Study of stamps and postal history and other related items
ThePenny Red was used in the UK for many years (1841–1879), and comes in hundreds of variations which are subject to detailed study by philatelists.Zeppelin mail fromGibraltar toRio de Janeiro, Brazil via Berlin on the Christmas flight (12th South American flight) of 1934
Philately (/fɪˈlætəli/;fih-LAT-ə-lee) is the study ofpostage stamps andpostal history. It also refers to the collection and appreciation of stamps and other philatelic products.[1] While closely associated withstamp collecting and the study of postage, it is possible to be a philatelist without owning any stamps.[2] For instance, the stamps being studied may be very rare or reside only in museums.
The word "philately" is the English transliteration of the French "philatélie", coined byGeorges Herpin in 1864.[3] Herpin stated that stamps had been collected and studied for the previous six or seven years and a better name was required for the new hobby thantimbromanie (roughly "stamp mania"), which was disliked.[4] The alternative terms "timbromania", "timbrophily", and "timbrology" gradually fell out of use asphilately gained acceptance during the 1860s.[4] Herpin took theGreek root wordφιλ(ο)-phil(o)-, meaning "an attraction or affinity for something", andἀτέλειαateleia, meaning "exempt from duties and taxes", to form theneologism "philatélie".[5]
As a collection field, philately appeared after the introduction of the postage stamps in 1840,[6][7] but did not gain large attraction until the mid-1850s. In the U.S., early collectors of stamps were known as "stamp gatherers". TheUnited States Post Office Department re-issued stamps in 1875 due to public demand for 'old stamps', including those from before theAmerican Civil War.[8] Some authors[7] believe that the first philatelist appeared on the day of the release of the world's first postage stamp, dated to May 6th, 1840, when the Liverson, Denby and Lavie Londonlaw office sent a letter toScotlandfranked with ten uncutPenny Blacks, stamped with thepostmark "LS.6MY6. 1840." In 1992, at an auction inZürich, this envelope was sold for 690,000francs.[9]
Already in 1846, cases of collecting stamps in large numbers were known inEngland. However, without reason for collection, stamps at this time were used for pasting wallpaper. The first philatelist is considered to be apostmaster going by the name Mansen, who lived inParis, and in 1855 had sold his collection, which contained almost all the postage stamps issued by that time. The stamp merchant and second-hand book dealer Edard de Laplante bought it, recognizing the definitive collector's worth of the postage stamp.[10] Due to the boom in popularity and news of this transaction, stamp merchants like Laplante began to emerge.
Towards the end of the 19th century, stamp collecting reached hundreds of thousands of people of all classes. Some countries had collections ofpostage stamps – for example, England,Germany,France,Bavaria, andBulgaria. In countries which held national collections, museums dedicated to the nation's history with philately were founded, and the first such appeared in Germany, France, and Bulgaria. Allegedly, the first of these museums housed the collection of theBritish Museum, curated by MPThomas Tapling and bequeathed to the Museum in 1891. The Museum für Kommunikation Berlin also had an extensive collection of stamps. The largest private collection of the time belonged toPhilipp von Ferrary in Paris.[7]
As the number of postage stamp issues increased every year, collection became progressively difficult. Therefore, from the early 1880s, "collector experts" appeared, specializing their collection to only one part of the world, a group of nations, or even only one.[11]
1960 Soviet stamp marking Collectors' Day: "Philately serves the friendship of peoples."
Philately as one of the most popular types of collecting continued to develop in the 20th century. Along with the "Scott", "Stanley Gibbons", and "Yvert et Tellier" catalogs, the "Zumstein" (first published in Switzerland, 1909), and the"Michel" (first published in Germany, 1910) catalogs began publication.
In 1934, the idea to celebrate an annual Postage Stamp Day was suggested by Hans von Rudolphi, a German philatelist.[12] The idea was adopted rapidly in Germany, and gained later adoption in other countries.Stamp Day is a memorial day established by the postal administration of a country and annually celebrated, which is designed to attract public attention to, popularize the use of, and expand the reach of postal correspondence, and contribute to the development of philately.[7] In 1968,Cuba dedicated a postage stamp for Stamp Day with an image of G. Sciltian's "El filatelista".[13]
In 1926, theFédération Internationale de Philatélie (FIP) was founded, where international philatelic exhibitions have been regularly organized since 1929.[7] The first World Philatelic Exhibition in Prague was held between August and September 1962;[14] in 1976, the FIP brought together national societies from 57 countries, which held over 100 exhibitions, and in 1987, over 60 countries entered the FIP.[7]
Since the middle of the 20th century, philately has become the most widespread field of amateur collecting, which was facilitated by:[11]
significantly expanded postal exchanges between countries,
multicolor series of stamps devoted to history, the most important events of our time, art, fauna, flora, sports, etc. .;
individual stamps,sheets (a sheet with one or more printed stamps and inscription on the margins) and items intended specifically for philatelists;
widespread sale of collection signs of postage (including commissioned ones), albums,stockbooks and other items of philately;
publication of stamp catalogs;
national and international exhibitions organized by philatelic societies, domestic and international exchanges, philatelypropaganda through specialized magazines and otherperiodicals.[15]
Philately magazines, at this time, were published as far east as Poland, and as far west as North America. In Canada,Canadian Stamp News was established in 1976 as an off-shoot toCanadian Coin News, which was launched about a decade earlier.
In the mid-1970s, national philately organizations and associations existed in most countries, and 150–200 million people were involved in philately.[16][6]
Thematic philately, also known as topical philately, is the study of what is depicted on individual stamps. There are hundreds of popular subjects, such as birds, and ships, poets, presidents, monarchs, maps, aircraft, spacecraft, sports, and insects on stamps. Stamps depicted on stamps also constitute a topical area of collecting. Interesting aspects of topical philately include design mistakes and alterations; for instance, the recent editing out of cigarettes from the pictures used for United States stamps, and the stories of how particular images came to be used.
Postal history studies the postal systems and how they operate and, or, the study of postage stamps and covers and associated material illustrating historical episodes of postal systems both before and after the introduction of the adhesive stamps. It includes the study ofpostmarks,post offices,postal authorities, postal rates and regulations and the process by which letters are moved from sender to recipient, including routes and choice of conveyance. A classic example is thePony Express, which was the fastest way to send letters across the United States during the few months that it operated.Covers that can be proven to have been sent by the Pony Express are highly prized by collectors.
Aerophilately is the branch of postal history that specializes in the study ofairmail. Philatelists have observed the development of mail transport by air from its beginning, and all aspects of airmail services have been extensively studied and documented by specialists.
Astrophilately is the branch of postal history that specializes in the study of stamps and postmarked envelopes that are connected to outer space.
Erinnophilia is the study of objects (cinderella stamps) that look like stamps, but are not postage stamps. Examples includeEaster Seals,Christmas Seals, propaganda labels, and so forth.
Philatelic literature documents the results of the philatelic study and includes thousands of books and periodicals.
Revenue philately is the study of stamps used to collect taxes or fees on such things as legal documents, court fees, receipts, tobacco, alcoholic drinks, drugs and medicines, playing cards, hunting licenses and newspapers.
Maximaphily is the study of Maximum Cards. Maximum Cards can be defined as a picture postcard with a postage stamp on the same theme and cancellation, with a maximum concordance between all three.
Letterlocking includes "the process of folding and securing of letter substrates to become their own envelopes" or to create a form of "tamper-evident locking mechanism."[19][20]
Philately uses several tools, includingstamp tongs (a specialized form of tweezers) to safely handle the stamps, a strong magnifying glass and aperforation gauge (odontometer) to measure the perforation gauge of the stamp.
The identification ofwatermarks is equally important and may be done with the naked eye by turning the stamp over or holding it up to the light. If this fails thenwatermark fluid may be used, which "wets" the stamp to reveal the mark.
A largestamp show (philatelic exhibition) at which collectors and dealers meet
Philatelic organizations sprang up soon after people started collecting and studying stamps. They include local, national and international clubs and societies where collectors come together to share the various aspects of their hobby.
Local clubs and societies have been established in many cities of the world. TheInternational Philatelic Federation was formed in 1926 which is originally based in Zürich, Switzerland but is now known to be the world federation for philately.[21]
^A Sharp Eye on collecting US Classics (Sharp Photography Publications, 2021) ASIN B091MBTGJ7(read online)
^Novosylov V. А. (3 November 2008)."The birth of a postage stamp".Acquaintance with philately:The world of philately. Smolensk: The world of st@mps; Union of philatelists of Russia.Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved17 January 2020.
Sefi, A.J.An Introduction to Advanced Philately, with special reference to typical methods of stamp production. London: Rowley & Rowley, 1926 (2nd edition 1932) (Electronic facsimile editionRoyal Philatelic Society London 2010).
