Archipelagic country in Southeast Asia
Republic of the Philippines
Motto: Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa [ 1] Anthem: "Lupang Hinirang
Great Seal :Show globe Show ASEAN Capital Manila (de jure )Metro Manila [ b] de facto )13°N 122°E / 13°N 122°E /13; 122 Largest city Quezon City Official languages Recognized national languages Filipino Recognized regional languages 19 languages [ 4] Filipino Sign Language Other recognized languages
[ c] Spanish andArabic Ethnic groups Religion Demonyms Filipino (neutral )Filipina (feminine ) Pinoy (colloquial neutral )Pinay (colloquial feminine ) Philippine (adjective for certain common nouns ) Government Unitarypresidential republic Bongbong Marcos Sara Duterte Tito Sotto Bojie Dy Alexander Gesmundo Legislature Congress Senate House of Representatives Independence June 12, 1898 April 11, 1899 November 15, 1935 July 4, 1946 February 2, 1987 Area • Total
300,000[ 8] [ 9] [ e] 2 (120,000 sq mi) (72nd ) • Water (%)
0.61[ 10] Population • 2024 census
[ 11] • Density
363.45/km2 (941.3/sq mi) (34th ) GDP (PPP ) 2025 estimate • Total
[ 12] 30th )• Per capita
[ 13] 114th )GDP (nominal) 2025 estimate • Total
[ 14] 32nd )• Per capita
[ 15] 125th )Gini (2023) [ 16] medium inequality HDI (2023) [ 17] high 117th )Currency Philippine peso (₱ ) (PHP )Time zone UTC +8PhST )Calling code +63 ISO 3166 code PH Internet TLD .ph
ThePhilippines ,[ f] Republic of the Philippines ,[ g] archipelagic country inSoutheast Asia . Located in the westernPacific Ocean , it consists of7,641 islands , with a total area of roughly 300,000 square kilometers, which are broadly categorized inthree main geographical divisions from north to south:Luzon ,Visayas , andMindanao . With a population of over 112 million, it is the world'sfourteenth-most-populous country .
The Philippines is bounded by theSouth China Sea to the west, thePhilippine Sea to the east, and theCelebes Sea to the south. It sharesmaritime borders withTaiwan to the north,Japan andthe Korean Peninsula to the northeast,Palau to the east and southeast,Indonesia to the south,Malaysia to the southwest,Vietnam to the west, andChina to the northwest. It hasdiverse ethnicities anda rich culture .Manila isthe country's capital , andits most populated city isQuezon City . Both are withinMetro Manila .
Negritos , the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed bywaves ofAustronesian peoples . The adoption ofanimism ,Hinduism withBuddhist influence, andIslam establishedisland-kingdoms . Extensive overseas trade with neighbors such as the lateTang orSong empire broughtChinese people to the archipelago as well, which would also gradually settle in andintermix over the centuries. The arrival of the explorerFerdinand Magellan marked the beginning ofSpanish colonization . In 1543, Spanish explorerRuy López de Villalobos las Islas Filipinas King Philip II .Catholicism became the dominant religion, and Manila became the western hub oftrans-Pacific trade .Hispanic immigrants fromLatin America andIberia would also selectively colonize. ThePhilippine Revolution began in 1896, and became entwined with the 1898Spanish–American War . Spain ceded the territory to the United States, andFilipino revolutionaries declared theFirst Philippine Republic . The ensuingPhilippine–American War ended with the United States controlling the territory until theJapanese invasion of the islands duringWorld War II . Afterthe United States retook the Philippines from the Japanese , the Philippines became independent in 1946. Since then, the country notably experienced aperiod of martial law from 1972 to 1981 under the dictatorship ofFerdinand Marcos and his subsequent overthrow by thePeople Power Revolution in 1986, returning to democracy.
The Philippines is anemerging market and adeveloping andnewly industrialized country ,whose economy is transitioning from being agricultural to service- and manufacturing-centered. It has a variety of natural resources and a globally-significantlevel of biodiversity . The country is also part ofmultiple international organizations and forums , mainly inASEAN . Despite its fast economic growth, it continues to struggle withinequality , widespreadcorruption , and vulnerability to natural disasters due to its location within the PacificRing of Fire , and to the equator, making it prone toearthquakes ,monsoon rains , andtyphoons .
Etymology During his 1542 expedition, Spanish explorerRuy López de Villalobos named the islands ofLeyte andSamar "Felipinas Prince of Asturias , laterPhilip II of Castile . Eventually, the name "Las Islas Filipinas [ 18] : 6 Islas del Poniente Islas del Oriente San Lázaro [ 19] [ 20] [ 21]
During thePhilippine Revolution , theMalolos Congress proclaimed it theRepública Filipina Philippine Republic ).[ 22] [ 23] United States began changing its nomenclature from "the Philippine Islands" to "the Philippines" in the Philippine Autonomy Act and theJones Law .[ 24] [ 25] [ 26] [ 27]
History
TheManunggul burial jar , one of the numerousburial jars found on the cave system There isevidence of earlyhominins living in what is now the Philippines as early as 709,000 years ago.[ 28] Callao Cave potentially represent an otherwise unknown species,Homo luzonensis [ 29] [ 30] modern human remains on the islands are from theTabon Caves ofPalawan ,U/Th-dated to 47,000 ± 11–10,000 years ago.[ 31] Tabon Man is presumably aNegrito , among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants descended from the first human migrations out of Africa via the coastal route alongsouthern Asia to the now-sunken landmasses ofSundaland andSahul .[ 32]
The first Austronesians reached the Philippines from Taiwan around 2200 BC, settling theBatanes Islands (where they built stone fortresses known asijangs [ 33] Luzon . Jade artifacts have been dated to 2000 BC,[ 34] [ 35] lingling-o jade items made in Luzon with raw materials from Taiwan.[ 36] hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, highlandplutocracies , and port principalities.[ 37]
A couple portrayed in 1590's Early Spanish colonial period of the Philippines, draped in gold The earliest known surviving written record in the Philippines is the 900 ADLaguna Copperplate Inscription , which was written inOld Malay using the earlyKawi script.[ 38] societal changes .[ 39] polities had exchanges with other states throughout Asia.[ 40] : 3 [ 41] Tang dynasty ,[ 42] [ 43] Song dynasty .[ 44] [ 45] [ 43] tributary system of China .[ 18] : 177–178 [ 40] : 3 Southern Chinese merchants and migrants fromSouthern Fujian ,[ 46] [ 47] [ 48] began to spread in the Philippines during the 14th century, via the Indianized HinduMajapahit Empire .[ 49] [ 50] Sulu Archipelago and spread from there.[ 39]
Polities founded in the Philippines between the 10th and 16th centuries includeMaynila ,[ 51] Tondo ,Namayan ,Pangasinan ,Caboloan ,Cebu ,Butuan ,Maguindanao ,Lanao ,Sulu , andMa-i .[ 52] [ 40] : 3 [ 53] : 672 datus , who were responsible for ruling autonomous groups (barangays or dulohan).[ 54] [ 40] : 3 [ 55] paramount datu ",[ 56] : 58 [ 37] rajah orsultan ,[ 57] [ 58] [ 56] : 18 frequency of typhoons and the Philippines' location on the PacificRing of Fire .[ 59] Ferdinand Magellan arrived in 1521, claimed the islands for Spain, and was killed byLapulapu 's men in theBattle of Mactan .[ 60] : 21 [ 61] : 261
Manila , 1847Unification and colonization by theCrown of Castile began when Spanish explorerMiguel López de Legazpi arrived fromNew Spain in 1565.[ 62] [ 63] [ 64] : 20–23 Filipinos were brought to New Spainas slaves and forced crew,[ 65] Latin Americans were brought to the Philippines as soldiers and colonists.[ 66] [ 67] [ 68] Spanish Manila became the capital of theCaptaincy General of the Philippines and theSpanish East Indies in 1571,[ 69] [ 70] [ 71] divide and conquer ,[ 61] : 374 [ 72] [ 73]
Disparate barangays were deliberatelyconsolidated into towns , whereCatholic missionaries could more easily convert their inhabitants toChristianity ,[ 74] : 53 68 [ 75] Syncretist .[ 76] Christianization by theSpanish friars occurred mostly across the settled lowlands over the course of time. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of theMexico City -based Viceroyalty of New Spain; it was then administered fromMadrid after theMexican War of Independence .[ 77] : 81 trans-Pacific trade [ 78] Manila galleons built inBicol andCavite .[ 79] [ 80]
During its rule, Spain spent a significant sum of its treasury quellingindigenous revolts [ 77] : 111–122 [ 81] : 1077 [ 82] Moro piracy ,[ 83] war against the Dutch , 18th-centuryBritish occupation of Manila , and conflict with Muslims in the south.[ 84] : 4
Administration of the Philippines was considered a drain on the economy of New Spain,[ 81] : 1077 [ 56] : 7–8 [ 85] [ 81] : 1077 [ 56] : 8 [ 86] British forces occupied Manila from 1762 to 1764 during theSeven Years' War . Spanish rule was restored with the1763 Treaty of Paris .[ 64] : 81–83 Reconquista [ 87] [ 88] Spanish–Moro conflict lasted for several hundred years. Spain conquered portions ofMindanao andJolo during the last quarter of the 19th century,[ 89] Moro in theSultanate of Sulu acknowledged Spanish sovereignty.[ 90] [ 91]
Ilustrados Madrid around 1890Philippine ports opened to world trade during the 19th century, and Filipino society began to change.[ 92] [ 93] Filipino encompassing all residents of the archipelago instead of solely referring toSpaniards born in the Philippines .[ 94] [ 95]
Revolutionary sentiment grew in 1872 after 200 locally recruitedcolonial troops and laborers alongsidethree activist Catholic priests were executed onquestionable grounds .[ 96] [ 97] Propaganda Movement , organized byMarcelo H. del Pilar ,José Rizal ,Graciano López Jaena , andMariano Ponce , which advocated political reform in the Philippines.[ 98] [ 99] Andrés Bonifacio founded theKatipunan secret society, which sought independence from Spain through armed revolt, in 1892.[ 77] : 137
The KatipunanCry of Pugad Lawin began thePhilippine Revolution in 1896.[ 100] Tejeros Convention , at which Bonifacio lost his position andEmilio Aguinaldo was elected the new leader of the revolution.[ 101] : 145–147 Pact of Biak-na-Bato resulted in theHong Kong Junta government in exile. TheSpanish–American War began the following year, and reached the Philippines; Aguinaldo returned, resumed the revolution, anddeclared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898.[ 102] : 26 ceded by Spain to the United States withPuerto Rico andGuam after the Spanish–American War.[ 103] [ 104] Spain ruled the Philippines for 333 years.[ 105]
TheFirst Philippine Republic was promulgated on January 21, 1899.[ 106] outbreak of hostilities that, after refusal by the U.S. on-scene military commander of a cease-fire proposal and a declaration of war by the nascent Republic,[ h] Philippine–American War .[ 107] [ 108] [ 109] [ 110]
Filipino GeneralGregorio del Pilar and his troops in Pampanga around 1898, during thePhilippine-American War The war resulted in the deaths of 250,000 to 1 million civilians, primarily due to famine and disease.[ 111] concentration camps , where thousands died.[ 112] [ 113] American civilian government was established with thePhilippine Organic Act .[ 114] extension of the Philippine Republic ,[ 101] : 200–202 [ 111] securing the Sultanate of Sulu ,[ 115] [ 116] [ 117] [ 118] [ 119]
Cultural developments in the Philippines strengthened a national identity,[ 120] [ 121] : 12 Tagalog began to take precedence over other local languages.[ 74] : 121 Taft Commission ;[ 81] : 1081 1117 Tydings–McDuffie Act granted a ten-year transition to independence through the creation of theCommonwealth of the Philippines the following year,[ 122] Manuel Quezon president andSergio Osmeña vice president.[ 123] [ 81] : 1081 1117 Filipino (a standardized variety of Tagalog) became the national language,[ 124] : 27–29 women's suffrage was introduced ,[ 125] [ 61] : 416 land reform was considered.[ 126] [ 127] [ 128] gender equality in the Philippines. This gave women the right to vote and participate in the country's political processes.
General Douglas MacArthur andSergio Osmeña (left) coming ashore during theBattle of Leyte on October 20, 1944TheEmpire of Japan invaded the Philippines in December 1941during World War II ,[ 129] Second Philippine Republic was established as apuppet state governed byJose P. Laurel .[ 130] [ 131] Japanese occupation of the Philippines wasopposed by large-scaleunderground guerrilla activity .[ 132] [ 133] [ 134] Atrocities and war crimes were committed during the war, including theBataan Death March and theManila massacre .[ 135] [ 136] defeated the Japanese in 1944 and 1945. Over one million Filipinos were estimated to have died by the end of the war.[ 137] [ 138] founding member of theUnited Nations .[ 139] [ 140] : 38–41 Manuel Roxas , the country's independence was recognized by the United States with theTreaty of Manila .[ 140] : 38–41 [ 141]
Efforts at post-war reconstruction and ending theHukbalahap Rebellion succeeded duringRamon Magsaysay 's presidency,[ 142] [ 143] Carlos P. Garcia , the government initiated aFilipino First policy which promoted Filipino-owned businesses.[ 74] : 182 Diosdado Macapagal moved Independence Day from July 4 to June 12—the date of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration—[ 144] a claim on easternNorth Borneo .[ 145] [ 146]
The attending leaders of theManila Summit Conference in front of the Congress Building in Manila, hosted byFerdinand Marcos on October 24, 1966 In 1965, Macapagallost the presidential election toFerdinand Marcos .Early in his presidency , Marcos began infrastructure projects funded mostly by foreign loans; this improved the economy, and contributed to hisreelection in 1969 .[ 147] : 58 [ 148] declared martial law on September 21, 1972[ 149] [ 150] [ 151] [ 152] rule by decree ;[ 153] political repression ,censorship , andhuman rights violations .[ 154] [ 155] Monopolies controlled byMarcos's cronies were established in key industries,[ 156] [ 157] [ 158] logging [ 159] [ 61] : 120 a famine on the island of Negros .[ 160] Imelda , Marcos was accused of corruption andembezzling billions of dollars of public funds.[ 161] [ 162] early in his presidency resulted ineconomic crashes , exacerbated by anearly 1980s recession where the economy contracted by 7.3 percent annually in 1984 and 1985.[ 163] : 212 [ 164]
On August 21, 1983, opposition leaderBenigno Aquino Jr. (Marcos's chief rival) wasassassinated on the tarmac atManila International Airport .[ 165] presidential election in 1986 [ 166] [ 167] People Power Revolution ,[ 168] [ 169] Hawaii . Aquino's widow,Corazon , was installed as president[ 168] [ 170]
The return of democracy and government reforms which began in 1986 were hampered bynational debt , government corruption, andcoup attempts .[ 171] [ 147] : xii, xiii communist insurgency [ 172] [ 173] Moro separatists persisted;[ 174] Mount Pinatubo in June 1991.[ 175] Fidel V. Ramos , wholiberalized the national economy withprivatization andderegulation .[ 176] [ 177] 1997 Asian financial crisis .[ 178] [ 179] Joseph Estrada , prioritized public housing[ 180] [ 181] 2001 EDSA Revolution and the succession of Vice PresidentGloria Macapagal Arroyo on January 20, 2001.[ 182]
Arroyo'snine-year administration was marked by economic growth,[ 10] [ 183] [ 184] electoral fraud allegations during the2004 presidential election .[ 185] Benigno Aquino III 's administration, which advocated good governance and transparency.[ 186] : 1, 3 [ 187] a peace agreement with theMoro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) resulting in theBangsamoro Organic Law establishing an autonomousBangsamoro region, but ashootout with MILF rebels in Mamasapano delayed passage of the law.[ 188] [ 189]
Growing public frustration with post-EDSA governance led to the2016 election [ 190] Rodrigo Duterte ,[ 191] [ 192] presidency saw the decline ofliberalism in the country albeit largely retaining liberal economic policies.[ 193] [ 194] aggressively increasing infrastructure spending to spur economic growth;[ 195] [ 196] [ 197] [ 198] an anti-drug campaign that reduced drug proliferation[ 199] extrajudicial killings .[ 200] [ 201] COVID-19 pandemic reached the Philippines,[ 202] [ 203] nationwide lockdowns that caused a brief but severeeconomic recession .[ 204] [ 205] [ 194] Bongbong Marcos , ran with Duterte's daughter,Sara , and won the2022 election .[ 206] territorial disputes in the South China Sea have since escalated.[ 207] arrested his predecessor Duterte, who was sent to theInternational Criminal Court inThe Netherlands for trial ofcrimes against humanity , which led to the collapse of the Marcos-Duterte alliance. Later on, a series ofcorruption, mismanagement and irregularities in government-funded flood management projects occurred under his administration, resulting innumerous protests nationwide .
Geography The Philippines is generally mountainous. Uplands make up 65 percent of the Philippines's land area.[ 53] : 38 [ 208] The Philippines is anarchipelago of about 7,641islands ,[ 209] [ 210] [ 211] [ 212] : 15 [ 10] [ e] [ 214] South China Sea to theCelebes Sea ,[ 215] is bordered by thePhilippine Sea to the east,[ 216] [ 217] Sulu Sea to the southwest.[ 218] country's 11 largest islands areLuzon ,Mindanao ,Samar ,Negros ,Palawan ,Panay ,Mindoro ,Leyte ,Cebu ,Bohol andMasbate , about 95 percent of its total land area.[ 219] fifth-longest ,[ 220] country's exclusive economic zone covers 2,263,816 km2 (874,064 sq mi).[ 221]
Itshighest mountain isMount Apo on Mindanao, with an altitude of 2,954 meters (9,692 ft) above sea level.[ 10] longest river is theCagayan River in northern Luzon, which flows for about 520 kilometers (320 mi).[ 222] Manila Bay , on which is the capital city ofManila ,[ 223] Laguna de Bay [ 224] largest lake ) by thePasig River .[ 225]
On the western fringes of the PacificRing of Fire , the Philippines has frequent seismic and volcanic activity.[ 226] : 4 seismically active, and has beenconstructed by plates converging towards each other from multiple directions.[ 227] [ 228] [ 229] last major earthquakes were in 1976 in theMoro Gulf and in 1990 onLuzon .[ 230] 23 active volcanoes ; of them,Mayon ,Taal ,Canlaon , andBulusan have the largest number of recorded eruptions.[ 231] [ 212] : 26
The country has valuable[ 232] [ 233] [ 234] [ 235] palladium .[ 236] [ 237] chromium ,nickel ,molybdenum ,platinum , andzinc .[ 238] [ 235] [ 239]
Biodiversity Thecarabao is the national animal of the Philippines. It symbolizes strength, power, efficiency, perseverance and hard work.[ 240] The Philippines is amegadiverse country ,[ 241] [ 242] endemism (67 percent).[ 243] [ 244] estimated 13,500 plant species in the country (3,500 of which are endemic),[ 245] [ 246] [ 247] [ 248] flowering plant species, 1,100ferns , and 998orchid species[ 249] [ 250] mammals (102 endemic species), 235reptiles (160 endemic species), 99amphibians (74 endemic species), 686birds (224 endemic species),[ 251] insect species.[ 250]
As an important part of theCoral Triangle ecoregion,[ 252] [ 253] [ 254] [ 255] [ 256] the cultivation of fish, crustaceans, oysters, and seaweeds.[ 257] [ 258]
Eight major types of forests are distributed throughout the Philippines:dipterocarp ,beach forest,[ 259] pine forest,molave forest,lower montane forest , upper montane (ormossy forest ),mangroves , andultrabasic forest.[ 260] [ 261] [ 262] deforestation continued after independence, accelerating during theMarcos presidency due to unregulated logging concessions.[ 263] [ 264] [ 265] [ 266]
The Philippines is apriority hotspot for biodiversity conservation ;[ 267] [ 241] more than 200 protected areas ,[ 268] [update] [ 269] Three sites in the Philippines have been included on the UNESCO World Heritage List: theTubbataha Reef in the Sulu Sea,[ 270] Puerto Princesa Subterranean River ,[ 271] Mount Hamiguitan Wildlife Sanctuary.[ 272]
Climate Evening thunderstorms bringing rain over the Philippines is common from June to November. The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate which is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons: a hotdry season from March to May, arainy season from June to November, and a cool dry season from December to February.[ 273] monsoon (known as thehabagat amihan [ 274] : 24–25
The coolest month is January, and the warmest is May. Temperatures at sea level across the Philippines tend to be in the same range, regardless of latitude. The average annual temperature is around 26.6 °C (79.9 °F). It is 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) inBaguio , 1,500 meters (4,900 ft) above sea level.[ 275] humidity is 82 percent.[ 274] : 24–25 [ 273]
ThePhilippine Area of Responsibility has 19typhoons in a typical year,[ 276] [ 273] landfall .[ 277] [ 278] [ 279] is among the world's ten mostvulnerable to climate change .[ 280] [ 281]
Government and politics Malacañang Palace is the president's official residence.The Philippines has ademocratic government, a constitutionalrepublic with apresidential system .[ 282] president ishead of state andhead of government ,[ 283] commander-in-chief of thearmed forces .[ 282] is elected throughdirect election by thecitizens of the Philippines for a six-year term.[ 284] vice president , limited to two consecutive six-year terms, is elected separately from the president.[ 285] cabinet and officials of various national government agencies and institutions.[ 286] : 213–214 bicameral Congress is composed of theSenate (theupper house , with memberselected to a six-year term ) and theHouse of Representatives (thelower house , with members elected to a three-year term).[ 287]
Senators are electedat-large ,[ 287] legislative districts andparty lists .[ 286] : 162–163 Supreme Court , composed of achief justice and fourteenassociate justices ,[ 288] Judicial and Bar Council .[ 282]
Attempts to change the government to afederal ,unicameral , orparliamentary government have been made since theRamos administration .[ 289] well-known families , such aspolitical dynasties orcelebrities ,[ 290] [ 291] party switching is widely practiced.[ 292] [ 293] [ 294] [ 295] padrino system .[ 296] [ 297] [ 298] separation of Church and State exists.[ 299]
Foreign relations Philippine diplomatic missions worldwide Afounding and active member of the United Nations,[ 140] : 37–38 Security Council .[ 300] peacekeeping missions, particularly inEast Timor .[ 301] [ 302] founding and active member ofASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)[ 303] [ 304] East Asia Summit ,[ 305] Group of 24 ,[ 306] Non-Aligned Movement .[ 307] Organisation of Islamic Cooperation since 2003,[ 308] [ 309] SEATO .[ 310] [ 311] live andwork in 200 countries ,[ 312] [ 313] soft power .[ 163] : 207
During the 1990s, the Philippines began to seekeconomic liberalization andfree trade [ 314] : 7–8 foreign direct investment .[ 315] World Trade Organization [ 314] : 8 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation .[ 316] ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement in 2010[ 317] Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership free trade agreement (FTA) in 2023.[ 318] [ 319] China ,India , Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.[ 314] : 15 Japan , South Korea,[ 320] four European states : Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.[ 314] : 9–10, 15
Filipino soldiers painting a U.S. and Philippine flag The Philippines has a longrelationship with the United States , involving economics,security , and interpersonal relations.[ 321] serves animportant role in the United States'island chain strategy in the West Pacific;[ 322] [ 323] Mutual Defense Treaty between the two countries was signed in 1951, and was supplemented with the1999 Visiting Forces Agreement and the 2016Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement .[ 324] Cold War and participated in theKorean andVietnam wars.[ 325] [ 326] [ 327] Under President Duterte , ties with the United States weakened in favor of improved relations with China andRussia .[ 328] [ 329] [ 330] [ 186] : 11 [ 331] South China Sea .[ 332]
Since 1975, the Philippines has valued itsrelations with China [ 333] [ 334] [ 335] [ 328] official development assistance to the Philippines;[ 336] [ 337] World War II , much animosity has faded.[ 84] : 93 relations with Spain .[ 338] [ 339] [ 340] [ 341] [ 342] [ 343]
The Philippineshas claims in theSpratly Islands which overlap with claims by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam.[ 344] its controlled islands isThitu Island , which contains thePhilippines' smallest town .[ 345] Scarborough Shoal standoff , after China seized the shoal from the Philippines, led to aninternational arbitration case [ 346] [ 347] [ 348] [ 349]
China has rejected new Philippine maritime laws aimed at strengthening sovereignty in the South China Sea, stating they infringe on Chinese territorial claims and vowing to defend its interests in contested areas.[ 350]
Military BRPJose Rizal (FF-150) is thelead ship ofher class ofPhilippine Navy guided missile frigates .Thevolunteer Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) consist of three branches: thePhilippine Air Force , thePhilippine Army , and thePhilippine Navy .[ 351] [ 352] Philippine National Police under theDepartment of the Interior and Local Government .[ 353] [update] paramilitaries .[ 354]
In 2023, US$477 million, 1.4 percent of GDP, was spent on the Philippine military.[ 355] [ 356] communist andMuslim separatist insurgencies; its preoccupation with internal security contributed to the decline ofPhilippine naval capability which began during the 1970s.[ 357] A military modernization program began in 1995[ 358] [ 359]
The Philippines has long struggled againstlocal insurgencies ,separatism , andterrorism .[ 360] [ 361] [ 362] Bangsamoro 's largest separatist organizations, theMoro National Liberation Front and theMoro Islamic Liberation Front , signed final peace agreements with the government in1996 and2014 respectively.[ 363] [ 364] Abu Sayyaf andBangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters [ 365] [ 366] [ 367] Maguindanao ,[ 365] [ 368] [ 369]
TheCommunist Party of the Philippines (CPP) and its military wing, theNew People's Army (NPA), have been wagingguerrilla warfare against the government since the 1970s and haveengaged in ambushes, bombings, and assassinations of government officials and security forces;[ 370] [ 361] [ 371] National Democratic Front of the Philippines , continues to gather public support in urban areas by setting upcommunist fronts , infiltrating sectoral organizations, and rallying public discontent and increased militancy against the government.[ 372] Global Peace Index .[ 373]
Administrative divisions The Philippines' regions and provinces The Philippines is divided into 18regions , 82provinces , 149cities , 1,493municipalities , and 42,011barangays .[ 374] Bangsamoro are divided for administrative convenience.[ 375] Calabarzon was the region with the greatest population as of 2020[update] National Capital Region (NCR) was the most densely populated.[ 376]
The Philippines is aunitary state , with the exception of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM).[ 377] steps towards decentralization .[ 378] [ 379] devolved some powers tolocal governments .[ 380]
Economy The Philippine economy is the world's34th largest , with an estimated 2025[update] gross domestic product of US$507.7 billion.[ 381] newly industrialized country ,[ 382] [ 383] [ 382] [ 384] [update] unemployment rate was 3.1 percent.[ 385] [update] [ 386] Debt-to-GDP ratio decreased to 60.2 percent at the end of 2023 from a 17-year high 63.7 percent at the end of the third quarter of that year, and indicated resiliency during theCOVID-19 pandemic .[ 387] currency is thePhilippine peso (₱[ 388] [ 389] [ 390]
The Philippines is a net importer,[ 314] : 55–56, 61–65, 77, 83, 111 [ 391] debtor nation .[ 392] [update] [ 393] integrated circuits , office machinery and parts, electrical transformers, insulated wiring, andsemiconductors .[ 393] [ 393] coconuts ,bananas , andpineapples ; it is the world's largest producer ofabaca ,[ 212] : 226–242 nickel ore in 2022,[ 394] copra in 2020.[ 393]
With an average annual growth rate of six to seven percent since around 2010, the Philippines has emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing economies,[ 395] [ 396] [ 397] [ 398] Remittances fromoverseas Filipinos contribute significantly to the country's economy;[ 399] [ 396] [ 400] business process outsourcing (BPO) center.[ 401] [ 402] customer service .[ 403]
Science and technology The Philippines has one of the largest agricultural-research systems in Asia, despite relatively low spending on agricultural research and development.[ 405] [ 406] rice ,[ 407] [ 408] [ 409] [ 410] Philippine Rice Research Institute [ 411] International Rice Research Institute .[ 412]
ThePhilippine Space Agency maintains thecountry's space program ,[ 413] [ 414] satellite in 1996.[ 415] Diwata-1 , its firstmicro-satellite , was launched on the United States'Cygnus spacecraft in 2016.[ 416]
The Philippines has ahigh concentration ofcellular-phone users,[ 417] mobile commerce .[ 418] Text messaging is a popular form of communication, and the nation sent an average of one billionSMS messages per day in 2007.[ 419] Philippine telecommunications industry had been dominated by thePLDT -Globe Telecom duopoly for more than two decades,[ 420] Dito Telecommunity improved the country's telecommunications service.[ 421]
Tourism Tourists atChocolate Hills , conicalkarst hills inBohol The Philippines is a popular retirement destination for foreigners because of its climate and low cost of living.[ 422] its numerous beaches ;[ 60] : 109 [ 423] [ 424] [ 425] Tourist spots includeBoracay , called the best island in the world byTravel + Leisure [ 426] Coron andEl Nido in Palawan;Cebu ;Siargao , andBohol .[ 427]
Tourism contributed 5.2 percent to the Philippine GDP in 2021 (lower than 12.7 percent in 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic),[ 428] [ 429] [ 430]
Infrastructure
Transportation Traditional(left) and modernjeepneys inQuezon City . Public utility vehicles older than 15 years aregradually being phased out in favor of eco-friendlyEuro 4 -compliant vehicles.[ 431] Transportation in the Philippines is by road, air, rail and water. Roads are the dominant form of transport, carrying 98 percent of people and 58 percent of cargo.[ 432] [ 433] Pan-Philippine Highway , which connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao.[ 434] Strong Republic Nautical Highway , an integrated set of highways andferry routes linking 17 cities.[ 435] [ 436] Jeepneys are a popular, iconic public utility vehicle;[ 212] : 496–497 buses ,UV Express ,TNVS, Filcab, taxis , andtricycles .[ 437] [ 438] in Manila and on arterial roads to the capital.[ 439] [ 440]
Despite wider historical use,[ 441] rail transportation in the Philippines is limited[ 212] : 491 transporting passengers within Metro Manila and the provinces ofLaguna [ 442] Quezon ,[ 443] Bicol Region .[ 212] : 491 [update] [ 444] freight rail is planned to reduce road congestion.[ 445] [ 446]
The Philippines had90 national government-owned airports as of 2022[update] international .[ 447] Ninoy Aquino International Airport , formerly known as Manila International Airport, has thegreatest number of passengers .[ 447] air domestic market was dominated byPhilippine Airlines , the country'sflag carrier and Asia's oldest commercial airline,[ 448] [ 449] Cebu Pacific (the country's leadinglow-cost carrier ).[ 450] [ 451]
A variety of boats are used throughout the Philippines;[ 452] double-outrigger vessels known asbanca [ 453] bangka [ 454] [ 453] [ 454] over 1,800 seaports ;[ 455] Manila (the country's chief, and busiest, port),[ 456] Batangas ,Subic Bay ,Cebu ,Iloilo ,Davao ,Cagayan de Oro ,General Santos , andZamboanga are part of the ASEAN Transport Network.[ 457] [ 458]
Energy TheAmbuklao Dam on theAgno River inBokod, Benguet The Philippines had a total installed power capacity of 26,882MW in 2021; 43 percent was generated fromcoal , 14 percent fromoil , 14 percenthydropower , 12 percent fromnatural gas , and seven percent fromgeothermal sources.[ 459] geothermal-energy producer , behind the United States and Indonesia.[ 460] San Roque Dam on theAgno River inPangasinan .[ 461] Malampaya gas field , discovered in the early 1990s off the coast of Palawan, reduced the Philippines' reliance on imported oil; it provides about 40 percent of Luzon's energy requirements, and 30 percent of the country's energy needs.[ 212] : 347 [ 462]
The Philippines has threeelectrical grids , one each for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.[ 463] National Grid Corporation of the Philippines managesthe country's power grid since 2009[ 464] overhead transmission lines across the country's islands. Electric distribution to consumersis provided by privately owned distribution utilities and government-ownedelectric cooperatives .[ 463] [ 465]
Plans to harnessnuclear energy began during the early 1970s during thepresidency of Ferdinand Marcos in response to the1973 oil crisis .[ 466] Southeast Asia's first nuclear power plant inBataan in 1984.[ 467] Chernobyl disaster prevented the plant from being commissioned,[ 468] [ 466] [ 467] [ 469]
Water supply and sanitation A water-district office inBanate, Iloilo Water supply and sanitation outside Metro Manila is provided by the government through localwater districts in cities or towns.[ 470] [ 471] [ 472] Manila Water andMaynilad Water Services . Except for shallow wells for domestic use, groundwater users are required to obtain a permit from theNational Water Resources Board .[ 471] ×10 ^ 12 cu ft) from 89 billion cubic meters (3.1×10 ^ 12 cu ft) in 2021 and the total expenditures on water were amounted to ₱144.81 billion.[ 473]
Most sewage in the Philippines flows into septic tanks.[ 471] Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation noted that 74 percent of the Philippine population had access toimproved sanitation and "good progress" had been made between 1990 and 2015.[ 474] [update] [ 475] : 46
Demographics In July 2024, the Philippines had a population of 112,729,484.[ 11] coastal zone .[ 476] urban areas .[ 477] Manila , its capital, andQuezon City , the country's most populous city, are inMetro Manila . About 13.48 million people, 12 percent of the Philippines' population, live in Metro Manila,[ 477] country's most populous metropolitan area [ 478] fifth most populous .[ 479] [ 480]
Thecountry's median age is 25.3, and 63.9 percent of its population is between 15 and 64 years old.[ 481] [ 482] have been contentious .[ 483] reduced its poverty rate from 49.2 percent in 1985,[ 484] [ 485] The Philippines' income inequality began to decline in 2012.[ 484]
Largest cities in the Philippines Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop. 1 Quezon City National Capital Region 3,084,270 11 Cagayan de Oro Northern Mindanao 741,617 2 Manila National Capital Region 1,902,590 12 Valenzuela National Capital Region 725,173 3 Davao City Davao Region 1,848,947 13 General Santos Soccsksargen 722,059 4 Caloocan National Capital Region 1,712,945 14 Parañaque National Capital Region 703,245 5 Taguig National Capital Region 1,308,085 15 San Jose del Monte Central Luzon 685,688 6 Zamboanga City Zamboanga Peninsula 1,018,894 16 Bacoor Calabarzon 661,381 7 Cebu City Central Visayas 965,332 17 Bacolod Negros Island Region 624,787 8 Antipolo Calabarzon 913,712 18 Las Piñas National Capital Region 615,549 9 Pasig National Capital Region 853,050 19 Biñan Calabarzon 584,479 10 Dasmariñas Calabarzon 744,511 20 Calamba Calabarzon 575,046
Ethnicity Dominant ethnic groups by province The Philippines has substantial ethnic diversity, due to foreign influence and the archipelago's division by water and topography.[ 283] Tagalog (26.0 percent),Visayans [excluding theCebuano ,Hiligaynon , andWaray ] (14.3 percent),Ilocano and Cebuano (both eight percent), Hiligaynon (7.9 percent),Bikol (6.5 percent), and Waray (3.8 percent).[ 6] country's indigenous peoples consisted of 110 enthnolinguistic groups,[ 486] [ 6] Igorot ,Lumad ,Mangyan , and theindigenous peoples of Palawan .[ 487]
Negritos are thought to be among the islands' earliest inhabitants.[ 84] : 35 Australoid group, a remnant of thefirst human migration from Africa to Australia who were probably displaced by later waves of migration.[ 488] Denisovan admixture in theirgenome .[ 489] [ 490] Austronesians speakingMalayo-Polynesian languages .[ 491]
The Austronesian population's origin is uncertain, but relatives ofTaiwanese aborigines probably brought their language and mixed with the region's existing population.[ 492] [ 493] Sama-Bajau ethnic groups have an ancestral affinity with theAustroasiatic andMlabri-speaking Htin peoples of mainland Southeast Asia. Westward expansion ofPapuan ancestry fromPapua New Guinea to eastern Indonesia andMindanao has been detected in theBlaan people and theSangir language , while ancient immigration added someIndian ancestry to the precolonialIndianized kingdoms of the islands.[ 494]
Immigrants arrived in the Philippines from elsewhere in the Spanish Empire, especiallyfrom the Spanish Americas .[ 495] [ 496] : Chpt. 6 [ 497] National Geographic projectconcluded that people living in the Philippine archipelago carriedgenetic markers in the following percentages: 53 percentSoutheast Asia andOceania , 36 percentEastern Asia , 5 percentSouthern Europe , 3 percentSouthern Asia , and 2 percent Native American (fromLatin America ).[ 496] : Chpt. 6 [ 498]
Descendants of mixed-race couples are known asMestizos ortisoy [ 499] Spanish colonial times , were mostly composed ofChinese mestizos (Mestizos de Sangley Spanish mestizos (Mestizos de Español tornatrás [ 500] [ 501] [ 502] Chinese Filipinos are well-integrated into Filipino society.[ 283] [ 503] Fujian ,[ 504] American colonial era (early 1900s) purportedly numbered about 1.35 million; while an estimated 22.8 million (around 20 percent) of Filipinos have half or partial Chinese ancestry from precolonial, colonial, and 20th centuryChinese migrants .[ 505] [ 506] mixed Spanish Filipinos made up a moderate ratio (around 5 percent) of all citizens.[ 507] : 539 [ 508] : 31, 54, 113 a smaller proportion (2.33 percent) of the population were Mexican Filipinos .[ 497] : 100 American citizens live in the country as of 2023[update] [ 509] [ 510] [ 510] Amerasians ,[ 511] Clark ,Angeles , Manila, andOlongapo [ 511] [ 512] American [ 510] Amerasian descent,[ 511] [ 510] [ 511] Indians [ 513] Arabs .[ 514] Japanese Filipinos include escaped Christians (Kirishitan ) whofled persecutions by Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu .[ 515]
Languages Ethnologue living languages . The other four no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of thePhilippine branch of theMalayo-Polynesian languages , which is a branch of theAustronesian language family .[ 491] creole varieties, collectively known asChavacano , are also spoken.[ 516] Philippine Negrito languages have unique vocabularies which survived Austronesian acculturation.[ 517]
Filipino andEnglish are the country's official languages.[ 5] standardized version ofTagalog , is spoken primarily in Metro Manila.[ 518] [ 519] Code-switching between English and other local languages, notablyTagalog , is common.[ 520] Spanish and Arabic on a voluntary, optional basis.[ 5] lingua franca during the late nineteenth century,has declined greatly in use ,[ 521] [ 522] loanwords are still present in Philippine languages.[ 523] [ 524] [ 525] Mindanao Islamic schools.[ 526]
In 2020, the top languages generally spoken at home were Tagalog,Binisaya ,Hiligaynon ,Ilocano ,Cebuano , andBikol .[ 527] regional languages are auxiliary official languages as media of instruction:[ 4]
Other indigenous languages, includingCuyonon ,Ifugao ,Itbayat ,Kalinga ,Kamayo ,Kankanaey ,Masbateño ,Romblomanon ,Manobo , and severalVisayan languages , are used in their respective provinces.[ 491] Filipino Sign Language is the national sign language, and the language ofdeaf education .[ 528]
Religion Catholics attend Mass atBasilica del Santo Niño during the annualSinulog festival inCebu . Although the Philippines is asecular state withfreedom of religion , an overwhelming majority of Filipinosconsider religion very important [ 529] irreligion is very low.[ 530] [ 531] [ 532] Christianity is the dominant religion[ 533] [ 534] [ 535] world's third-largest Roman Catholic population as of 2013[update] largest Christian nation .[ 536]
Census data from2020 found that 78.8 percent of the population professedRoman Catholicism .[ d] [ 537] Christian denominations includeIglesia ni Cristo Philippine Independent Church , andSeventh-day Adventism .[ 538] Protestants made up about 5% to 7% of the population in 2010.[ 539] [ 540] Christian missionaries around the world, and is a training center for foreign priests and nuns.[ 541] [ 542]
Islam is the country's second-largest religion, with 6.4 percent of the population in the 2020 census.[ 538] [ 534] Shafi'i school ofSunni Islam .[ 543]
About 0.2 percent of the populationfollow indigenous religions ,[ 538] syncretized with Christianity and Islam.[ 226] : 29–30 [ 544] Buddhism is practiced by about 0.04% of the population,[ 538] [ 545]
Health Life expectancy in the Philippines, 1938–2021 Health care in the Philippines is provided by the national and local governments, although private payments account for most healthcare spending.[ 475] : 25–27 [ 546] ₱ 12,751[ 547] [ 548] Universal Health Care Act by President Duterte facilitated the automatic enrollment of all Filipinos in thenational health insurance program .[ 549] [ 550] Malasakit Centers (one-stop shops) have been set up in several government-operated hospitals to provide medical and financial assistance to indigent patients.[ 551]
Average life expectancy in the Philippines as of 2023[update] [ 10] generic drugs .[ 475] : 58 ischaemic heart diseases ,cerebrovascular diseases ,COVID-19 ,neoplasms , anddiabetes .[ 552] Communicable diseases are correlated with natural disasters, primarily floods.[ 553] tuberculosis , the fourth highest global prevalence rate.[ 554]
The Philippines has 1,387hospitals , 33 percent of which are government-run; 23,281 barangay health stations, 2,592 rural health units, 2,411birthing homes , and 659 infirmaries provide primary care throughout the country.[ 555] [ 556] nursing graduates go overseas to work, causing problems in retaining skilled practitioners.[ 557]
Education Founded in 1611, theUniversity of Santo Tomas is Asia's oldest extant university.[ 558] Primary and secondary schooling in the Philippines consists of six years of elementary period, four years of junior high school, and two years of senior high school.[ 559] most public higher-education institutions .[ 560] [ 561] Science high schools for talented students were established in 1963.[ 562] Technical Education and Skills Development Authority .[ 563] alternative education to out-of-school children, youth, and adults to improve literacy;[ 564] [ 565] madaris were mainstreamed in 16 regions that year, primarily in Mindanao Muslim areas under theDepartment of Education .[ 566] Catholic schools , which number more than 1,500,[ 567] [ 568]
The Philippines has1,975 higher education institutions as of 2019[update] [ 569] state-administered orlocal government-funded .[ 570] [ 571] national university is the eight-schoolUniversity of the Philippines (UP) system.[ 572] University of the Philippines Diliman ,Ateneo de Manila University ,De La Salle University , andUniversity of Santo Tomas .[ 573] [ 574] [ 575]
In 2019[update] literacy rate of 93.8 percent of those five years old or older,[ 576] functional literacy rate of 91.6 percent of those aged 10 to 64.[ 577] [ 548] [update] public libraries affiliated with theNational Library of the Philippines .[ 578]
Culture TheBanaue Rice Terraces , carved by ancestors of theIfugao people The Philippines has significant cultural diversity, reinforced by the country's fragmented geography.[ 40] : 61 [ 579] [ 580] [ 283] Lumads of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago developed distinctly, since they had limited Spanish influence and more influence from nearby Islamic regions.[ 53] : 503 Igorots have preserved their precolonial customs and traditions byresisting the Spanish .[ 581] [ 582] national identity emerged during the 19th century, however, withshared national symbols and cultural and historicaltouchstones .[ 579]
Hispanic legacies includes the dominance of Catholicism,[ 61] : 5 [ 580] creole language ,[ 583] loanwords ,[ 524] Philippine Spanish ,[ 584] [ 585] [ 586] literature ,[ 587] [ 588] [ 589] [ 590] [ 591] [ 592] Spanish names and surnames , which resulted from an 1849 edict ordering the systematic distribution of family names and the implementation ofSpanish naming customs ;[ 212] : 75 [ 60] : 237 names of many locations also have Spanish origins.[ 593] [ 283] [ 594] : 12 fast food and American films and music.[ 580]
Public holidays in the Philippines are classified as regular or special.[ 595] Festivals are primarily religious, and most towns and villages have such a festival (usually to honor apatron saint ).[ 596] [ 597] Ati-Atihan ,[ 598] Dinagyang ,[ 599] Moriones ,[ 600] Sinulog ,[ 601] Flores de Mayo —a month-long devotion to theVirgin Mary held in May.[ 602] Christmas season begins as early as September 1,[ 603] : 149 Holy Week is a solemn religious observance for its Christian population.[ 604] [ 603] : 149
Values Statue inIriga commemoratingmano po Filipinovalues are rooted primarily in personal alliances based inkinship , obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commerce.[ 84] : 41 pakikisama [ 605] : 74 [ 606] [ 607] [ 594] : 47 utang na loob [ 605] : 76 [ 608] hiya [ 609] amor propio self-esteem ).[ 607]
The family is central to Philippine society; norms such as loyalty, maintaining close relationships and care for elderly parents are ingrained in Philippine society.[ 610] [ 611] mano honorifics po opo kuya ate [ 612] [ 613] hospitality , religiosity, respect for oneself and others (particularlywomen ), and integrity.[ 614]
Art and architecture Philippine art combines indigenous folk art, east-Asian andClassical traditions .[ 615] [ 616] [ 585] [ 617] Damian Domingo , the father of Filipino paintings, opened theAcademia de Dibujo [ 617] [ 618] Jose Honorato Lozano , Mariano Asuncion[ 619] Isabelo Tampinco and Crispulo Hocson.[ 617] Juan Luna andFélix Resurrección Hidalgo .[ 620] Fernando Amorsolo dominated Philippine paintings during the American colonial period, popular for hispastoral scenes of Philippine countryside.[ 621] [ 622] Victorio Edades known as the father of Modern Philippine Art, popularizedModernism in the Philippines in 1920s and 1930s.[ 623]
Traditional Philippine architecture has two main models: the indigenousbahay kubo bahay na bato [ 212] : 438–444 Batanes , differ slightly due to climate; limestone was used as a building material, and houses were built to withstand typhoons.[ 624] [ 625]
Spanish architecture left an imprint in town designs around acentral square orplaza mayor [ 586] [ 51] Several Philippinechurches adaptedbaroque architecture to withstand earthquakes, leading to the development ofEarthquake Baroque ;[ 626] [ 627] four baroque churches have been listed as a collective UNESCOWorld Heritage Site .[ 628] Spanish colonial fortifications (fuerzas [ 629] Vigan , inIlocos Sur , is known for its Hispanic-style houses and buildings.[ 630]
American rule introduced new architectural styles in the construction of government buildings andArt Deco theaters.[ 631] Gabaldon school buildings began,[ 632] Daniel Burnham was done in portions ofManila andBaguio .[ 633] [ 634] Greek orNeoclassical architecture .[ 631] [ 627] Iloilo , especially inCalle Real .[ 635]
The early-18th-century Earthquake Baroque
Paoay Church in
Ilocos Norte , a National Cultural Treasure and a UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of four Baroque Churches of the Philippines
[ 628]
Music and dance Tinikling , a dance depicting the swift leg movements of atikling bird eluding a farmer's traps[ 637] There are two types of Philippinefolk dance , stemming from traditional indigenous influences and Spanish influence.[ 226] : 173 [ 638] : 77 [ 638] : 82 Cariñosa , a Hispanic Filipino dance, is unofficially considered the country's national dance.[ 639] Tinikling andSingkil , which include the rhythmic clapping of bamboo poles.[ 640] [ 641] ballet [ 642] breakdancing .[ 643] [ 644]
Rondalya music, with traditionalmandolin -typeinstruments , was popular during the Spanish era.[ 163] : 327 [ 645] bandurria -based bands with 14-string guitars.[ 646] [ 645] Kundiman developed during the 1920s and 1930s.[ 647] U.S. culture andpopular music .[ 647] Rock music was introduced to Filipinos during the 1960s and developed into Filipino rock (orPinoy rock ), a term encompassingpop rock ,alternative rock ,heavy metal ,punk ,new wave ,ska , andreggae . Martial law in the 1970s producedFilipino folk rock bands and artists whowere at the forefront of political demonstrations.[ 648] : 38–41 Manila sound andOriginal Pilipino Music (OPM).[ 649] [ 60] : 171 Filipino hip-hop , which originated in 1979, entered the mainstream in 1990.[ 650] [ 648] : 38–41 Karaoke is also popular.[ 651] Pinoy pop (P-pop) was influenced byK-pop andJ-pop .[ 652]
Locally produced theatrical drama became established during the late 1870s. Spanish influence around that time introducedzarzuela [ 653] comedia [ 638] : 69–70 [ 653] vaudeville and ballet.[ 638] : 69–70 Realistic theatre became dominant during the 20th century, with plays focusing on contemporary political and social issues.[ 653]
Literature José Rizal's writings inspired thePhilippine Revolution . Philippine literature consists ofworks usually written in Filipino,Spanish , orEnglish . Some of the earliest well-known works were created from the 17th to the 19th centuries.[ 654] Ibong Adarna [ 655] Florante at Laura Francisco Balagtas .[ 656] [ 657] José Rizal wrote the novelsNoli Me Tángere El filibusterismo [ 658] [ 659]
Folk literature was relatively unaffected by colonial influence until the 19th century due to Spanish indifference. Most printed literary works during Spanish colonial rule were religious in nature, althoughFilipino elites who later learned Spanish wrotenationalistic literature.[ 226] : 59–62 began Filipino literary use of English[ 226] : 65–66 Philippine comics industry that flourished from the 1920s through the 1970s.[ 660] [ 661] influenced by political activism ; many poets began using Tagalog, in keeping with the country's oral traditions.[ 226] : 69–71
Philippine mythology has been handed down primarily through oral tradition;[ 662] figures areMaria Makiling ,[ 663] Lam-ang ,[ 664] Sarimanok .[ 226] : 61 [ 665] folk epics .[ 666] Maranao-language Darangen [ 667]
Media People's Television Network logo Philippine media primarily uses Filipino and English, althoughbroadcasting has shifted to Filipino.[ 519] Television shows , commercials, andfilms are regulated by theMovie and Television Review and Classification Board .[ 668] [ 669] [ 670] social media .[ 671] People's Television Network (PTV).[ 672] ABS-CBN andGMA , bothfree-to-air , were the dominant TV networks;[ 673] Philippine government denial of ABS-CBN's franchise renewal , it was the country's largest network.[ 674] Philippine television dramas , known asteleserye ABS-CBN andGMA , are also seen in several other countries.[ 675] [ 676]
Local film-makingbegan in 1919 with the release of the first Filipino-producedfeature film :Dalagang Bukid A Girl from the Country ), directed byJose Nepomuceno .[ 120] [ 121] : 8 Production companies remained small during thesilent film era, but sound films and larger productions emerged in 1933. The postwar 1940s to the early 1960s are considered a high point for Philippine cinema. The 1962–1971 decade saw a decline in quality films, although the commercial film industry expanded until the 1980s.[ 120] Himala Miracle ) andOro, Plata, Mata Gold, Silver, Death ), both released in 1982.[ 677] [ 678] [ 679] Hollywood films ).[ 680] [ 681] Art films have thrived, however, and severalindie films have been successful domestically and abroad.[ 682] [ 683] [ 684]
The Philippines has a large number ofradio stations andnewspapers .[ 673] broadsheets are popular among executives, professionals and students.[ 124] : 233–251 tabloids , which grew during the 1990s, are popular (particularly in Manila);[ 685] online news .[ 671] [ 686] [ 124] : 233 Philippine Daily Inquirer Manila Bulletin The Philippine Star [ 687] [ 688] freedom of the press is protected by the constitution,[ 689] Committee to Protect Journalists due to 13 unsolved murders of journalists.[ 690]
The Philippine population are the world's top Internet users.[ 691] smartphones .[ 692]
Cuisine A bowl of fishsinigang From its Malayo-Polynesian origins, traditional Philippine cuisine has evolved since the 16th century. It was primarily influenced by Hispanic,Chinese , andAmerican cuisines, which were adapted to the Filipino palate.[ 693] [ 694] [ 695] [ 696] : 88 starch [ 697] cassava is more common in parts of Mindanao.[ 698] [ 699] Adobo is the unofficial national dish.[ 700] popular dishes includelechón kare-kare sinigang [ 701] pancit lumpia arroz caldo [ 702] [ 703] [ 704] Traditional desserts arekakanin rice cakes ), which includeputo suman bibingka [ 705] [ 706] calamansi ,[ 707] ube [ 708] pili [ 709] [ 710] condiments such aspatis bagoong toyo [ 702] [ 696] : 73
Unlike other East or Southeast Asian countries, most Filipinos do not eat withchopsticks ; they use spoons and forks.[ i] [ 711] [ 712] kamayan [ 713] : 266–268, 277 [ 714] [ 715]
Sports and recreation ThePhilippines men's national basketball team celebrating their2015 Southeast Asian Games championship Basketball , played at the amateur and professional levels, is considered the country's most popular sport.[ 716] [ 717] boxing and billiards, boosted by the achievements ofManny Pacquiao andEfren Reyes .[ 603] : 142 [ 718] martial art isArnis .[ 719] Sabong cockfighting ) is popular entertainment, especially among Filipino men, and was documented by theMagellan expedition .[ 720] Video gaming andesports are emerging pastimes,[ 721] [ 722] indigenous games such aspatintero tumbang preso luksong tinik piko [ 723] [ 722]
Themen's national football team has participated in oneAsian Cup .[ 724] women's national football team qualified for the2023 FIFA Women's World Cup , their firstWorld Cup , in January 2022.[ 725] Summer Olympic Games since1924 , except when they supported theAmerican-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics .[ 726] [ 727] tropical nation to compete at theWinter Olympic Games ,debuting in 1972 .[ 728] [ 729] weightlifter Hidilyn Diaz 's victory inTokyo .[ 730]
See also
Notes ^ Although the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines (Republic Act 8491) passed in 1998 defined modifications to the coat of arms that removed the colonial charges, a referendum legally required to ratify the changes has not yet been called. ^ WhileManila is designated asthe nation's capital , theseat of government is theNational Capital Region , commonly known as "Metro Manila ", of which the city of Manila is a part.[ 2] [ 3] Malacañang Palace and other institutions/agencies that are located within the Manila capital city. ^ As per the 1987 Constitution: "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."[ 5] ^a b ExcludesCatholic Charismatics numbering 74,096 persons (0.07% of the Philippine household population in 2020)[ 7] ^a b The actual area of the Philippines is 343,448 km2 (132,606 sq mi) according to some sources.[ 213] ^ /ˈ f i l ɪ p iː n z ⓘ Filipino :Pilipinas ,Tagalog pronunciation: [pɪ.lɪˈpiː.nɐs] ^ Filipino:Republika ng Pilipinas .languages of the Philippines :In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines:
^ This is a summary, omitting significant detail. For more detail, seeSchurman Commission § Survey visit to the Philippines . ^ In the Philippines, eating with chopsticks is not very common, but it’s perfectly acceptable, especially in certain settings. Most Filipinos use a spoon and fork as the standard utensils for eating, while chopsticks are usually reserved for Asian cuisines like Chinese, Japanese, or Korean food, particularly in restaurants that serve those dishes. At home, chopsticks aren’t used daily, though some families keep them for fun or when enjoying Asian meals. There’s no stigma in using chopsticks — it’s even seen as interesting or “international.” Just remember to use them properly, such as avoiding sticking them upright in rice, which is considered disrespectful in many Asian cultures.
References ^ Republic Act No. 8491 (February 12, 1998),Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines Official Gazette of the Philippines , archived fromthe original on May 25, 2017, retrievedMarch 8, 2014 ^ Presidential Decree No. 940, s. 1976 (May 29, 1976),Establishing Manila as the Capital of the Philippines and as the Permanent Seat of the National Government Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines , archived fromthe original on May 25, 2017, retrievedApril 4, 2015 ^ "Quezon City Local Government – Background" . Quezon City Local Government. Archived fromthe original on August 20, 2020. RetrievedAugust 25, 2020 .^a b "DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3" .GMA News Online the original on December 16, 2013. RetrievedFebruary 8, 2023 .^a b c Article XIV, Section 7 Constitution of the Philippines , 1987, archived fromthe original on June 9, 2017, retrievedFebruary 11, 2023 – viaOfficial Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines ^a b c "Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)" .Philippine Statistics Authority the original on September 6, 2023. RetrievedMay 11, 2024 .^a b Mapa, Dennis (February 21, 2023)."Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)" (PDF) .Philippine Statistics Authority Archived (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2023. RetrievedMay 11, 2024 .^ "Philippines country profile" .BBC News the original on December 19, 2023. RetrievedJanuary 10, 2024 .^ "Philippines" . Central Intelligence Agency. February 27, 2023.Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. RetrievedFebruary 24, 2023 – via CIA.gov.^a b c d e "Philippines" .The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency . June 7, 2023. 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(1916).The Government of the Philippine Islands: Its Development and Fundamentals Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company . p. 3 .OCLC 578245510 .Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. RetrievedFebruary 12, 2023 .^ Spate, Oskar H.K. (November 2004) [1979]."Chapter 4. Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos" .The Spanish Lake . The Pacific since Magellan. Vol. I. London:Taylor & Francis . p. 97.doi :10.22459/SL.11.2004 ISBN 978-0-7099-0049-8 the original on August 5, 2008. RetrievedJuly 6, 2020 .^ Tarling, Nicholas, ed. (1999).The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia Cambridge University Press . p. 12 .ISBN 978-0-521-66370-0 Archived from the original on April 2, 2023. RetrievedApril 2, 2023 . ^ "The 1899 Malolos Constitution" .Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines the original on June 5, 2017. 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C.; Sémah, A.; Shao, Q.; Voinchet, P.; Falguères, C.; Albers, P.C.H.; Lising, M.; Lyras, G.; Yurnaldi, D.; Rochette, P.; Bautista, A.; de Vos, J. (May 1, 2018)."Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago" .Nature .557 (7704).University of Wollongong :233– 237.Bibcode :2018Natur.557..233I .doi :10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 .ISSN 0028-0836 .PMID 29720661 .S2CID 256771231 . Archived fromthe original on April 29, 2019. ^ Greshko, Michael; Wei-Haas, Maya (April 10, 2019)."New species of ancient human discovered in the Philippines" .National Geographic the original on April 10, 2019. RetrievedOctober 24, 2020 . ^ Rincon, Paul (April 10, 2019)."New human species found in Philippines" .BBC News the original on April 10, 2019. 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Pedro de (1613). de Silva, Juan (Don.) (ed.).Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero Early Modern Spanish ). La Noble Villa de Pila. p. 545.Sangley) Langlang (pc) anſi llamauan los viejos deſtos [a los] ſangleyes cuando venian [a tratar] con ellos [Sangley) Langlang (pc) this is what the elderlies called [the] Sangleyes when they came [to deal] with them] {{cite book }}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link )^ San Buena Ventura, Fr. Pedro de (1613). de Silva, Juan (Don.) (ed.).Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero Early Modern Spanish ). La Noble Villa de Pila. p. 170. {{cite book }}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link )^ Boxer Codex (Manila Manuscript) Early Modern Spanish &Early Manila Hokkien ).Boxer Codex , once kept by SirC. R. Boxer . Manila. 1590s. pp. 415 [PDF] / 204 [as written].Archived from the original on March 24, 2024. RetrievedMarch 24, 2024 – viaIndiana University Digital Library, as digitized from theLilly Library .{{cite book }}: CS1 maint: others (link ) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link )^ Ramirez-Faria, Carlos (2007)."Philippines" .Concise Encyclopedia of World History . New Delhi, India:Atlantic Publishers & Distributors . p. 560 .ISBN 978-81-269-0775-5 Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. RetrievedFebruary 18, 2023 . ^ Evangelista, Alfredo E. (1965)."Identifying Some Intrusive Archaeological Materials Found in Philippine Proto-historic Sites" (PDF) .Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia .3 (1).Asian Center ,University of the Philippines :87– 88. Archived fromthe original (PDF) on April 29, 2023. RetrievedApril 29, 2023 . ^a b Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M. & La Boda, Sharon (1996).International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania Taylor & Francis . pp. 565– 569.ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6 Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. 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RetrievedMarch 19, 2023 . ^ "Orden de enviar hombres a Filipinas desde México" (Consejo de Indias España) (English Translation from Spanish original: "Royal Decree to the Count of Coruña, Viceroy of New Spain, informing him that, according to information from Captain Gabriel de Rivera who came from the Philippines, on a journey made by Governor Gonzalo Ronquillo to the Cagayan River some Spaniards were lost, and that to make up for this lack and populate these islands it was necessary to take up to two hundred men to them. The viceroy is ordered to attend to this request and send them from New Spain, in addition to another two hundred that were entrusted to him from Lisbon."^ "West Coast of the Island Of Luzon | Tourist Attractions" . Archived from the original on December 6, 2016. RetrievedDecember 6, 2016 .^ Patricia Flannery, Kristie (April 3, 2023)."Colonial Latin Asia? 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RetrievedJuly 18, 2008 – via Philippine E-Journals. ^ Andrade, Tonio (2005)."Chapter 4: La Isla Hermosa: The Rise of the Spanish Colony in Northern Taiwan" .How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han colonialization in the Seventeenth Century Columbia University Press .ISBN 978-0-231-12855-1 the original on November 21, 2007 – via Gutenberg-e.^ Giráldez, Arturo (March 19, 2015).The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy Rowman & Littlefield . p. 2 .ISBN 978-1-4422-4352-1 Archived from the original on April 2, 2023. RetrievedApril 2, 2023 . ^ Acabado, Stephen (March 1, 2017)."The Archaeology of Pericolonialism: Responses of the "Unconquered" to Spanish Conquest and Colonialism in Ifugao, Philippines" (PDF) .International Journal of Historical Archaeology 21 (1).Springer New York :1– 26.doi :10.1007/s10761-016-0342-9 .S2CID 254541436 . Archived fromthe original (PDF) on November 6, 2020 – via Springer Link. ^a b c Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005).State and Society in the Philippines Rowman & Littlefield .ISBN 978-0-7425-1024-1 Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. RetrievedSeptember 28, 2020 . ^ Constantino, Renato ; Constantino, Letizia R. (1975).A History of the Philippines: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War Monthly Review Press . pp. 58–59 .ISBN 978-0-85345-394-9 Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. RetrievedJanuary 19, 2021 .^ Schumacher, John N. (1984)."Syncretism in Philippine Catholicism: Its Historical Causes" .Philippine Studies 32 (3). Quezon City, Philippines:Ateneo de Manila University Press : 254.ISSN 2244-1093 .JSTOR 42632710 .OCLC 6015358201 .Archived from the original on October 6, 2023. RetrievedOctober 5, 2023 .^a b c Halili, Maria Christine N. (2004).Philippine History REX Book Store, Inc. 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"The Yards at Cavite: Shipbuilding in the Early Colonial Philippines".International Journal of Maritime History 7 (2).SAGE Publications :149– 162.doi :10.1177/084387149500700208 .S2CID 163709949 . ^a b c d e Ooi, Keat Gin, ed. (2004).Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor ABC-CLIO .ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2 Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. RetrievedJanuary 29, 2021 . ^ Closmann, Charles Edwin, ed. (2009).War and the Environment: Military Destruction in the Modern Age Texas A&M University Press . p. 36 .ISBN 978-1-60344-380-7 Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. RetrievedFebruary 18, 2023 . ^ Klein, Bernhard; Mackenthun, Gesa, eds. (August 21, 2012).Sea Changes: Historicizing the Ocean Routledge . pp. 63–66 .ISBN 978-1-135-94046-1 Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. RetrievedAugust 11, 2023 . ^a b c d Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991).Philippines GPO for theLibrary of Congress . Archived fromthe original on November 9, 2005. 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RetrievedSeptember 30, 2020 . ^ Schumacher, John N. (1997).The Propaganda Movement, 1880–1895: The Creation of a Filipino Consciousness, the Making of the Revolution Ateneo de Manila University Press . pp. 8– 9.ISBN 978-971-550-209-2 Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. RetrievedJanuary 15, 2021 .^ Schumacher, John N. (1998).Revolutionary Clergy: The Filipino Clergy and the Nationalist Movement, 1850–1903 Ateneo de Manila University Press . pp. 23– 30.ISBN 978-971-550-121-7 Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. RetrievedJanuary 15, 2021 .^ Acibo, Libert Amorganda; Galicano-Adanza, Estela (1995).Jose P. Rizal: His Life, Works, and Role in the Philippine Revolution REX Book Store, Inc. pp. 46–47 .ISBN 978-971-23-1837-5 Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. RetrievedFebruary 12, 2023 . ^ Owen, Norman G., ed. (January 1, 2005).The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History University of Hawaiʻi Press . p. 156 .ISBN 978-0-8248-2841-7 ^ Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad (1998).The Cry of Balintawak: A Contrived Controversy: A Textual Analysis with Appended Documents Ateneo de Manila University Press . p. 7.ISBN 978-971-550-278-8 Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. RetrievedJanuary 16, 2021 . ^a b Duka, Cecilio D. (2008).Struggle for Freedom: A Textbook on Philippine History REX Book Store, Inc. ISBN 978-971-23-5045-0 Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. RetrievedJanuary 16, 2021 . ^ Abinales, Patricio N. (July 8, 2022).Modern Philippines ABC-CLIO .ISBN 978-1-4408-6005-8 Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. RetrievedFebruary 12, 2023 . ^ Draper, Andrew Sloan (1899).The Rescue of Cuba: An Episode in the Growth of Free Government Silver Burdett . pp. 170–172 .OCLC 9764656 .Archived from the original on February 11, 2023. RetrievedFebruary 10, 2021 .^ Fantina, Robert (2006).Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776–2006 83 .ISBN 978-0-87586-454-9 ^ Novesteras, Arsenio P. (2002).Isang Lahi... Isang Mithi [One Race... One Desire ] (in Filipino).Makati , Philippines: Salesiana Publishers, Inc. pp. 28, 137, 184.ISBN 971-522-427-X ^ Starr, J. Barton, ed. (September 1988).The United States Constitution: Its Birth, Growth, and Influence in Asia Hong Kong University Press . p. 260 .ISBN 978-962-209-201-3 Archived from the original on February 11, 2023. RetrievedJanuary 19, 2021 . ^ "The week" .The Nation . Vol. 68, no. 1766. May 4, 1899. p. 323.^ Linn, Brian McAllister (2000).The Philippine War, 1899–1902 University Press of Kansas . pp. 75–76 .ISBN 978-0-7006-1225-3 Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. RetrievedDecember 25, 2018 .^ Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927).The Development of Philippine politics (1872–1920) 199– 200.Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. RetrievedDecember 3, 2023 . ^ Paterno, Pedro Alejandro (June 2, 1899)."Pedro Paterno's Proclamation of War" .The Philippine-American War Documents . San Pablo City, Philippines: MSC Institute of Technology, Inc. RetrievedDecember 25, 2016 .^a b Tucker, Spencer , ed. (May 20, 2009)."Philippine-American War" .The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History . Vol. I: A–L (Illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.:ABC-CLIO . p. 478 .ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1 Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. RetrievedJuly 25, 2021 .^ Briley, Ron (2020).Talking American History: An Informal Narrative History of the United States 247 .ISBN 978-1-63293-288-4 Archived from the original on February 11, 2023. RetrievedDecember 27, 2022 . ^ Cocks, Catherine; Holloran, Peter C.; Lessoff, Alan (March 13, 2009)."Philippine-American War (1899–1902)" .Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era . Historical Dictionaries of U.S. Historical Eras. Vol. 12. Lanham, Md.:The Scarecrow Press . p. 332 .ISBN 978-0-8108-6293-7 Archived from the original on February 11, 2023. RetrievedDecember 27, 2022 . ^ Gates, John M. (November 2002)."Chapter 3: The Pacification of the Philippines" .The U.S. Army and Irregular Warfare .OCLC 49327571 . Archived fromthe original on August 5, 2010. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2010 – viaCollege of Wooster . ^ Abanes, Menandro Sarion (2014).Ethno-religious Identification and Intergroup Contact Avoidance: An Empirical Study on Christian-Muslim Relations in the Philippines LIT Verlag Münster . p. 36 .ISBN 978-3-643-90580-2 Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. RetrievedFebruary 11, 2023 . ^ Federspiel, Howard M. (January 31, 2007).Sultans, Shamans, and Saints: Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia University of Hawaiʻi Press . p. 120 .ISBN 978-0-8248-3052-6 Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 12, 2023 . ^ Aguilar-Cariño, Ma. Luisa (1994). "The Igorot as Other: Four Discourses from the Colonial Period".Philippine Studies 42 (2).Ateneo de Manila University :194– 209.ISSN 0031-7837 .JSTOR 42633435 . ^ Wolff, Stefan ; Özkanca, Oya Dursun-, eds. (March 16, 2016).External Interventions in Civil Wars: The Role and Impact of Regional and International Organisations Routledge . p. 103 .ISBN 978-1-134-91142-4 Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. RetrievedMarch 23, 2023 .^ Rogers, Mark M.; Bamat, Tom; Ideh, Julie, eds. (March 24, 2008).Pursuing Just Peace: An Overview and Case Studies for Faith-Based Peacebuilders Catholic Relief Services . p. 119.ISBN 978-1-61492-030-4 the original on February 8, 2009. RetrievedApril 25, 2023 . ^a b c Armes, Roy (July 29, 1987).Third World Film Making and the West University of California Press . p. 152 .ISBN 978-0-520-90801-7 Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. RetrievedOctober 18, 2015 . ^a b Tofighian, Nadi (2006).The role of Jose Nepomuceno in the Philippine society: What language did his silent films speak? DiVA portal Stockholm University .OCLC 1235074310 . Archived fromthe original on March 9, 2012. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2023 . ^ Nadeau, Kathleen (April 3, 2020).The History of the Philippines Greenwood . p. 76.ISBN 978-1-4408-7359-1 Archived from the original on October 19, 2023. RetrievedOctober 12, 2023 . ^ Lai To, Lee; Othman, Zarina, eds. (September 1, 2016).Regional Community Building in East Asia: Countries in Focus Routledge . p. 145 .ISBN 978-1-317-26556-6 Archived from the original on February 11, 2023. RetrievedJanuary 29, 2021 . ^a b c Thompson, Roger M. (October 16, 2003).Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching From Multiple Perspectives John Benjamins Publishing Company .ISBN 978-90-272-9607-8 Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. 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(2005).The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community IUCN . p. 101 .ISBN 978-2-8317-0797-6 ^ Ortiz, Ma. Aurora R.; Erestain, Teresita E.; Guillermo, Alice G.; Montano, Myrna C.; Pilar, Santiago A.Art: Perception & Appreciation 287 .ISBN 978-971-11-0933-2 ^a b Girard, Jean-Claude (December 6, 2021).Leandro Valencia Locsin: Filipino architect Birkhäuser . pp. 23–25 .ISBN 978-3-0356-2093-1 ^a b "Baroque Churches of the Philippines" .UNESCO World Heritage Centre UNESCO . 2010. Archived fromthe original on February 10, 2006. RetrievedJuly 22, 2020 .^ Harrison, Peter (2004).Castles of God: Fortified Religious Buildings of the World Boydell Press . p. 190 .ISBN 978-1-84383-066-5 ^ Rabang, Marie Rose Q. (December 4, 2015)."Cultural Mapping as a Tool in Heritage Conservation in a World Heritage Site: The Vigan City Experience" .Journal Sampurasun: Interdisciplinary Studies for Cultural Heritage .1 (1). Research Institute of Pasundan University: 31.doi :10.23969/sampurasun.v1i1.26 the original on April 29, 2023. RetrievedApril 19, 2023 . ^a b Noche, Manuel D. C. (April 14, 2015)."History of Philippine Architecture" .National Commission for Culture and the Arts . Archived fromthe original on April 21, 2017. RetrievedSeptember 8, 2016 . ^ Ancho, Inero; San Juan, Mark Ponce (2021)."Preservation Of Heritage School Buildings In The Philippines: A Case Study Of The Gabaldon Buildings" .Journal of Urban Culture Research .22 :106– 109.doi :10.14456/jucr.2021.8 .ISSN 2408-1213 . RetrievedAugust 13, 2024 . ^ Adams, Thomas (November 2004).Outline of Town and City Planning Routledge /Thoemmes Press . p. 201 .ISBN 978-0-415-16094-0 ^ Kirsch, Scott (February 15, 2023).American Colonial Spaces in the Philippines: Insular Empire Routledge .ISBN 978-1-000-83977-7 ^ Salas, Vic (August 9, 2022)."[Ilonggo Notes] A city of cultural heritage tourism zones" .Rappler the original on August 9, 2022. RetrievedNovember 8, 2022 . ^ Boncan-Buensalido, Nikki (August 10, 2015)."Getting to know Zamboanga" .Business Mirror . RetrievedMarch 26, 2017 . ^ Akombo, David (February 3, 2016).The Unity of Music and Dance in World Cultures McFarland . p. 172 .ISBN 978-1-4766-2269-9 ^a b c d Villaruz, Basilio Esteban S. (2006).Treading Through: 45 Years of Philippine Dance University of the Philippines Press .ISBN 978-971-542-509-4 ^ Rodríguez, José Miguel Díaz (2018).The Appeal of the Philippines: Spain, Cultural Representation and Politics Routledge .ISBN 978-1-351-99811-6 ^ Parfitt, Clare, ed. (2021).Cultural Memory and Popular Dance: Dancing to Remember, Dancing to Forget Springer Nature . p. 189 .ISBN 978-3-030-71083-5 ^ Namiki, Kanami (2011)."Hybridity and National Identity: Different Perspectives of Two National Folk Dance Companies in the Philippines" (PDF) .Asian Studies .47 (Special Issue: Cultural Hybridities of the Philippines).University of the Philippines : 69, 84.ISSN 0004-4679 . Archived fromthe original (PDF) on July 11, 2013. RetrievedMay 10, 2023 . ^ Burridge, Stephanie, ed. (September 9, 2021).The Routledge Companion to Dance in Asia and the Pacific: Platforms for Change Routledge .ISBN 978-1-000-44021-8 ^ Villacruz, Basilio Esteban S. (July 24, 2014)."Philippine Dance in the American Period" .National Commission for Culture and the Arts . Archived fromthe original on July 24, 2014. ^ Gasgonia, Dennis (December 8, 2020)."Olympic OK music to Pinoy breakdancers' ears — 'Chance to put PH on the map' .ABS-CBN News the original on December 8, 2020. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2023 . ^a b "This Master Rondalla Musician is Preserving the Sounds of Philippine Culture in L.A." KCET the original on May 24, 2022. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2023 .^ Martin, Andrew R.; Mihalka, Matthew, eds. (September 8, 2020)."Philippines, Music of the" .Music around the World: A Global Encyclopedia (1st ed.). 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Santa Barbara, Calif.:Greenwood . pp. 552–553 .ISBN 978-0-313-35759-6 ^ Klempe, Sven Hroar (2022).Sound and Reason: Synesthesia as Metacognition Springer Nature . p. 83 .ISBN 978-981-19-2340-1 ^ Newbould, Chris (October 24, 2022)."A brief history of P-pop, from anti-Marcos messages to the mainstream and back" .The National the original on December 5, 2022. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2023 . ^a b c Liu, Siyuan, ed. (2016).Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre Routledge . pp. 372–373 .ISBN 978-1-317-27886-3 ^ Literaturen Brill . 1976. p. 277 .ISBN 978-90-04-04331-2 ^ Rodriguez, Eulogio Balan (1933).The Adarna Bird: A Filipino Tale of Pre-Spanish Origin Incorporated in the Development of Philippine Literature, the Rapid Growth of Vernacular Belles-letters from Its Earliest Inception to the Present Day 51 –52 .OCLC 34358713 . Archived fromthe original on July 25, 2023 – viaUniversity of Michigan Library . ^ Lumbera, Bienvenido (1967). "Philippine Studies 15 (4).Ateneo de Manila University :545– 575.ISSN 0031-7837 .JSTOR 42720240 . ^ Blanco, John D. (February 24, 2009).Frontier Constitutions: Christianity and Colonial Empire in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines University of California Press . p. 55 .ISBN 978-0-520-94369-8 ^ Bernad, Miguel A. (1967)."Rizal in Guerrero's Translation: El Filibusterismo" .Philippine Studies 15 (1).Ateneo de Manila University : 204.ISSN 0031-7837 . Archived fromthe original on November 8, 2017. RetrievedApril 30, 2023 . ^ Tarver, H. Micheal; Slape, Emily, eds. (July 25, 2016)."Philippine Revolution (1896–1898)" .The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia . Empires of the World. Vol. I (Illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.:ABC-CLIO . p. 108 .ISBN 978-1-61069-422-3 ^ Reyes, Soledad S. (1997). "The Philippine 'Komiks': Text as Containment".Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science .25 (1).Brill :81– 81,85– 87.doi :10.1163/030382497X00059 .ISSN 0303-8246 .JSTOR 24492451 .OCLC 9982710804 .^ Reyes, Soledad S. (2009). "The Komiks and Retelling the Lore of the Folk".Philippine Studies 57 (3).Ateneo de Manila University :389– 390.ISSN 0031-7837 .JSTOR 42634017 .OCLC 9975776944 .^ Fee, Christopher R.; Webb, Jeffrey B., eds. (August 29, 2016)."Filipino American Folklore and Folktales" .American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore . Vol. I: A–F. Santa Barbara, Calif.:ABC-CLIO . p. 369 .ISBN 978-1-61069-568-8 ^ Hardenberg, Wilko Graf von; Kelly, Matthew; Leal, Claudia; Wakild, Emily, eds. (July 14, 2017).The Nature State: Rethinking the History of Conservation Routledge .ISBN 978-1-351-76463-6 ^ Villanueva, Louie B. (2022)."Biag ni Lam-ang: An Ilokano Epic Analysis and Its Implication to Ilokano Folk Literature and Philippine Educational Development" (PDF) .Journal of Tianjin University: Science and Technology .55 (4).Tianjin University :624– 625, 631.doi :10.17605/OSF.IO/RYXCN .ISSN 0493-2137 . RetrievedMay 1, 2023 . ^ Bane, Theresa (May 22, 2016)."Sarimanok" .Encyclopedia of Beasts and Monsters in Myth, Legend and Folklore . Jefferson, N.C.:McFarland . p. 279 .ISBN 978-1-4766-2268-2 ^ Lopez, Mellie Leandicho (2006).A Handbook of Philippine Folklore University of the Philippines Press . p. 147 .ISBN 978-971-542-514-8 ^ Madale, Abdullah T. (1997).The Maranaws, Dwellers of the Lake REX Book Store, Inc. p. 67 .ISBN 978-971-23-2174-0 ^ Kitley, Philip, ed. (August 29, 2003).Television, Regulation and Civil Society in Asia RoutledgeCurzon . p. 140 .ISBN 978-1-134-43194-6 ^ Deocampo, Nick (November 9, 2017).Film: American Influences on Philippine Cinema Anvil Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-971-27-2896-9 ^ Lucas, Daxim L. (September 13, 2011)."Filipinos seek info on Web; rich prefer newspapers" .Philippine Daily Inquirer the original on November 16, 2011. RetrievedAugust 6, 2020 . ^a b "SWS: Facebook next to TV as Filipinos' top source of news" .cnn .CNN Philippines . June 30, 2019. Archived fromthe original on July 3, 2019. RetrievedAugust 6, 2020 .^ "PTV 4" .Media Ownership Monitor . MOM Team,VERA Files ,Reporters Without Borders , Global Media Registry. Archived fromthe original on December 7, 2022. RetrievedFebruary 28, 2023 .^a b "Philippines country profile" .BBC News . July 4, 2022. Media. Archived fromthe original on February 9, 2023. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2023 .^ Gutierrez, Jason (July 10, 2020)."Philippine Congress officially shuts down leading broadcaster" The New York Times Archived from the original on July 10, 2020. RetrievedAugust 22, 2020 . ^ Achenbach, Ruth; Beek, Jan; Karugia, John Njenga; Mageza-Barthel, Rirhandu; Schulze-Engler, Frank, eds. (2020).Afrasian Transformations: Transregional Perspectives on Development Cooperation, Social Mobility, and Cultural Change Brill . p. 256 .ISBN 978-90-04-42526-2 ^ Soliman, Michelle Anne P. (April 10, 2022)."Pinoy teleseryes gain global following amid coronavirus pandemic" .BusinessWorld the original on April 10, 2022. RetrievedFebruary 27, 2023 . ^ San Diego, Bayani Jr. (August 5, 2012)."Restoring Himala" .Philippine Daily Inquirer the original on August 6, 2012. RetrievedOctober 29, 2012 . ^ Plaza, Gerry (August 16, 2012)."May Himala! Restored film proves real global classic" .Yahoo! Philippines OMG! the original on August 20, 2012. RetrievedOctober 29, 2012 . ^ "Philippine film industry in decline" .Philippine Daily Inquirer Agence France-Presse . February 16, 2012. Archived fromthe original on February 18, 2012. RetrievedNovember 19, 2020 .^ Conde, Carlos H. (February 11, 2007)."A bleak storyline for the Filipino film industry" .International Herald Tribune the original on February 13, 2007. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2023 . ^ Malasig, Jeline (February 8, 2019)." .InterAksyon the original on October 28, 2020. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2023 . ^ Ramoran-Malasig, Carol (March 1, 2018)."Philippine Cinema Is Growing Fast, And Is Moving Away From Typical Themes Of Poverty And Violence" .Forbes the original on February 9, 2023. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2023 . ^ Lim, David C. L.; Yamamoto, Hiroyuki, eds. (March 12, 2012).Film in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Cultural Interpretation and Social Intervention Routledge . p. 16 .ISBN 978-1-136-59247-8 ^ Endo, Jun (April 29, 2019)."Philippine film foundation flipped the script for a 'dead' industry" .Nikkei Asia the original on April 28, 2019. RetrievedFebruary 28, 2023 . ^ Kusaka, Wataru (2017).Moral Politics in the Philippines: Inequality, Democracy and the Urban Poor NUS Press . pp. 63–65 .ISBN 978-981-4722-38-4 ^ Mirasol, Patricia B. (June 30, 2021)."More smartphone-dependent Filipinos seek news on social media — Reuters report" .BusinessWorld the original on May 24, 2022. RetrievedDecember 21, 2023 . ^ Bautista, Ma. Lourdes S.; Bolton, Kingsley, eds. (November 2008).Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives Hong Kong University Press . p. 53 .ISBN 978-962-209-947-0 ^ Diaz, Manuel O. Jr. (December 2021)."Sentiment Polarity Identification in Banner Headlines of Broadsheets in the Philippines" .Asian Journal of Media and Communication .5 (2).Universitas Islam Indonesia : 102,108– 109.doi :10.20885/asjmc.vol5.iss2.art1 ISSN 2579-6119 .S2CID 260224724 . Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2023. RetrievedApril 30, 2023 . ^ Article III, Section 4 Constitution of the Philippines , 1987, archived fromthe original on June 13, 2017, retrievedFebruary 27, 2023 – viaOfficial Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines ^ Subingsubing, Krixia; Santos, Tina G. (November 4, 2022)."PH still among most dangerous countries for journalists" .Philippine Daily Inquirer the original on November 3, 2022. RetrievedFebruary 27, 2023 . ^ Lamb, Kate (February 1, 2019)."Philippines tops world internet usage index with an average 10 hours a day" .The Guardian the original on February 1, 2019. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2023 . ^ Magahis, Coleen; Santua, James (June 18, 2021)."Filipinos' reliance on internet at an all-time high" .Manila Standard the original on June 18, 2021. RetrievedNovember 28, 2022 . ^ Roufs, Timothy G.; Roufs, Kathleen Smyth (July 29, 2014)."The Philippines" .Sweet Treats around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture . Santa Barbara, Calif.:ABC-CLIO . pp. 267–268 .ISBN 978-1-61069-221-2 ^ Alejandro, Reynaldo (1985).The Philippine Cookbook Perigee Books . pp. 12–14 .ISBN 978-0-399-51144-8 ^ De Meester, Fabien; Watson, Ronald Ross, eds. (January 23, 2008).Wild-type Food in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: The Columbus Concept Humana Press . p. 530 .ISBN 978-1-59745-330-1 ^a b Aquino, Richard S.; Porter, Brooke A., eds. (2022).Tourism in the Philippines: Applied Management Perspectives Springer Nature .ISBN 978-981-19-4497-0 ^ Narvaez-Soriano, Nora (1994).A Guide to Food Selection, Preparation and Preservation REX Book Store, Inc. p. 120 .ISBN 978-971-23-0114-8 ^ Howeler, R. H.; Kawano, K., eds. (1988).Cassava Breeding and Agronomy Research in Asia: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop Held in Rayong, Thailand, Oct. 26–28, 1987 (Conference proceeding). Cali, Colombia:CIAT . p. 261 .OCLC 19544717 . ^ Bacusmo, Jose L. (2001). "Status and Potentials of the Philippines Cassava Industry". In Howeler, Reinhardt H.; Tan, Swee Lian (eds.).Cassava's Potential in Asia in the 21st Century: Present Situation and Future Research and Development Needs: Proceedings of the Sixth Regional Workshop held in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Feb. 21–25, 2000 (PDF) (Conference proceeding). Bangkok, Thailand:CIAT Cassava Office for Asia . p. 87.OCLC 49746198 . Archived fromthe original (PDF) on August 11, 2017 – via CGSpace. ^ Zibart, Eve (February 1, 2010).The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion: Understanding the Cuisines of the World ISBN 978-0-89732-775-6 ^ Cator, Currie (January 29, 2022)."Sinigang is world's best soup again; Lumpia among top side dishes" .cnn .CNN Philippines . Archived fromthe original on January 29, 2022. RetrievedFebruary 19, 2023 . ^a b Anderson, E. N.; Buell, Paul D.; Goldstein, Darra (2018). Christensen, Karen (ed.).Asian Cuisines: Food Culture from East Asia to Turkey and Afghanistan Berkshire Publishing Group . p. 80 .ISBN 978-1-61472-846-7 ^ Zhao, Xiaojian; Park, Edward J. W., eds. (November 26, 2013)."Filipino Cuisine in the United States" .Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History . Vol. I: A–F. Santa Barbara, Calif.:Greenwood . p. 409 .ISBN 978-1-59884-240-1 ^ Cheung, Sidney; Wu, David Y. H., eds. (2012).Globalization of Chinese Food Routledge . p. 186 .ISBN 978-1-136-00294-6 ^ De Villa, Bianca Denise M.; Domingo, Thea Mari M.; Ramirez, Rhema Jenica C.; Mercado, Jame Monren T. (June 2022). "Explicating the culinary heritage significance of Filipino kakanin using bibliometrics (1934–2018)".International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science .28 100522.doi :10.1016/j.ijgfs.2022.100522 . ^ Ang, Catharina Y. W.; Liu, Keshun; Huang, Yao-Wen, eds. (April 5, 1999).Asian Foods: Science and Technology 474 .ISBN 978-1-56676-736-1 ^ Ling, Huping ; Austin, Allan W., eds. (2015)."Restaurants and Cuisine, Filipino American" .Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia . Abingdon, Oxon, England:Routledge . p. 303 .ISBN 978-1-317-47645-0 ^ Manabat, Rudolf Vincent T. (September 14, 2020)."Filipino Desserts" .Baking Secrets Anvil Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-971-27-3623-0 . RetrievedMarch 10, 2023 . ^ Duke, James A. (November 10, 2000).Handbook of Nuts CRC Press . p. 67 .ISBN 978-0-8493-3637-9 ^ "Pili—The Delicious, Healthy Nut You've Never Heard Of" .Vogue the original on July 14, 2017. RetrievedMarch 10, 2023 .^ Cruz, Gemma Tulud (2010).An Intercultural Theology of Migration: Pilgrims in the Wilderness Brill . p. 22–23 .ISBN 978-90-04-19367-3 ^ Lowry, Dave (January 6, 2016)."Hand-to-Mouth Combat: Experiencing a Kamayan Dinner at Hiro Asian Kitchen" .St. Louis Magazine the original on November 7, 2017. ^ Zibart, Eve (2001).The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion: Understanding the Cuisines of the World ISBN 978-0-89732-372-7 ^ Bender, Daniel E.; De Leon, Adrian (January 2018). "Everybody was boodle fighting: military histories, culinary tourism, and diasporic dining".Food, Culture & Society 21 (1).Taylor and Francis :36– 37.doi :10.1080/15528014.2017.1398469 .S2CID 158465429 . ^ Alejandro, Reynaldo G. (March 13, 2012).Authentic Recipes from the Philippines: 81 Easy and Delicious Recipes from the Pearl of the Orient Periplus Editions .ISBN 978-1-4629-0533-1 ^ Cho, Younghan; Leary, Charles, eds. (2016).Modern Sports in Asia: Cultural Perspectives Routledge . p. 87 .ISBN 978-1-317-58638-8 ^ Grasso, John (November 15, 2010)."Philippines" .Historical Dictionary of Basketball . Historical Dictionaries of Sports. Vol. 2. Lanham, Md.:Scarecrow Press . p. 291 .ISBN 978-0-8108-7506-7 ^ Himmer, Alastair (June 5, 2010)."Pacquiao named fighter of the decade" .Reuters the original on June 5, 2010. RetrievedJuly 25, 2020 . ^ Republic Act No. 9850 (December 11, 2009),An Act Declaring Arnis as the National Martial Art and Sport of the Philippines Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines , archived fromthe original on August 10, 2017, retrievedFebruary 9, 2023 ^ Dundes, Alan, ed. (1994).The Cockfight: A Casebook University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 136–137 .ISBN 978-0-299-14054-0 ^ Lojo, Michelle (December 29, 2022)."Philippine esports gains traction in 2022" .The Philippine Star the original on April 10, 2023. 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RetrievedFebruary 9, 2023 . ^ Morales, Luisa (January 31, 2022)."Herstory: Filipinas outlast Chinese Taipei to seize historic Women's World Cup berth" .The Philippine Star the original on January 30, 2022. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2023 . ^ Grasso, John;Mallon, Bill ; Heijmans, Jeroen (May 14, 2015)."Philippines, The (PHI)" .Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement (Fifth ed.). Lanham, Md.:Rowman & Littlefield . p. 473 .ISBN 978-1-4422-4860-1 ^ "U.S. says 60 nations will join boycott" .AF Press Clips (Periodical).United States Department of State ,Bureau of African Affairs . 1980. p. 24 .^ Chia, Nicole (February 19, 2018)."Winter Olympics: Even outsiders can break the ice" .The Straits Times the original on February 24, 2018. RetrievedJuly 30, 2020 . ^ The XI Olympic Winter Games; Les XI Jeux Olympiques d'hiver; Sapporo, 1972 (PDF) (Official report). The Organizing Committee for the XIth Olympic Winter Games. 1973. pp. 32, 145, 447.OCLC 842416 . 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