and theNational Museum, constructed during the French colonial era in the late-19th century in the classical Khmer style and hosting a vast collection of Khmer antiquities. TheIndependence Monument (Khmer:Vimean Akareach), although from the 1950s, is also constructed in the ancient Khmer style.
The French, who were the colonial masters from the 19th century to the 1940s, also left their mark, with various colonial villas, French churches, such as thePhnom Penh Cathedral which was destroyed during the communist rule in Cambodia,boulevards, and theArt Deco marketPhsar Thom Thmei. A notable landmark of the colonial era is theHotel Le Royal.
Starting with independence from the French in the 1950s and lasting until the era of the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s, Phnom Penh underwent tremendous growth as the capital city of a newly independent country.King Sihanouk was eager to present a new style of architecture and thus invigorate the process of nation building. A new golden era of architecture took off, with various projects and young Khmer architects, often educated in France, given opportunities to design and construct. This new movement was called "New Khmer Architecture" and was often characterised by a fusion ofBauhaus, Europeanpost-modern architecture, and traditional elements fromAngkor. The most prominent architect wasVann Molyvann, who was nominated chief national architect by the king himself in 1956. Molyvann created landmark buildings such as thePreah Suramarit National Theatre or theVann Molyvann House. Other architects helped construct the newly foundedRoyal Khmer University, the Institute of Foreign Languages, and the National Sports Centre. With the growth of the upper and entrepreneurial middle
classes, new suburbs were built in the 1950s and 1960s. Although these buildings survived the Khmer Rouge era and the civil war, today they are under threat due to economic development and financial speculation.[60] Villas and gardens from that era are being destroyed and redeveloped to make place for bigger structures. The landmark National Theatre by Molyvann was razed in 2008. A movement is rising in Cambodia to preserve this modernist heritage. Old villas are sometimes being converted intoboutique hotels, such as theKnai Bang Chatt.
Monuments and memorials to the genocide of the Khmer Rouge era in the 1970s are theTuol Sleng Genocide Museum (a former high school used as a concentration camp) and, on the outskirts of the city, theChoeung Ek Genocide Center. TheCambodia-Vietnam Friendship Monument was commissioned by the Vietnamese communists as symbol of Khmer-Vietnamese friendship during the late-1970s following the liberation of Cambodia from the Khmer Rouge.
The population, foreign investment, and urban development in Phnom Penh grew dramatically during the 1990s and early-2000s. The rapid growth resulted in the city's infrastructure distinctly lacking (the drainage system is particularly notorious, and Phnom Penh frequently floods during the wet season), and a need for both residential and commercial spaces. The simultaneous demand for residential and commercial housing and the increase of international investment has led to the planning, if not construction, of several satellite cities. The largest of these cities are: Grand Phnom Penh International City, CamKo City, Diamond Island City, Boeung Kak Town, and Chruy Cangva City.
Thai Boon Roong Twin Tower World Trade Center is a planned skyscraper complex in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, consisting of twin 133-storey skyscrapers with a height of 567 m (1,860 ft). The project is managed by the Cambodian companyThai Boon Roong Group, with theMacau-based Sun Kian Ip Group as co-developer. It is planned to be built on a 5 hectare property in theDoun Penh section, formerly occupied by the Dreamland amusement park, and was approved for construction in February 2016. In December of that year, the developers entered a $2.7 billion construction contract with Chinese firms Wuchang Shipbuilding Industry Group and Sino Great Wall International Engineering, who formed a joint venture for this purpose.
If built, the twin skyscrapers would be the second tallest buildings in the region—afterMerdeka 118, which is nearing completion in 2023 and has a height of 678.9 m (2,227 ft). Upon completion, the Thai Boon Roong Twin Towers would surpass thePetronas Towers as the world's tallest twin skyscraper (as of 2025).
Agroundbreaking ceremony was held on the site in 2018, however, later that year, Sino Great Wall International Engineering withdrew from the project due to concerns over financing and citing "greater uncontrollable risks." As of 2022, the project has been "failing to materialize", according to Southeast Asia Globe, and, as of 2023, theCouncil on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat website lists the project's status as "proposed". The company has cited theCOVID-19 pandemic as a reason for the delay.
On the outskirts of the city, farmland has been developed into garment factories and housing for lower economic classes and those displaced by the new development in the city center.
Panoramic view of Phnom Penh from City Center
National Museum, designed in the early-1920s by George Groslier.
Originally intended to be completed by 2020, the 2035 master plan[61] is a French-funded project for the development of Phnom Penh. Although the plan was approved by theMinistry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction in 2005, it has yet to be ratified by theCabinet of Cambodia. The original plan details five edge-city projects connected to the historical city centre by waterways and tree-lined corridors.[62]
The martial arts ofBokator,Pradal Serey (Khmer kick boxing) andKhmer traditional wrestling have venues in Phnom Penh watched by dedicated spectators. Cambodia has increasingly become involved in modern sports over the last 30 years. As with the rest of the country,football and the martial arts are particularly popular. Ultimate fighting and freestyle boxing have also become more common in recent years.[citation needed]
The most prominent sporting venues in the city are theMorodok Techo National Stadium with a capacity of 60,000, which opened in 2021 as the home to theCambodia national football team and thePhnom Penh National Olympic Stadium with a capacity of 30,000[66] — although the country never hosted the Olympic Games due to disruption by the civil war and the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s, which built in 1964[66] as the co-home to the Cambodia national football team.[67] On completion, the stadium was one of the largest in Asia. Volleyball, basketball, andTai-Kwon-Do games are often hosted at the stadium. The stadium closed in 2000,[66] but was redeveloped and reopened.
Techo International Airport, which opened on the 9th of September 2025, is the largest and busiest airport in Cambodia[68]. It is located 20km south of Phnom Penh[69]. It replacedPhnom Penh International Airport as the city's main aviation hub. The airport is connected to the city center bytaxi,train, and shuttlebus. Cambodia's nationalflag carrier,Cambodia Angkor Air (later rebranched as Air Cambodia in 2025), launched in 2009, is headquartered in Phnom Penh and has its main hub there, with an additional hub at theSiem Reap–Angkor International Airport.[70]Air France used to serve Phnom Penh fromParis-Charles de Gaulle but this service has since stopped.Qatar Airways now flies to and from Phnom Penh, viaSaigon. Taxis, pick-ups, and minibuses leave the city for destinations all over the country, but are fast losing ground to cheaper and more comfortable buses. Phnom Penh also has a rail service. There are numerous bus companies, including Phnom Penh Public Transport and GST Express, running services to most provincial capitals, including Sihanoukville,Kampong Chhnang,Oudong andTakéo. Phnom Penh Sorya Transport Co. offers bus service to several provincial destinations along the National Routes and toSaigon[71]. Giant Ibis is another bus company based in Phnom Penh, which travels to Sihanoukville, Kampot, Siem Reap andSaigon, and has freeWi-Fi, air conditioning and modest pricing.
The city is Cambodia's main freshwater port, a major port on theMekong River. It is linked to theSouth China Sea, 290 kilometres distant, via a channel of the Mekong inVietnam.
Phnom Penh is served by air conditioned public buses. Initial attempts by the Japanese government to develop a Phnom Penh bus service began in 2001. An update of theJICA urban transport master plan for Phnom Penh was completed and implemented in 2014.[72] The city is now served by 21 bus lines, operated by thePhnom Penh municipal government. Private transportation within the city include thecycle rickshaw, known in Khmer as "cyclo", the motorcycle taxi known in Khmer as "moto", theauto rickshaw known locally as "tuk-tuk", the trailer attached to a motorcycle taxi known in Khmer as "remorque", and the standard automobile taxicab known in Khmer as "taxi".[73] Private forms of transportation used by locals include bicycles, motorbikes, and cars.
Scheduled passenger train services between Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville resumed in May 2016 after having been suspended for 14 years.[74][75] After that, many passenger train service continue to resume. As of May 2021, there is scheduled train service between Phnom Penh to KrongPursat, KrongBattambang, KrongSisophon, andPoipet at the Border to Thailand.
In 2023, a new expressway linking Phnom Penh withSihanoukville came into operation.[76]: 29 The expressway was built by China, which has a major role in infrastructure development in Cambodia through theBelt and Road Initiative.[76]: 29
Water supply in Phnom Penh has improved dramatically in terms of access, service quality, efficiency, cost recovery and governance between 1993 and 2006. The number of customers has increased ninefold, service quality has improved from intermittent to continuous supply, water losses have been cut dramatically and the city's water utility went from being bankrupt to making a modest profit.[77] These achievements were recognized through international awards such as the 2006Ramon Magsaysay Award and the 2010Stockholm Industry Water Award.[78] The city's water utility is the Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA). Its main water sources are theMekong River, theTonle Sap river and theTonle Bassac river.
^The prominent stupa immediately west of the sanctuary contains the ashes of KingPonhea Yat and his royal family. This stupa is a significant historical site, reflecting the city's rich cultural heritage.[25]
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