Philipp Veit (13 February 1793 – 18 December 1877) was a GermanRomanticpainter and one of the main exponents of theNazarene movement. It is to Veit that the credit of having been the first to revive the nearly forgotten technique offresco painting is due.[1]
Veit was born inBerlin,Prussia. He was the son of a banker,Simon Veit and his wifeBrendel, daughter ofMoses Mendelssohn. After Veit's parents divorced in 1799, Veit initially stayed with his mother and lived with her and her new husbandFriedrich Schlegel inJena, Paris, and Cologne. In 1806, he returned to his father in Berlin and finished his schooling in the"Graues Kloster". From 1808 on, Veit received his first art education at the RoyalDresden Academy of Fine Arts, where he was taught byFriedrich Matthäi andCaspar David Friedrich,[2][3] later inVienna. Although a prodigious talent when it came to drawing, Veit was not comfortable with oil painting, for which reason in Vienna he took to the medium of watercolour. In Vienna, he made the acquaintance of Schlegel, and through him came to know several Viennese Romantics, one of whom was the poet and novelistJoseph von Eichendorff.[3] He was strongly influenced by, and joined, theNazarene movement inRome, where he worked for some years before moving toFrankfurt.[1]
In 1810, Veit converted to Catholicism together with his mother and his senior brotherJohannes Veit.[4] While participating in the struggle against Napoleon in 1813–14 (theGerman campaign of 1813 orWar of the Sixth Coalition), first as aLützower Jäger and part of theLützow Free Corps, subsequently as a member of theKleistsche Armeekorps, a corps led byFriedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf, and returning to Berlin for a short period, Veit became closer friends with the mentioned above poetJoseph Freiherr von Eichendorff and his own lieutenantFriedrich de la Motte Fouqué.[2] Beginning in 1811, Veit was more teaching himself and finished a couple of portraits (Zichy-Vásonykeő, Julie Gräfin, lost;Franz Xaver von Baader and other members of Vienna's society and exponents of Romanticism). In 1815, he finished his first religious painting.Virgin with Christ and St John, a votive painting for the church ofSt James in Heiligenstadt, Vienna. The painting shows already close ties to the Nazarene movement and thus was inspired by the style ofPietro Perugino andRaphael.[3]
Rome was at that time of fundamental importance not only to artists of all stripes but—as the religious centre of Christianity—especially to artists prepared to re-create a spiritually inspired art, seeking for inspiration in the art of theMiddle Ages and of the earlyRenaissance and living a nearly monastic existence similar to the medieval artist's workshop (with almost entirely Christian patrons), a reason why the artists' group was named according to the medievalguilds of painters orLukasbund(Brotherhood of St Luke). In 1816, Veit joined the brotherhood which inhabited—or had occupied—the abandoned monastery ofSant'Isidoro.[5] Since 1815,Johann Friedrich Overbeck,Peter von Cornelius,Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, and later Veit frescoed a room in the "Casa Bartholdy" calledPalazzo Zuccari on thePincian Hill, which at that time was owned byJakob Salomon Bartholdy, the Prussian Consul-General. The commission was given to Schadow and his young compatriots with the selected subject of Joseph and his brethren. WhileThe Bloody Coat andJoseph in Prison were conferred to Schadow, Veit executedPotiphar's wife and theSeven Years of Great Abundance (in 1867, the frescoes were sold by the Zuccari family to the Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin). In 1817, Veit received the commission for a fresco in the Museo Chiaramonti (part of theVatican, set out in the long loggia which joins the Palace of Belvedere with the Vatican) with the allegorical subject ofThe Triumph of the Religion.[6] A simultaneous replica (executed in oil on canvas) was exhibited in 1819 in the Palazzo Caffarelli on theCapitol Hill and is today part of the collection of the National Gallery in Berlin.[7] Among the frescoes in theCasino Massimo,[8] the second renowned example of composite work of Nazarene art in Rome, Veit executed scenes, e.g., of theParadiso, at the ceiling of the Dante room, afterDante Alighieri'sDivine Comedy.[9] At the same time, around 1824, Veit was commissioned by the canonChristian Leberecht von Ampach to execute a painting with the subject ofChrist at the Mount of Olives (Christus am Ölberg, finished 1825) for the Chapel of the Three Magi (Dreikönigskapelle) atNaumburg Cathedral in Germany.[10] In 1821, Veit had married a young girl, Carolina Pulini (1807–1890), the daughter of his landlord, the sculptor Gioacchino Pulini (1777–1857).[11] Carolina gave birth to five children: 1822 Dorothea, 1824 Theresa, 1826 Franziska, 1828 Maria Benedetta, and 1830 Friedrich.
Still in Rome in 1824, Veit was depicted as a member of German artists' circles inFranz Ludwig Catel's famous group portraitCrown Prince Ludwig in the Spanish Wine Tavern in Rome; Veit is said to be the person sitting between the two standing figures of von Wagner and Dr. Ringseis on the right side of the table. In 1829–30, Veit executed aMaria Immaculata for the Capella Orsini (a northern chapel) ofSanta Trinità dei Monti, moreover the last work of his Roman period, with clear stylistic impact of Raphael and Perugino.
In October 1830, Veit arrived in Frankfurt on Main together with his wife Carolina and their five children. In Frankfurt on Main, where his most important works are preserved at theStädel, he was active from 1830 to 1843 as director of the art collections and as professor of painting. Among his most renowned pupils areAlfred Rethel andEdward von Steinle. Around 1832, Veit decided for the first time to depict subjects of ancient mythology (e.g.Shield of Achilles) on the ceiling of one of the Städel's "Antikensäle". Other decorations for the old Städel building were the frescoesDie Einführung der Künste durch das Christentum in Deutschland (The Arts Being Introduced to Germany by Christianity) with the allegories ofGermania andItalia.[12] Originally, the three-parted fresco adorned the old premises of the Institute in Neue Mainzer Straße. Actually, it displays a conversion scene (through the sermon ofSaint Boniface) in the centre-panel while the allegories ofGermania andItalia on the side panels represent secular and spiritual power.[13] It was removed in 1877 and transferred into the new building. On the occasion of the national assembly of 1848, for whichSaint Paul's Cathedral of Frankfurt on Main was used as an assembly hall, Veit executed a second version of theGermania-painting (oil on canvas) which hung in full view on the wall above the chair people as an appeal to all German states to create a unitary constitution during the first all-German Parliament.[14][15] Between 1840 and 1852, four so-called portraits of German rulers (which were, actually, pictures of Holy Roman emperors) were painted by Veit:Friedrich II. (Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor),Heinrich VII. (Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor),Otto der Große (Otto the Great) andKarl der Große (Charlemagne) as donation for the "Kaisersaal" (Emperor's Hall) in the City Hall of Frankfurt.
From 1853 till his death in 1877 he held the post of director of the municipal gallery inMainz. Like his fellow Nazarenes he was moredraughtsman than painter, and though his sense of colour was stronger than that ofOverbeck orCornelius, his works are generally more of the nature of coloured cartoons than of paintings in the modern sense.[1]
Among Veit's other principal works is hisAssumption in the Frankfurt Cathedral, while theAlte Nationalgalerie of Berlin has his painting ofThe Two Marys at the Sepulchre.[1]Veit died in Mainz.
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Veit, Philipp".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 973.
