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Philippine languages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Proposed branch of the Austronesian language family

This article is about a proposed subgroup of the Austronesian language family. For the native languages spoken in the Philippines, seeLanguages of the Philippines.

Philippine
Philippinic
(proposed)
Geographic distribution	Philippines Indonesia (NorthernSulawesi,northern portion of North Kalimantan) Malaysia (Parts ofSabah) Taiwan (Orchid Island)
Native speakers	(undated figure of 115+ million)
Linguistic classification	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine
Proto-language	Proto-Philippine (disputed)
Subdivisions	Batanic Northern Luzon Central Luzon North Mangyan Umiray Dumaget Manide–Alabat Greater Central Philippine Ati Kalamian South Mindanao Klata Minahasan Sangiric
Language codes
ISO 639-2 /5	`phi`
Glottolog	None
The Philippine languages, per Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005)

ThePhilippine languages orPhilippinic are a proposed group byR. David Paul Zorc (1986) andRobert Blust (1991; 2005; 2019) that include all the languages of thePhilippines and northernSulawesi,Indonesia—exceptSama–Bajaw (languages of the "Sea Gypsies") and theMolbog language (disputed)—and form asubfamily ofAustronesian languages.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Although the Philippines is near the center ofAustronesian expansion fromTaiwan, there is relatively little linguistic diversity among the approximately 150 Philippine languages, suggesting that earlier diversity has been erased by the spread ofthe ancestor of the modern Philippine languages.^[5]^[2]

Classification

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History and criticism

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Internal classification

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The Philippine group is proposed to have originated fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian and ultimately fromProto-Austronesian. There have been several proposals as to the composition within the group, but the most widely accepted groupings today is the consensus classifications by Blust (1991; 2005) and Reid (2017); however, both disagree on the existence of a Philippine group as a single genetic unit.

Zorc (1979)

[edit]

An earlier classification by Zorc (1979) is presented below. From approximately north to south, a Philippine group according to his analysis of previous reconstructions are divided into two main subgroups, Northern or "Cordilleran" and Southern or "Sulic".^[22] Note that the groupings herein no longer reflect widely accepted classifications or naming conventions today. For exampleSouth Extension nowadays reflects the widely establishedCentral Luzon, and North Mangyan withinCordilleran is not supported by later reconstructions; the group containingYami,Ivatan andItbayat is called "Bashiic" in Zorc (1977) and remains generally accepted.^[23]

Philippine
- Northern Philippines or Cordilleran
  - Pangasinic^a (includesIlongot,Kallahan,Ibaloi,Pangasinan)
  - Central Cordilleran (includesIsinai,Kalinga,Bontoc,Balangao,Ifugao)
  - Ilokan (withinIlokano alone)
  - Northern Cordilleran or Banagic (includesIbanag,Isneg,Gaddang)
  - Yami–Ivatan–Itbayat^b
  - South Extension (includesSambal group,Kapampangan)
    - North Mangyan
- Southern Philippines or Sulic
  - Meso-Philippine
    - South Mangyan (includesHanunuo)
    - Palawan
    - Subanon (dialect cluster)
    - Central Philippine (includesTagalog,Bikol,Visayan,Mansakan)
  - Manobo (includesKagayanen,Western Bukidnon,Cotabato Manobo)
  - Danao (includesMaranao,Maguindanao)
  - Celebes Extension (includesMongondow group)

Blust (1991; 2005)

[edit]

From approximately north to south, the Philippine languages are divided into 12 subgroups (including unclassified languages):

Philippine
- Batanic languages (4 languages betweenBatanes andLanyu Island,Taiwan)
- Northern Luzon languages (40 languages, includingIlokano andPangasinan)
- Central Luzon languages (5 languages, includingSambal andKapampangan)
- Northern Mindoro languages (or North Mangyan; 3 languages)
- Greater Central Philippine languages
  - Southern Mindoro languages (or South Mangyan; 3 languages)
  - Central Philippine languages (40 languages, includingTagalog,Bikol languages andVisayan languages)
  - Palawan languages (3 languages)
  - Subanen languages (6 languages; sometimes considered one dialect cluster)
  - Danao languages (3 languages;Iranun,Maguindanao andMaranao)
  - Manobo languages (15 languages)
  - Gorontalo–Mongondow languages (9 languages ofGorontalo andNorth Sulawesi)
- Ati language
- Manide–Alabat
- Kalamian languages (2 languages of northernPalawan)
- South Mindanao languages (5 languages)
- Sangiric languages (4 languages ofSangir andTalaud Islands)
- Minahasan languages (5 languages ofNorth Sulawesi)
- Unclassified
  - Umiray Dumaget

Formerly classified as one of theSouth Mindanao languages, theKlata language is now considered to be a primary branch of the Southern Philippine languages by Zorc (2019).^[24]

Map of the distribution of the major languages of the Philippines, showing their subdivisions

Vocabulary

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Comparison chart between several selected Philippine languages spoken from north to south withProto-Austronesian first for comparison.

English		1	2	3	4	5	person	house	dog	coconut	day	new	we (incl.)	what	fire
Proto-Austronesian		əsa isa	*duSa	*təlu	*Səpat	*lima	*Cau	*Rumaq	*asu	*niuR	*qaləjaw	*baqəRu	*i-kita	*n-anu	*Sapuy
Batanic (Bashiic)	Yami (Tao)	ása	dóa (raroa)	tílo (tatlo)	apat (ápat)	lima	tao	vahay	chito	niyoy	araw	vayo	yaten	ango	apoy
Batanic (Bashiic)	Ivatan	asa	dadowa	tatdo	apat	lima	tao	vahay	chito	niyoy	araw	va-yo	yaten	ango	apoy
Northern Luzon	Ilocano	maysa	dua	tallo	uppat	lima	tao	balay	aso	niog	aldaw	baro	sitayo	ania	apoy
	Ibanag	tadday	dua	tallu	appa'	lima	tolay	balay	kitu	niuk	aggaw	bagu	sittam	anni	afi
	Gaddang	antet	addwa	tallo	appat	lima	tolay	balay	atu	ayog	aw	bawu	ikkanetam	sanenay	afuy
	Pangasinan	sakey	dua duara	talo talora	apat apatira	lima	too	abong	aso	niyog	ageo	balo	sikatayo	anto	pool
Central Luzon	Kapampangan	métung	adwá	atlú	ápat	limá	táu	balé	ásu	ngúngut	aldó	báyu	ítámu	nánu	apî
Central Philippine	Tagalog	isa	dalawa	tatlo	apat	lima	tao	bahay	aso	niyog	araw	bago	tayo	ano	apoy
	Central Bikol	sarô	duwa	tulo	apát	lima	tawo	harong	ayam idò	niyog	aldaw	bâgo	kitá	ano	kalayo
	Rinconada Bikol	əsad	darwā	tolō	əpat	lima	tawō	baləy	ayam	noyog	aldəw	bāgo	kitā	onō	kalayō
	Waray	usa sayo	duha	tulo	upat	lima	tawo	balay	ayam ido	lubi	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ano	kalayo
	Hiligaynon	isa	duha	tatlo	apat	lima	tawo	balay	ido	lubi	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ano	kalayo
	Bantoanon (Asi)	usa	ruha	tuyo	upat	lima	tawo	bayay	iro	nidog	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ni-o	kayado
	Romblomanon	isa	duha	tuyo	upat	lima	tawo	bayay	ayam	niyog	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ano	kalayo
	Onhan	isya	darwa	tatlo	ap-at	lima	tawo	balay	ayam	niyog	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ano	kalayo
	Karay-a	sara	darwa	tatlo	apat	lima	taho	balay	ayam	niyog	adlaw	bag-o	kita tatən	ano	kalayo
	Aklanon	isaea sambilog	daywa	tatlo	ap-at	lima	tawo	baeay	ayam	niyog	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ano	kaeayo
	Cebuano	usa	duha	tulo	upat	lima	tawo	balay	iro	lubi	adlaw	bag-o	kita	unsa	kalayo
	Tausug	isa hambuuk	duwa	tu	upat	lima	tau	bay	iru'	niyug	adlaw	ba-gu	kitaniyu	unu	kayu
Danao	Maguindanao	isa	dua	telu	pat	lima	tau	walay	asu	niyug	gay	bagu	tanu	ngin	apuy
	Mëranaw	isa	dowa	t'lo	phat	lima	taw	walay	aso	neyog	gawi'e	bago	tano	tonaa	apoy
	Iranun	isa	dua	telu	pa'at	lima	taw	walay	asu	niyug	gawi'i	bagu	tanu	antuna	apuy
South Mindanao (Bilic)	Tboli	sotu	lewu	tlu	fat	lima	tau	gunu	ohu	lefo	kdaw	lomi	tekuy	tedu	ofih
Minahasan	Tombulu (Minahasa)	esa	zua rua	telu	epat	lima	tou	walé	asu	po'po'	endo	weru	kai kita	apa	api
Sangiric	Sangirese	sembau esa'	darua	tatelu	epa'	lima	tau	balé	kapuna'	bango'	elo	wuhu	kité	tawé	putung
Gorontalo–Mongondow	Gorontalo	tuwewu	duluwo	totolu	opato	limo	tawu	bele	'apula	bongo	dulahu	bohu	'ito	wolo	tulu
Gorontalo–Mongondow	Mongondow	inta'	dua	tolu	opat	lima	intau	baloi	ungku'	bango'	singgai	mobagu	kita	onu, onda	tulu'

Notes

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1.^ Ambiguous relationship with other Northern Philippine groups

2.^ Ambiguous relationship with other Northern Philippine groups and has possible relationship with South Extension; equivalent to the widely establishedBatanic or Bashiic branch.

References

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^Zorc, R. David Paul (1986). "The Genetic Relationships of Philippine Languages". In Geraghty, P.; Carrington, L.; Wurm, S. A. (eds.).FOCAL II: Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 94. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 147–173.doi:10.15144/PL-C94.147.hdl:1885/252029.ISBN 0-85883-345-X.
^^a ^bBlust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis".Oceanic Linguistics.30 (2):73–129.doi:10.2307/3623084.JSTOR 3623084.
^Blust, Robert A. (2005). "The Linguistic Macrohistory of the Philippines". In Liao, Hsiu-Chuan; Rubino, Carl R.Galvez (eds.).Current Issues in Philippine Linguistics Pangaral Kay Lawrence A. Reid. Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL Philippines. pp. 31–68.
^Blust, Robert (2019). "The Resurrection of Proto-Philippines".Oceanic Linguistics.58 (2):153–256.doi:10.1353/ol.2019.0008.S2CID 216726665.
^Adelaar & Himmelmann (2005)
^^a ^bBlust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis".Oceanic Linguistics.30 (2):73–129.doi:10.2307/3623084.JSTOR 3623084.
^Llamzon, Teodoro A. (1975)."Proto-Philippine Phonology".Archipel.9:29–42.doi:10.3406/arch.1975.1214 – via Persée.
^Charles, Mathew (1974). "Problems in the Reconstruction of Proto-Philippine Phonology and the Subgrouping of the Philippine Languages".Oceanic Linguistics.13 (1/2):457–509.doi:10.2307/3622751.JSTOR 3622751.
^Llamzon, Teodoro (1966). "The Subgrouping of Philippine Languages".Philippine Sociological Review.14 (3):145–150.JSTOR 23892050.
^Llamzon, Teodoro; Martin, Teresita (1976)."A Subgrouping of 100 Philippine Languages"(PDF).South-East Asian Linguistic Studies.2:141–172.
^Reid, Lawrence (1982)."The Demise of Proto-Philippines"(PDF). In Amran Halim; Carrington, Lois; Stephen A. (eds.).Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 75. Vol. 2: Tracking the Travellers. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 201–216.
^Pawley, Andrew (1999). "Chasing Rainbows: Implications for the Rapid Dispersal of Austronesian Languages for Subgrouping and Reconstruction". In Zeitoun, Eilzabeth; Li, Paul Jen-kuei (eds.).Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei: Academia Sinica. pp. 95–138.
^^a ^bRoss, Malcolm (2005)."The Batanic Languages in Relation to the Early History of the Malayo-Polynesian Subgroup of Austronesian"(PDF).Journal of Austronesian Studies.1 (2):1–24. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on March 22, 2012. RetrievedMarch 11, 2022.
^Spriggs, Matthew (2003). "Chronology of Neolithic Transition in Island Southeast Asia and The Western Pacific".The Review of Anthropology.24:57–80.
^Spriggs, Matthew (2007). "The Neolithic and Austronesian Expansion Within Island Southeast Asia and Into the Pacific". In Chiu, Scarlett; Sand, Christophe (eds.).From Southeast Asia to the Pacific: Archeological Perspectives on the Austronesian Expansion and the Lapita Cultural Complex. Taipei: Academia Sinica. pp. 104–140.
^Spriggs, Matthew (2011)."Archeology and Austronesian Expansion: Where Are We Now?"(PDF).Antiquity.85 (328):510–528.doi:10.1017/s0003598x00067910.S2CID 162491927.
^Gray, Russell; Drummond, Alexei; Greenhill, Simon (2009). "Language Phylogenies Reveal Expansion Pulses and Pauses in Pacific Settlement".Science.323 (5913):479–482.Bibcode:2009Sci...323..479G.doi:10.1126/science.1166858.PMID 19164742.S2CID 29838345.
^Reid, Lawrence (2017).Revisiting the Position of Philippine Languages in the Austronesian Family(PDF). The Br. Andrew Gonzalez FSC (BAG) Distinguished Professorial Chair Lecture, 2017, De La Salle University, Manila.
^Reid, Lawrence A. (2018)."Modeling the Linguistic Situation in the Philippines". In Kikusawa, Ritsuko; Reid, Lawrence A. (eds.).Let's Talk about Trees. Vol. 98. Osaka: Senri Ethnological Studies, Minpaku. pp. 91–105.doi:10.15021/00009006.{{cite book}}:|journal= ignored (help)
^Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem".Oceanic Linguistics.56 (2):435–490.doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021.S2CID 149377092., p. 479
^Chen, Victoria, Kristina Gallego, Jonathan Kuo, Isaac Stead, & Benjamin van der Voorn. 2022.Contact or inheritance? New evidence on the Proto-Philippines debate. Presentation given at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (SEALS 31),University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, May 18–20, 2022. (slides)
^Zorc, R. David Paul (1979). "On the Development of Contrastive Word Accent: Pangasinan, a Case in Point". In Nguyen, Dang Liem (ed.).Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies, Vol. 3. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 45. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 241–258.doi:10.15144/PL-C45.241.hdl:1885/253117.ISBN 0-85883-177-5.
^Zorc, David Paul (1977).The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 44. Canberra: Australian National University.doi:10.15144/PL-C44.hdl:1885/146594.ISBN 0-85883-157-0 – via Archive.org.
^Zorc, R. David (2019)."Klata / Giangan: A New Southern Philippine Subgroup"(PDF).The Archive: Special Publication.16:33–51. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on June 5, 2020. RetrievedJune 5, 2020.

Works cited

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Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus P., eds. (2005).The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.

External links

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For a list of words relating to Philippine languages, see thePhilippine languages category of words inWiktionary, the free dictionary.

Languages of Indonesia

Western Malayo-Polynesian languages

Official language

Indonesian
- Slang

Malayo-Sumbawan

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa	Balinese Bali Aga Lombok Nusa Penida Sasak Sumbawa
Chamic	Acehnese Daya South
Ibanic	Iban Mualang Seberuang Keninjal
Madurese	Bangkalan Bawean Kangean Pendalungan Banyuwangi Lumajang Pasuruan Situbondo Sapudi Sumenep
Malayic	Akit Ampenan Malay Anambas–Natuna Malay Asahan Malay Bangka Malay Banjarese Hulu Kuala Samarinda Batubara Malay Belitung Malay Bengkayang Malay Berau Malay Bilah Malay Bonai Bukit Deli Malay Medan Duano' Haji Jambi Malay Kuala Tungkal Jaring Halus Malay Kapuas Hulu Malay Kendayan Kerinci Kotapinang Malay Kotawaringin Malay Kualuh Malay Kubu Kutainese Kota Bangun Tenggarong Landak Malay Langkat Malay Lom Loncong Lubu Malayic Dayak Arut Bamayo Banana' Belantikan Delang Gerunggang Ketapang/Kayong Lamandau Mentebah-Suruk Pesaguan Hulu Pesaguan Kiri Riam Semitau Suhaid Sukamara Tamuan-Tomun Tapitn Melawi Malay Mempawah Malay Musi Belide Col/Lembak Lematang Musi Palembang Pegagan Penesak Penukal Rawas Minangkabau Jamee Kampar Kuantan Mukomuko Pesisir Rao Tapan Ulu Muara Sipongi Orang Laut Barok Galang Mantang Palu Malay Panai Malay Petalangan Pontianak Malay Riau Malay Pangaraian Riau Coastal Rokan Hilir Siak Tembilahan Sakai Sambas Malay Sanggau Malay Sekadau Malay Serdang Malay Sintang Malay Sokop South Barisan Malay Benakat Bengkulu Besemah Enim Lematang Ulu Lintang Kaur Ogan Pekal Rambang Semende Serawai Talang Mamak Tamiang Malay Tolitoli Malay
Sundanese	Baduy Banten Brebes Cirebon Northern Coast Bekasi Priangan

Javanese

Celebic

Lampungic

Northwest Sumatra–
Barrier Islands

Central Philippine	Tausug
Gorontalo-Mongondow	Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontaloan Polahi Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa
Minahasan	Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan
Sangiric	Bantik Ratahan Sangir Talaud Miangas

Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

Aru	Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola-Kompane Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir
Central Maluku	Alune Amahai Ambelau Asilulu Banda Bati Benggoi Boano Bobot Buru Geser Haruku Hulaliu Kailolo Pelauw Rohomoni-Kabauw Hitu Hoti † Huaulu Hukumina † Hulung † Kaibobo Kamarian † Kayeli Kowiai Laha Larike-Wakasihu Latu Liana-Seti Lisabata-Nuniali Lisela Loun † Luhu † Mangole Manipa Manusela Masiwang Naka'ela Nuaulu Nusa Laut † Paulohi Salas Saleman Saparua Seit-Kaitetu Sepa-Teluti Sula Taliabo Teor-Kur Tulehu Watubela Wemale Yalahatan
Flores–Lembata	Alorese Kedang Lamaholot Adonara Ile Ape Lamalera Lamatuka Levuka Lewo Eleng Lewotobi South Lembata West Lembata Sikka
Halmahera- Cenderawasih	Ambai Ambel Ansus Arguni As Batta Bedoanas Biak Biga Buli Busami Dusner Erokwanas Gane Irarutu Iresim Kuri Kurudu Maba Maden Matbat Ma'ya Munggui Marau Meoswar Mor Papuma Patani Pom Roon Sawai Serui-Laut Taba Tandia † Wabo Wamesa Wandamen Waropen Woi Yaur Yeretuar Yeresiam
Kei-Tanimbar	Fordata Kei Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Yamdena
Micronesian	Mapia †
Selaru	Selaru Seluwasan
Sumba–Flores	Anakalangu Baliledo Bima Donggo Dhao Ende Gaura Hawu Kambera Kéo Kodi Komodo Lamboya Lio Mamboru Manggarai Manus Nage Namut–Nginamanu Ngadha Palu'e Pondok Rajong Rembong Riung Rongga So'a Kepo' Wae Rana Wanukaka Wejewa
Timor–Babar	Amarasi Bekais Bilba Dai Dawera-Daweloor Dela-Oenale Dengka East Damar Emplawas Galoli Helong Imroing Kemak Kisar Leti Lole Luang Masela Nila North Babar Ringgou Romang Serili Serua Southeast Babar Tela'a Termanu Tetum Te'un Tii Uab Meto West Damar Welaun Wetar
Western Oceanic	Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna

Papuan languages

North Halmahera	Galela Gamkonora Kao Loloda Modole Pagu Sahu Tabaru Ternate Tiana Tidore Tobelo Togutil Waioli West Makian
Timor–Alor–Pantar	Abui Adang Beilel Blagar Bunak Kaera Kafoa Kamang Klon Kui Kula Nedebang Oirata Retta Sawila Teiwa Tereweng Wersing Western Pantar Woisika
Asmat–Mombum	Buruwai Casuarina Coast Asmat Central Asmat North Asmat Citak Mombum Kamberau Kamoro Koneraw Sempan
West Bird's Head	Kalabra Kuwani Moi Moraid Seget Tehit
South Bird's Head	Arandai Dombano Duriankari † Inanwatan Kaburi Kais Kemberano Kokoda Konda Kovojab Puragi Yahadian
East Bird's Head	Hatam Mansim Meyah Moskona Sougb
West Bomberai	Baham Iha Karas
Dani	Grand Valley Dani Hupla Nduga Nggem Silimo Walak Wano Western Dani Yali
Paniai Lakes	Auye Dao Ekari Moni Wolani
Digul River	Aghu Awbono Bayono Densar Edera Jair Kombai Komyandaret Korowai Mandobo Pisa Sawi Shiaxa Tsaukambo Wambon
Foja Range	Airoran Bagusa Berik Betaf Bonerif Dabe Dineor Edwas Gresi Isirawa Itik Kapori Kauwera Keijar Kemtuik Kwerba Kwerba Mamberamo Kwesten Kwinsu Mander Massep Mawes † Mekwei Mlap Namblong Nimboran Orya Sause Oksapmin Samarokena Trimuris Vitou
Lakes Plain	Awera Biritai Doutai Duvle Eritai Fayu Foau Iau Kaiy Keuw Kirikiri Kwerisa Obokuitai Papasena Rasawa Sikaritai Tause Taworta Waritai
East Cenderawasih Bay	Baropasi Bauzi Burate Demisa Kofei Nisa-Anasi Sauri Tefaro Tunggare Woria
Yawa	Saweru Yawa
Demta–Sentani	Demta Nafri Sentani Tabla
Ok	Burumakok Faiwol Iwur Kopka Muyu Nakai Ngalum Ninggerum Tangko Tifal Yonggom
Momuna–Mek	Eipo Goliath Ketengban Kosarek Korupun Nalca Nipsan Somahai
Skou	Sangke Skou Wutung
South Pauwasi	Biksi-Yetfa Kembra Kimki Lepki Murkim
East Pauwasi	Emem Zorop
West Pauwasi	Namla Tebi Tofanma Towei Usku
Kaure–Kosare	Kaure Kosare
Marind–Yaqai	Bipim Marind Yaqay
Bulaka River	Maklew Yelmek
Kayagar	Atohwaim Kayagar Tamagario
Border	Awyi Elseng Taikat Manem Sowanda Viid Waris
Senagi	Dera
Mairasi	Mairasi Mer Semimi
Kolopom	Kimaghama Morori Ndom Riantana
Yam	Ngkolmpu Kanum Rema Smerki Tamer Yei
Lower Mamberamo	Warembori Yoke
Unclassfied or language isolates	Abinomn Abun Amung Burmeso Dem Kanum Maklew Maybrat Molof Momina Mor Mpur Pyu Saponi † Sumuri Tambora † Uhunduni

Other languages

Creoles andPidgins

Malay-based creoles	Alor Malay Ambonese Malay Aru Tenggara Jauh Banda Malay Balinese Malay Betawi Gorap Gorontalo Malay Kupang Malay Larantuka Malay Manado Malay Makassar Malay Maumere Malay North Moluccan Malay Sula Ternate Orang Pulo Papuan Malay Northwest Serui Peranakan Surabayan
Other creoles and pidgins	Belu Creole Portuguese Bidau Creole Portuguese † Flores Creole Portuguese † Javindo Mardijker † Petjo Pidgin Iha Pidgin Onin Pidgin Tukang Besi Portugis † Tansi Tiong Pa

Immigrant languages

Chinese	Cantonese Fuqing Fuzhounese Hainanese Hakka Acehnese Bangka-Belitung Pontianak Singkawang Haklau Hokkien Bagan Batam Medan Hinghwa Mandarin Indonesian Siantar Teochew Batam Jambi Ketapang Pontianak
European	Dutch Indonesian Dutch English Portuguese
Indian	Bengali Gujarati Odia Pali Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu
Middle Eastern	Arabic Indonesian Arabic Hadhrami Arabic Modern Standard Arabic
Others	Tagalog Filipino Japanese Korean

Sign languages

† indicateextinct languages

Languages of Malaysia

Main

Official	Malaysian English comparison with British English Arabic

Families

Natives &
Indigenous

Nationwide	Malay
Peninsular Malaysia	Batek Cheq Wong Duanoʼ Jah Hut Jahai Jakun Jedek Johor–Riau Malay Johor Malay Malacca Malay Selangor Malay Judeo-Malay² Kedah Malay Kelantan–Pattani Malay Kenaboi¹ Kensiu Kintaq Kristang Lanoh Mah Meri Minriq Mintil Negeri Sembilan Malay Mos Orang Kanaq Orang Seletar Pahang Malay Perak Malay Reman Malay Sabüm¹ Semai Semaq Beri Semelai Semnam Southern Thai Temiar Temoq² Temuan Terengganu Malay Tioman Malay Wila'¹
East Malaysia	Abai Bahau Bajau Belait Berawan Biatah Bintulu Bonggi Bookan Bruneian/Kedayan Malay Brunei Bisaya Bukar–Sadong Bukitan Coastal Kadazan Daro-Matu Dumpas Dusun Eastern Kadazan Ganaʼ Iban Idaʼan Jagoi Jangkang Kajaman Kalabakan Kanowit Kayan Kelabit Kendayan Keningau Murut Kinabatangan Kiput Klias River Kadazan Kota Marudu Talantang Kuijau Lahanan Lelak¹ Lengilu¹ Lotud Lun Bawang Mainstream Kenyah Melanau Momogun Murik Kayan Narom Nunukan Tidung Okolod Paluan Papar Punan Bah-Biau Punan Batu² Penan Remun Saʼban Sabah Bisaya Sama Sarawak Malay Sebop Sekapan Selungai Murut Sembakung Seru¹ Serudung Sian Sungai Tagol Timugon Tombonuwo Tring Tringgus Tutoh Ukit² Umaʼ Lasan

Significant
minority

Chinese	Sino-Tibetan Yue Cantonese Malaysian Cantonese Hakka Min Eastern Min Fuqing Fuzhou Hainanese Pu–Xian Min Southern Min Hokkien Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien Penang Hokkien Chaoshan Min Teochew Mandarin Chinese Malaysian Mandarin
Indian	Dravidian Malayalam Tamil Malaysian Tamil Telugu Indo-European Gujarati Hindi Punjabi Urdu
Indonesian archipelago	Acehnese Banjar Madurese Bawean Buginese Javanese Kerinci Mandailing Minangkabau Rawa
Philippine	Philippine Iranun Maranao Molbog Suluk
Others	Cham

Creoles

Mixed & Others

Immigrants

Signs

Main	Malaysian Sign Language Manually Coded Malay
By states	Penang Sign Language Selangor Sign Language

¹ Extinct languages
² Nearly extinct languages

Languages of the Philippines

Official languages

Regional languages

Indigenous languages
(byregion)

Bangsamoro	Iranun Pangutaran Sama Sama
Bicol Region	Albay Bikol Inagta Partido Manide Masbateño Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Northern Sorsogon Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bikol Southern Catanduanes Bikol Southern Sorsogon
Cagayan Valley	Arta Atta Bugkalot Central Cagayan Agta Dinapigue Agta Dupaningan Agta Gaddang Isinai Itawis Itbayat Kalanguya Karao Malaweg Nagtipunan Agta Paranan Agta Paranan Yogad
Calabarzon	Inagta Alabat Manide Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Southern Alta Umiray Dumaget
Caraga	Agusan Ata Manobo Butuanon Higaonon Kamayo Mamanwa
Central Luzon	Abellen Ambala Antsi Botolan Casiguran Dumagat Agta Indi Kasiguranin Mariveleño Northern Alta Southern Alta Umiray Dumaget
Central Visayas	Bantayanon Eskayan Karolanos Magahat Porohanon
Cordillera	Atta Balangao Bontoc Ga'dang Ibaloi Ifugao Isnag Itawis Itneg Iwaak Kalanguya Kalinga Kankanaey Malaweg Tuwali
Davao Region	Blaan Davaoeño Kalagan Klata Mandaya Mansaka Obo Sangir Sarangani Tagabawa
Eastern Visayas	Abaknon Baybay Kabalian
Ilocos Region	Bolinao
Metro Manila	Taglish
Mimaropa	Agutaynen Alangan Asi Batak Buhid Calamian Tagbanwa Central Tagbanwa Cuyonon Hanunoo Iraya Kagayanen Molbog Onhan Palawano Ratagnon Romblomanon Tadyawan Tawbuid
Northern Mindanao	Bukid Higaonon Ilianen Iranun Kamigin Matigsalug Subanen Western Bukidnon
Soccsksargen	Blaan Cotabato Manobo Ilianen Iranun Obo Tboli Teduray
Western Visayas	Ata Ati Caluyanon Capiznon Sulod
Zamboanga Peninsula	Sibuco-Vitali Sama Subanen

Immigrant languages

Sign languages

Filipino Sign Language

Historical languages

Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Kapampangan
Sambalic	Abellen Ambala Bolinao Botolan Mag-antsi Mag-indi Mariveleño Sambal

Greater Central
Philippine

Central Philippine

Bikol	Albay Bikol Central Bikol Isarog Agta Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Pandan Bikol Rinconada
Bisayan	Aklanon Asi Bantayanon Baybay Butuanon Caluyanon Capiznon Cebuano Boholano Old Cebuano † Cuyonon Hiligaynon Kabalian Karay-a Karolanos Magahat Masbateño Northern Sorsogon Onhan Porohanon Ratagnon Romblomanon Southern Sorsogon Sulod Surigaonon Tausug Waray
Mansakan	Davawenyo Kalagan Kamayo Mamanwa Mandaya Mansaka
Tagalic	Kasiguranin Tagalog Old Tagalog † Batangueño Filipino
(unclassified)	Ata

Western Subanon

Northern Alta Southern Alta
Central Cordilleran	Balangao Bontoc Ifugao Isinai Itneg Kalinga Kankanaey Tuwali
Southern Cordilleran	Bugkalot Ibaloi Iwaak Kalanguya Karao Pangasinan

Northern Mindoro

Sangiric

Other branches

Ati Klata Umiray Dumaget
Manide–Alabat	Inagta Alabat Manide ?Katabangan †

Reconstructed

Proto-Philippine †

† indicatesextinct status
? indicates classification dispute

Austronesian languages

Formosan

Malayo-Polynesian

Western

Philippine

Greater Barito*

Barito
Basap*

Greater North Borneo*

North Borneo *
- Sabahan
- North Sarawakan
Melanau–Kajang
Kayan–Murik
Land Dayak
Malayo–Chamic *
Sundanese
Rejang?
Moklenic?

Admiralty St. Matthias Temotu Southeast Solomonic Micronesian Central Pacific
Western	Meso-Melanesian North New Guinea Papuan Tip
Southern	Vanuatu North Central South Loyalties–New Caledonia