 | |
 Philippines |  United States |
|---|---|
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Philippine Embassy, Washington, D.C. | United States Embassy, Manila |
| Envoy | |
| AmbassadorJose Manuel Romualdez | AmbassadorMaryKay Carlson |
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Philippines–United States relations (Filipino:Ugnayang Pilipinas at Estados Unidos) are the bilateral and diplomatic relations of theRepublic of the Philippines and theUnited States of America.
The relationship has been historically strong, described by some as a "special relationship"[1][2] as a consequence of the Philippines' Americancolonial period between 1898 and 1946. The Philippines is one of the United States oldest Asian partners and a strategicallymajor non-NATO ally.[3] Since 1951, the countries have been formally bound in amutual defense treaty. An outlier was the early presidency ofRodrigo Duterte, who sought closerrelations with China andRussia.[4]
The United States was consistently ranked as one of the Philippines' favorite nations in the world—90% ofFilipinos viewed the U.S. and 91% viewedAmericans favorably in 2002;[5][6] 90% viewed U.S. influence positively in 2011;[7] 85% viewed the U.S. and Americans favorably in 2013;[8] 92% viewed the U.S. favorably in 2015;[9] and 94% had confidence in then-U.S. presidentBarack Obama[10]—making the Philippines one of the mostpro-American countries in the world.[11]
This article discusses Philippine–American relations afterPhilippine independence from the United States in 1946, while the articleHistory of the Philippines (1898–1946) describes the history of the Philippines during American colonial rule.
TheRepublic of the Philippines and theUnited States of America have a long and storied history with each other. Firstly, Filipinos are the oldest Asian ethnic group in the Americas. Filipinosailors were the firstAsians in North America.[12] The first documented presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States dates back to October 1587 aroundMorro Bay, California.[13] The first permanent settlement of Filipinos was inLouisiana in 1763;[14] the settlers there were called "Manilamen", and they served in theBattle of New Orleans during the closing stages of theWar of 1812, supporting the Americans against the British Empire. The American state ofTexas, due to it being a former Spanish territory, was even once called "New Philippines", so named since the Spanish wanted to replicate the prosperity they achieved in the Philippines in that territory in the Americas.[15] The 1898Philippine Revolution against Spain was inspired by the French and American revolutions. The United States eventually purchased the Philippines from Spain in theTreaty of Paris, and afterwards the Americans invaded and destroyed theFirst Philippine Republic in thePhilippine–American War.
The United States federal government nearly considered sellingMindanao to theGerman Empire in 1910.[16]
Except for the brief interruption of the Japanese occupation between 1942 and 1945, the United States ruled the Philippines from 1898 to 1946, after which, the Philippines was granted independence after being devastated by the Second World War.[citation needed]
In the Second World War, the Filipinos formed a close alliance with the United States to resist Japanese occupation—they became independent on July 4, 1946.[17]
During theCold War between the Capitalist United States and Communist Soviet Union, in Asia, despite being devastated by World War 2, defending US interests, and being a former colony,the Philippines, received negligible financial assistance from the United States with only $5 Billion US dollars' worth of aid in totality since Independence[18] compared to the copious amount of free development aid given to other Asian allies like:Israel ($317.9 Billion US Dollars in free aid),[19]South Korea ($119.9 Billion US dollars in free aid)[20][21]South Vietnam ($104 Billion Dollars in free aid),[19]Taiwan, ($41.81015 Billion US Dollars in free aid by year 1975[22] which convert to $242 Billion US Dollars in 2024 values as adjusted for inflation)[23] and Japan,[24][25] as the United States considered their economic development more important than that of the Philippines because they had hostile Pro-Soviet Union neighbors which the United States were opposed to.[26] Furthermore, America applied a deindustrialization policy and supported Free Market reforms in the Philippines, assigning it a role of only "supplying raw materials" while being open to foreign imports, becauseJapan was designated to be the main industrial export power in Asia,[25] thus retarding Industrialization efforts in the Philippines while the other nations that were protectionist and hadIndustrial Policy surged ahead in development.[27]: 42, 43 [28]
The US supported the dictatorship ofFerdinand Marcos.[29]
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AfterPresident Rodrigo Duterte formally assumed the office on June 30, 2016, US–Philippine relations began to sour. A rift between Duterte and then-US PresidentBarack Obama began when Obama expressed his concern over human rights issues on Duterte's "War on Criminality and Drugs". According to a statement issued by the White House, Obama commended the country for its "vibrant democracy", but also highlighted "enduring values" that underpinned their "longstanding ties", including "shared commitments to democracy, human rights and rule of law".[30] This intervention and President Duterte's choice of words while speaking about President Obama during a press conference, where he infamously called him "a son of a whore" resulted in a canceled meeting between the two leaders during the 2016 ASEAN summit held in Laos.[31]
A few weeks later, Duterte suggested American special forces cease their operations in Mindanao and leave.[32] He cited thekillings of Muslim Filipinos during a U.S. pacification campaign in the early 1900s, which he said were at the root of the long restiveness by minority Muslims in the largely Catholic nation's south.[33] During an official visit to Vietnam on September 28, 2016, he explicitly expressed his desire to end the Philippines' joint military exercises with the United States. Duterte announced the upcoming scheduled war games would be the last under his term, while adding that he would continue to uphold the Philippines' treaties with the U.S.[34]
As of October 2016[update], despite Duterte's shift of foreign policy towards China and away from the U.S., Filipinos still held low approval and trust in China relative to the U.S.[35] On former presidentFidel Ramos' resignation as special envoy to China, he stated that he didn't like Duterte's treatment of Obama.[36]
Duterte later said following the2016 U.S. presidential election that he would stop quarrels with the U.S. following PresidentDonald Trump's victory.[37] Trump had planned to continue to aid the country during his presidency.[38][needs update]
According to a report byReuters, the United States ran the#ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign to discredit theSinovac ChineseCOVID-19 vaccine, including using fake social media accounts to spread the disinformation that it contained pork-derived ingredients and was thereforeharam underIslamic law.[39] The campaign primarily targeted people in the Philippines and used a social mediahashtag for "China is the virus" inTagalog.[39] The campaign ran from 2020 to mid-2021.[39] The primary contractor for the U.S. military on the project wasGeneral Dynamics IT, which received $493 million for its role.[39]
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Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr., the Philippine president since June 2022, appears to be attempting to normalize relations with the United States in part due to China's geostrategic rise and the need to cooperate on the economy.[40] However, the Biden administration has said human rights will come first in America's dealings with the Philippines, responding to concerns with Marcos' and Duterte's human rights records.[41]
In August 2022, Marcos met with U.S. Secretary of StateAntony Blinken.[42][43] He met with U.S. Vice PresidentKamala Harris and Second GentlemanDoug Emhoff in November.[44]
Marcos and U.S. PresidentJoe Biden met face-to-face on the sidelines of the 2022United Nations General Assembly on September 23. During Marcos's working visit to the United States on September 18–24, top financial officials secured investment pledges of $4 billion and 100,000 jobs for the Philippines. Biden pledged to help the Philippines with energy and food security,[45][41] reiterating that message during the 40th and 41stASEAN Summits in Cambodia during the week of November 9–13, 2022.[46][47]
In February 2023, Marcos briefly met with Biden's Defense SecretaryLloyd Austin to finalize an agreement to add U.S.-accessible Philippine military bases to theEnhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement.[48][49]
On April 11, 2024, Marcos, along withJapanese Prime MinisterFumio Kishida, met with Biden inWashington, D.C., for a trilateral summit. President Marcos Jr. stated that the summit would include discussions on an agreement to maintain security and freedom of navigation in the South China Sea. He further emphasized that the summit was mainly aimed at boosting economic ties between the three allies.[50]
In August 2024, the Biden administration announced an additional $500 million of military aid to the Philippines, further bolstering the defense alliance between the two nations in light of the Philippines grappling with aggressive actions by Chinese ships in the South China Sea.[51]
On July 22, 2025, PresidentDonald Trump announced, following a meeting in Washington, D.C., that he and PresidentBongbong Marcos agreed to a trade agreement that sets a 19%tariff on Philippine exports to the United States, while U.S. goods entering the Philippines will be exempt from tariffs.[52] The tariff rate was 1% lower than what Trump had initially threatenedon July 9, 2025.[53]
A 1947 Military Bases Agreement[54] gave the United States a 99-year lease on a number of Philippine military and naval bases in which U.S. authorities had virtual territorial rights.[55] In August 1951, amutual defense treaty (MDT) was signed between representatives of the Philippines and the United States. The overall accord contained eight articles and dictated that both nations would support each other if either the Philippines or the United States were to be attacked by an external party. An amendment to the bases agreement in 1966 reduced its 99-year term to 25 years.[56] In 1979, after two years of negotiation, the bases agreement was renewed with some amendments.[57]
Pursuant to the bases agreement, the United States maintained and operated major facilities atClark Air Base until November 1991,[58] and atSubic Bay Naval Complex and several small subsidiary installations in the Philippines until November 1992.In July 1991, negotiators from the two countries reached an agreement on a draft treaty providing for the clean-up and turnover of Clark Air Base to the Philippine government in 1992, and for the lease of Subic Bay Naval Base by the U.S. for ten years.[59] By 1991, operations at Clark had already been scaled back as theCold War ended, with the last combat aircraft leaving in 1990 before the base was heavily damaged by the 1991 eruption ofMount Pinatubo.[60]
On September 16, 1991, the Philippine Senate rejected renewal of the bases agreement by a slim margin.[56] A vote resulted in 11 senators in favor of extending the treaty, and 12 senators in favor of suppressing it. The Anti-Bases Coalition, founded by senatorsJose W. Diokno andLorenzo Tañada, led the call to end American military presence in the country. At the time of the vote, the retired senator Tañada stood up on his wheelchair to rapturous applause shouting, "Mabuhay ang Pilipinas!" or "Long live the Philippines!".[61]
| Voted to extend | Voted against extending |
|---|---|
Despite further efforts to salvage the situation, the two sides could not reach an agreement. As a result, the Philippine Government informed the U.S. on December 6, 1991, that it would have one year to complete withdrawal. That withdrawal went smoothly and was completed ahead of schedule, with the last U.S. forces departing on November 24, 1992. On departure, the U.S. Government turned over assets worth more than $1.3 billion to the Philippines, including an airport and ship-repair facility. Agencies formed by the Philippine Government converted the former military bases for civilian commercial use, with Subic Bay serving as a flagship for that effort.
In July 2025, President Trump announced that as part of the trade deal reached between the two nations that they will be cooperating on military matters.[62]
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The post-U.S. bases era saw U.S.–Philippine relations improve and broaden, with a prominent focus on economic and commercial ties while maintaining the importance of the security dimension.[citation needed] U.S. investment continued to play an important role in the Philippine economy,[citation needed] while a strong security relationship rested on theMutual Defense Treaty (MDT) of 1951. In February 1998, U.S. and Philippine negotiators concluded theVisiting Forces Agreement (VFA), paving the way for increased military cooperation under the MDT. The agreement was approved by the Philippine Senate in May 1999 and entered into force on June 1, 1999.[63]
Under the VFA, the U.S. conducted ship visits to Philippine ports and resumed large combined military exercises with Philippine forces.[citation needed] Key events in the bilateral relationship included the July 4, 1996, declaration byPresident Ramos of Philippine-American Friendship Day in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of Philippine independence.[64] Ramos visited the U.S. in April 1998, and then-President Estrada visited in July 2000.President Arroyo met withPresident Bush in an official working visit in November 2001 and made a state visit in Washington on May 19, 2003.[65] President Bush made a state visit to the Philippines on October 18, 2003, during which he addressed a joint session of the Philippine Congress—the first American President to do so sinceDwight D. Eisenhower.[66]
President Arroyo repeatedly stressed the close friendship between the Philippines and the U.S. and her desire to expand bilateral ties further.[citation needed] Both governments tried to revitalize and strengthen their partnership by working toward greater security, prosperity, and service to Filipinos and Americans alike.[citation needed] Inaugurated into office on the same day as President Bush, President Arroyo lent strong support to theGlobal War on Terrorism.[67] In October 2003, the U.S. designated the Philippines as amajor non-NATO ally.[68] That same month, the Philippines joined the select group of countries to have ratified all 12 UN counterterrorism conventions.[citation needed]
On February 7, 2020, President Rodrigo Duterte officially ordered the termination of the VFA as a response to an accumulation of a series of "disrespectful acts" by a few US senators directed against the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines.[69] On February 11, 2020, the Philippine government officially notified the U.S. that it would be terminating the VFA.[70] In response, Secretary of DefenseMark Esper called the move "unfortunate". PresidentTrump said "I don't really mind if they would like to do that", as he claimed, "it will save a lot of money".[71] Duterte would later backtrack and suspended the process of termination in June and November 2020 before officially restoring the agreement in June 2021.[72]
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The annualBalikatan ("shoulder-to-shoulder") bilateral military exercises contribute directly to the Philippine armed forces' efforts to root outAbu Sayyaf andJemaah Islamiyah terrorists and bring development to formerly terrorist-plagued areas, notably Basilan and Jolo.[citation needed] They include not only combined military training but also civil-military affairs and humanitarian projects.[citation needed]
The International Military Education and Training (IMET) program is the largest in the Pacific and the third-largest in the world, and a Mutual Logistics Support Agreement (MLSA) was signed in November 2002.[citation needed] Similarly, law enforcement cooperation have reached new levels: U.S. and Philippine agencies have cooperated to bring charges against numerous terrorists, to implement the countries' extradition treaty, and to train thousands of Filipino law enforcement officers.[citation needed] There is a Senior Law Enforcement Advisor helping thePhilippine National Police with its Transformation Program.[citation needed]
USAID programs support the Philippines' war on poverty as well as the government's reform agenda in critical areas, including anti-money laundering, rule of law, tax collection, and trade and investment.[citation needed] Other USAID programs have bolstered the government's efforts to heal divisions in Philippine society through a focus on conflict resolution, livelihood enhancement for former combatants, and economic development inMindanao and theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, which are among the poorest areas in the country.[citation needed] Meanwhile, important programs continue in modern family planning, infectious disease control, environmental protection, rural electrification, and provision of basic services—as well as PL 480 food aid programs and others—which together totaled $211.3 million.[citation needed] In 2006, theMillennium Challenge Corporation granted $21 million to the Philippines for a threshold program addressing corruption in revenue administration.[citation needed]
Nearly 400,000 Americans visit the Philippines each year.[citation needed] Providing government services to U.S. and other citizens, therefore, constitutes an important aspect of the bilateral relationship. Those services include veterans' affairs, social security, and consular operations. Benefits to Filipinos from theU.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and theSocial Security Administration totaled $297,389,415 in 2006.[citation needed] Many people-to-people programs exist between the U.S. and the Philippines, including Fulbright, International Visitors, and Aquino Fellowship exchange programs, as well as the U.S. Peace Corps.[citation needed]
TheAgreement on Enhanced Defense Cooperation (EDCA), a framework agreement that raises the scope of the 1951 MDT, was signed on April 28, 2014.
The Preamble to the EDCA refers to the obligations of the Philippines and the United States, under both the Charter of the United Nations and the MDT, to settle international disputes by peaceful means, not to endanger international peace and security, and to refrain from the threat or use of force "in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations".
Importantly, the Preamble notes that both parties "share an understanding for the United States not to establish a permanent military presence or base in the territory of the Philippines". The Preamble later concludes, "all United States access to and use of facilities and areas will be at the invitation of the Philippines and with full respect for the Philippines Constitution and Philippine laws".[73]
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The 1946Bell Trade Act and its replacement, the 1955Laurel–Langley Agreement (which expired in 1974), linked the two countries closely together economically in the first decades of independence.[74] Ever since the passing of the 1989 bilateralTrade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA), the Countries have met regularly to discuss and coordinate on trade matters.[75]
Two-way U.S. merchandise trade with the Philippines amounted to $14 billion in 2024 (U.S. Department of Commerce data).[52] According to The Center Square, United States traded goods with the Philippines worth $23.5 billion in 2024.[62][75] United States exports to the Philippines in 2024 were $9.3 billion whereas goods imports from Philippines totaled $14.2 billion in 2024.[62][75] As of May 2025, key exports to the U.S. areIntegrated Circuits,wheat, andsoybeans.[76] Likewise, key exports from the U.S. to the Philippines werecomputers,insulated wire, and office machine parts, as of May 2025.[76]
The U.S. traditionally has been the Philippines' largest foreign investor, with about $6.6 billion in estimated investment as of end-2005 (U.S. Department of Commerce data).[citation needed] Since the late 1980s, the Philippines has committed itself to reforms that encourage foreign investment as a basis for economic development, subject to certain guidelines and restrictions in specified areas.[citation needed] Under President Ramos, the Philippines expanded reforms, opening the power generation and telecommunications sectors to foreign investment, as well as securing ratification of the Uruguay Round agreement and membership in theWorld Trade Organization.[citation needed] As noted earlier, President Arroyo's administration has generally continued such reforms despite opposition from vested interests and "nationalist" blocs.[citation needed] A major obstacle has been and will continue to be constitutional restrictions on, among others, foreign ownership of land and public utilities, which limits maximum ownership to 40%.[citation needed]
Over the last two decades, the relatively closed Philippine economy has been opened significantly by foreign exchange deregulation, foreign investment and banking liberalization, tariff and market barrier reduction, and foreign entry into the retail trade sector.[citation needed] The Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 opened opportunities for U.S. firms to participate in the power industry in the Philippines.[citation needed] Information and communications technologies, backroom operations such as call centers, and regional facilities or shared-service centers were probably likewise leading investment opportunities.[citation needed]
During the visit by PresidentBenigno Aquino III to Washington DC, on July 7, 2012, the US–Philippine Society was launched. This non-profit independent organization is tasked with generating awareness about the Philippines in the US. The last board meeting was conducted by the society on January 24, 2013.[77]
In its 2013 Special 301 Report, the Office of the United States Trade Representatives wrote "The United States looks to the Philippines to take important steps to address piracy over the internet, in particular with respect to notorious online markets".[78] It is speculated that pressure from the United States contributed to the complaint filed by Philippine Association of the Record Industry against the torrent websiteKickassTorrents, resulting in its seizure by Philippine authorities on June 13, 2013.[79]
In April 2022, U.S. private equity firmCerberus Capital Management, together with Dutch shipbuilder consortium Agila, bought out theHHIC Philippines facilities atRedondo Peninsula near theSubic Bay Naval Base inZambales.[80][81][82] Accordingly, the shipyard was renamed as the Agila Subic Multi-Use Facilities.[83] ThePhilippine Navy began leasing the shipyard's northern section in May 2022.[84] American defense contractorVectrus also moved in.[85][86][87] That same year, theBiden administration pledged to increase cooperation with the Philippines onrenewable energy and food prices, and the Marcos Jr. administration secured pledges of 100,000 jobs and $4 billion in American private sector investments.[41] U.S. government officials headed by Vice PresidentKamala Harris pledged increased aid and investment opportunities to the Philippines on renewable energy,critical minerals supply,women's rights and education,public health andimmunology,SpaceX Starlinkbroadband, and, in the first agreement of its kind,nuclear power planning and American nuclear tech sales.[88]
On July 22, 2025,President Donald Trump announced following a meeting at theWhite House that he andPresident Bongbong Marcos of the Philippines agreed to a trade agreement.[52][53] The agreements call for 19% tariffs on goods the US imports from the Philippines, whereas the United States will not be charged a tariff.[52] According to the US Commerce Department, the US imported US$14 billion worth of goods from the Philippines in 2024.[52]
The U.S. maintains an embassy inManila and a consulate inCebu. The American Business Center, which houses the Foreign Commercial Service and the Foreign Agricultural Service, is located inMakati. The Philippine government maintains an embassy in Washington, D.C. as well as several consulates throughout the United States.
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U.S.Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific AffairsKurt M. Campbell had said in January 2011 that the United States will help boost the capacity of the Philippines to patrol their own waters, including theSpratly Islands.[89]
The 1951 mutual-defense treaty was reaffirmed with the November 2011 Manila Declaration.[90][91] United StatesChief of Naval Operations AdmiralJonathan Greenert suggested that LCS or surveillance aircraft may be deployed to the Philippines;[92] the Philippines is considering the proposal.[93] These "rotational deployments" will help replace some of the American presence in the area that was given up when the permanent American bases in the Philippines were closed under President Bush.[94]
In 2012 the Philippines and the United States conducted joint military exercises.[95] As of 2012, a U.S. military contingent of 600, includingNavy Seals andSeabees are stationed "indefinitely" in the Southern Philippines, in a declarednon-combatant role to assist theArmed Forces of the Philippines in operations against theal-Quaida-linkedAbu Sayyaf terrorist group primarily on the island ofBasilan in westernMindanao and theSulu islands, in particularJolo, a long-time stronghold of Abu Sayyaf.[96]
TheScarborough Shoal standoff with China and the ongoingSpratly Islands dispute has caused the Philippines to consider stronger military ties with the United States. In 2012, a senior Philippine defense official said that as long as they have prior clearance from the Philippine government, American troops, warships, and aircraft could once again use their former naval and air facilities ofSubic Bay Naval Base andClark Air Base.[97] In 2013, Foreign Secretary Albert del Rosario clarified that, due to constitutional constraints, establishment of a U.S. military facility could only be allowed if it would be under the control of the Philippine military.[98] The deal will reportedly include shared access to Philippines military but not civilian facilities.[99]
During a 2013 visit to the Philippines, Defense SecretaryAshton Carter said that the main security issues that the U.S. was working with the Philippines weremaritime domain awareness,building up the capacities of theArmed Forces of the Philippines, andcounter terrorism.[100]
In April 2014, a ten-year pact called theEnhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA)[101] was signed between U.S. PresidentBarack Obama and Philippine PresidentBenigno Aquino III, allowing the United States to increase its military presence in the Philippines.[102][103][104][105] Five bases were opened to U.S. troops beginning in 2016.[106]
In 2017, the Joint US Military Assistance Group (JUSMAG) handed over weapons to thePhilippine Marine Corps, including 300M4 carbines, 200Glock 21 pistols, 4M134D Gatling-style machine guns, and 100M203 grenade launchers, according to a statement made by the U.S. embassy in Manila on June 5. The JUSMAG also delivered 25 newCombat Rubber Raiding Craft with outboard motors to PMC headquarters inTaguig, where PMC commandant Major General Emmanuel Salamat formally accepted delivery of the weapons during a transfer ceremony on June 5. The equipment was delivered amidst theMarawi crisis.[107]
In February 2019, then-U.S. Secretary of StateMike Pompeo affirmed his country's commitments under the 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT) during a meeting with counterparts in the Philippines. Pompeo in a speech added, "as the South China Sea is part of the Pacific, any armed attack on Philippine forces, aircraft or public vessels will trigger mutual defense obligations".[108] The U.S. assured that they will "back the Philippines" if confrontation between the Philippines and China occurs in the South China Sea.[109] The move came after years of American reluctance to affirm commitments, which led to numerous Filipino politicians to push for review of the 68-year-old security pact between the Philippines and the U.S. The Filipino foreign affairs secretary welcomed the U.S. commitment, adding that there is "no need to review" the pact anymore.[110][111][108][109]
In 2023, the Biden administration, represented by Secretary of DefenseLloyd Austin, and the Marcos administration finalized an agreement to allow the American military access to four additional Philippine military bases under EDCA.[48][49] However, the governors ofIsabela andCagayan—which together host three of the bases—expressed dismay at the agreement, stating they did not want their provinces to pay too much for the infrastructure improvements or become potential targets of Chinese nuclear attack.[112] This marked the fifth time that the Philippines and the U.S. had conducted joint military exercises in the South China Sea, with Manila's armed forces on alert due to tensions with China. On January 19, 2025, the Philippine military stated that the activity was a 'maritime cooperative activity' conducted with the U.S.[113]
In the spring of 2024, the United States stationed long-rangeTyphon missile launchers capable of striking China in the Philippines.[114]
U.S. and Philippine fighter aircraft conducted a joint patrol over a disputedSouth China Seashoal in February 2025.[115][116]
Most people think of Asians as recent immigrants to the Americas, but the first Asians—Filipino sailors—settled in the bayous of Louisiana a decade before the Revolutionary War.
Se trata de Juan Antonio de la Peña, Derrotero de la expedición en la provincia de los Texas, Nuevo Reino de Filipinas
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
This article incorporatespublic domain material fromU.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets.United States Department of State.
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