Phil Ochs | |
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.jpg) Ochs outside the offices of theNational Student Association, 1975 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | Philip David Ochs (1940-12-19)December 19, 1940 El Paso, Texas, U.S. |
| Origin | New York City, U.S. |
| Died | April 9, 1976(1976-04-09) (aged 35) Far Rockaway, New York City, U.S. |
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| Works | |
| Years active | 1962–1976 |
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Spouse | |
Philip David Ochs (/ˈoʊks/; December 19, 1940 – April 9, 1976) was an American songwriter,protest singer (or, as he preferred, "topical singer"), andpolitical activist. Ochs was known for his sharp wit, sardonic humor, and political commentary. He wrote about 200 songs in the 1960s and 1970s and released eight albums.[1]
Ochs performed at many political events, including the1968 Democratic National Convention, mass demonstrations sponsored by theNational Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam,civil rights rallies, student events, andorganized labor events. He performed at some benefits for free. Ochs initially described himself as a "left social democrat"[2] but grew more radical after thepolice riots at the 1968 Democratic National Convention.[citation needed]
After years of prolific writing in the 1960s, Ochs' mental stability declined in the 1970s. His mental health problems includeddepression,bipolar disorder, andalcoholism. He died bysuicide on April 9, 1976.
Ochs's influences includedWoody Guthrie,Pete Seeger,Buddy Holly,Elvis Presley,Bob Gibson,Faron Young, andMerle Haggard. His best-known songs include "I Ain't Marching Anymore", "When I'm Gone", "Changes", "Crucifixion", "Draft Dodger Rag", "Love Me, I'm a Liberal", "Outside of a Small Circle of Friends", "Power and the Glory", "There but for Fortune", and "The War Is Over".
Philip David Ochs was born on December 19, 1940,[3] inEl Paso, Texas, to Jacob "Jack" Ochs (August 11, 1909 – April 30, 1963),[4][5] a physician who was born in New York[6] to Polish-Jewish parents, and Gertrude Ochs (née Phin; February 26, 1912 – March 9, 1994),[7] who was born in Scotland[8] to Jewish parents. His parents met and married inEdinburgh where Jack was attending medical school,[9] and afterwards moved to the United States. Ochs grew up with an older sister,Sonia (known as Sonny, born April 12, 1937),[10] and a younger brother,Michael (February 27, 1943 – July 23, 2025).[11][12][13]
After being drafted into the army, Jack was sent overseas near the end of World War II and treated soldiers at theBattle of the Bulge. His war experiences, however, affected his mental health and he received an honorable medical discharge in November 1945.[14] Upon arriving home, Jack was hospitalized forbipolar disorder and depression,[15] and was distant from his wife and children. He was also unable to establish a successful medical practice and instead worked at a series of hospitals around the country.[9] As a result, Ochs and his family moved frequently: first toFar Rockaway, New York, when Ochs was a teenager; then toPerrysburg in western New York, where he first studied music; and then toColumbus, Ohio.[16]
As a teen, Phil Ochs was recognized as a talented clarinet player; in an evaluation, one music instructor wrote: "You have exceptional musical feeling and the ability to transfer it on your instrument is abundant."[17] His musical skills allowed him to play clarinet with the orchestra at theCapital University Conservatory of Music in Ohio, where he rose to the status of principal soloist before he was 16. Although Ochs played classical music, he soon became interested in other music sounds he heard on the radio, such as early rock icons (Buddy Holly and Elvis Presley)[18] and country artists (Merle Haggard, Faron Young,Ernest Tubb,Hank Williams, andJohnny Cash).[19]
Ochs also spent a lot of time at the movies while living in Far Rockaway, as there were three theaters in town. Because his mother did not want to hire a babysitter, she instead gave her sons money and the brothers saw five to six films each week.[20] He especially liked big screen heroes (John Wayne[18] andAudie Murphy[21]) and later developed an interest in movie rebels (Marlon Brando andJames Dean).[22]
From 1956 to 1958, Ochs was a student at theStaunton Military Academy in rural Virginia. After graduating, he returned to Columbus and enrolled atOhio State University.[23] Unhappy after his first quarter, 18-year-old Ochs took a leave of absence and traveled to Florida, where he was jailed for two weeks for sleeping on a park bench in Miami, an incident he would later recall:
Somewhere during the course of those fifteen days I decided to become a writer. My primary thought was journalism ... so in a flash, I decided—I'll be a writer and a major in journalism.[24]
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Ochs returned to Ohio State to study journalism and developed an interest in politics, with a particular interest in theCuban Revolution of 1959. At Ohio State, he metJim Glover, a fellow student who was a devotee offolk music and whose father was a socialist. Glover introduced Ochs to the music ofPete Seeger,Woody Guthrie, andthe Weavers. Glover taught Ochs how to play guitar, and they debated politics.[21] Ochs began writing newspaper articles, often on radical themes. When the student paper refused to publish some of his more radical articles, he started his own underground newspaper calledThe Word, as well as writing for the satire magazine,The Sundial, with classmateR. L. Stine.[25] His two main interests, politics and music, soon merged, and Ochs began writing topical political songs. Ochs and Glover formed a duet called "The Singing Socialists",[26] later renamed "The Sundowners", but the duo broke up before their first professional performance and Glover went toNew York City to become a folksinger.[27]
Ochs's parents and younger brother had moved from Columbus toCleveland, and Ochs started to spend more time there, performing professionally at a local folk club called Farragher's Back Room. He was the opening act for a number of musicians in the summer of 1961, including theSmothers Brothers.[28] Ochs met folk singerBob Gibson that summer as well, and according toDave Van Ronk, Gibson became "the seminal influence" on Ochs' writing.[29] Ochs continued at Ohio State into his senior year, but was bitterly disappointed at not being appointed editor-in-chief of the college newspaper, and dropped out in his last quarter without graduating. He left for New York, as Glover had, to become a folksinger.[30]
In the early 1960s, there was afolk music rebirth in this country with the likes ofPeter, Paul and Mary,Joan Baez,Pete Seeger andBob Dylan. Although his fame was probably limited, Ochs became an integral part of that crowd. His songs "Draft Dodger Rag" and "I Ain't Marching Anymore" became a rallying cry for thepeace movement much the way that Dylan's did.
Ochs arrived in New York City in 1962 and began performing in numerous small folk nightclubs, eventually becoming an integral part of theGreenwich Village folk music scene.[32] He emerged as an unpolished but passionate vocalist who wrote pointed songs about current events: war,civil rights,labor struggles and other topics. While others described his music as "protest songs", Ochs preferred the term "topical songs".[33]
However, in order to get by, in November 1962, Ochs accepted $50 to record a children's album, a collection of traditional popularcampfire songs, titledCamp Favorites (1963).[34] In 1963,Cameo Records released this budget LP.[35] Ochs requested his name not be used and it wasn't until well after his death that its existence became known. The Campers consists of Ochs (who is not credited on the record), an unknown female vocalist and a group of children.[36][37]
Ochs described himself as a "singing journalist",[38] saying he built his songs from stories he read inNewsweek.[39] By the summer of 1963, he was sufficiently well known in folk circles to be invited to sing at theNewport Folk Festival, where he performed "Too Many Martyrs" (co-written with Bob Gibson), "Talking Birmingham Jam", and "Power and the Glory"—his patriotic Guthrie-esque anthem that brought the audience to its feet. Other performers at the 1963 folk festival includedPeter, Paul and Mary,Joan Baez,Bob Dylan, andTom Paxton.[40] Ochs' return appearance at Newport in 1964, where he performed "Draft Dodger Rag," "Talking Vietnam Blues," and other songs, was widely praised.[41] However, he was not invited to appear in 1965, the festival when Dylan famously performed "Maggie's Farm" with an electric guitar. Although many in the folk world decried Dylan's choice, Ochs admired Dylan's courage in defying the folk establishment, and publicly defended him.[42][43]
In 1963, Ochs performed at New York'sCarnegie Hall andTown Hall inhootenannies.[44] He made his first solo appearance at Carnegie Hall in 1966.[45] Throughout his career, Ochs would perform at a wide range of venues, including civil rights rallies, anti-war demonstrations, and concert halls.[46]
Ochs contributed many songs and articles to the influentialBroadside Magazine.[47][48] He recorded his first three albums forElektra Records:All the News That's Fit to Sing (1964),I Ain't Marching Anymore (1965), andPhil Ochs in Concert (1966).[49] Critics wrote that each album was better than its predecessors, and fans seemed to agree; record sales increased with each new release.[50]
On these records, Ochs was accompanied only by an acoustic guitar. The albums contain many of Ochs's topical songs, such as "Too Many Martyrs", "I Ain't Marching Anymore", and "Draft Dodger Rag"; and some musical reinterpretation of older poetry, such as "The Highwayman" (poem byAlfred Noyes) and "The Bells" (poem byEdgar Allan Poe).Phil Ochs in Concert includes some more introspective songs, such as "Changes" and "When I'm Gone".[51][52]
During the early period of his career, Ochs and Bob Dylan had a friendly rivalry. Dylan said of Ochs, "I just can't keep up with Phil—and he's gettin' better and better".[53] On another occasion, when Ochs criticized either "One of Us Must Know (Sooner or Later)" or "Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window?" (sources differ), Dylan threw him out of his limousine, saying, "You're not a folk singer. You're a journalist."[54]
In 1962, Ochs married Alice Skinner, who was pregnant with their daughter Meegan, in aceremony at City Hall withJim Glover as best man andJean Ray as bridesmaid, and witnessed by Dylan's girlfriend at the time,Suze Rotolo.[55][56] Phil and Alice separated in 1965, but they never divorced.[57][58]
Like many people of his generation, Ochs deeply admiredPresident John F. Kennedy, even though he disagreed with him on issues such as theBay of Pigs Invasion, theCuban Missile Crisis, and the growinginvolvement of the United States in the Vietnamese civil war. When Kennedywas assassinated on November 22, 1963, Ochs wept. He told his wife that he thought he was going to die that night. It was the only time she ever saw Ochs cry.[59][60]
Ochs's managers during this part of his career wereAlbert Grossman (who also managed Bob Dylan, Peter, Paul, and Mary and Gordon Lightfoot) followed byArthur Gorson.[61] Gorson had close ties with such groups asAmericans For Democratic Action, theStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, andStudents for a Democratic Society.[62]
Ochs was writing songs at a fast pace. Some of the songs he wrote during this period were held back and recorded on his later albums.[63]
In 1967, Ochs—now managed by his brother Michael—leftElektra Records forA&M Records and moved to Los Angeles, California.[64] He recorded four studio albums for A&M:Pleasures of the Harbor (1967),Tape from California (1968),Rehearsals for Retirement (1969), and the ironically titledGreatest Hits (1970; which actually consisted of all new material).[65] For his A&M albums, Ochs moved away from simply produced solo acoustic guitar performances and experimented with ensemble and even orchestral instrumentation, "baroque-folk",[66] in the hopes of producing a pop-folk hybrid that would be ahit.[67]
CriticRobert Christgau, writing inEsquire ofPleasures of the Harbor in May 1968, did not consider this new direction a good turn. While describing Ochs as "unquestionably a nice guy", he went on to say, "too bad his voice shows an effective range of about half an octave [and] his guitar playing would not suffer much if his right hand were webbed." "Pleasures of the Harbor", Christgau continued, "epitomizes the decadence that has infected pop sinceSgt. Pepper. [The] gaudy musical settings ... inspire nostalgia for the three-chord strum."[68]
With an ironic sense of humor, Ochs included Christgau's "webbed hand" comment in his 1968 songbookThe War is Over on a page titled "The Critics Raved", opposite a full-page picture of Ochs standing in a large metal garbage can.[69] Despite his sense of humor, Ochs was unhappy that his work was not receiving the critical acclaim and popular success he had hoped to achieve.[70] Still, Ochs would joke on the back cover ofGreatest Hits that there were 50 Phil Ochs fans ("50 fans can't be wrong!"), a sarcastic reference to an Elvis Presley album that bragged of50 million Elvis fans.[71]
None of Ochs's songs became hits, although "Outside of a Small Circle of Friends" received a good deal ofairplay. It reached No. 119 onBillboard's national "Hot Prospect" listing before being pulled from some radio stations because of its lyrics, which included "smoking marijuana is more fun than drinking beer".[72] It was the closest Ochs ever came to the Top 40.Joan Baez, however, did have a Top Ten hit in the U.K. in August 1965, reaching No. 8 with her recording of Ochs's song "There but for Fortune",[73][74] which was also nominated for aGrammy Award for "Best Folk Recording".[75] In the U.S. it peaked at No. 50 on theBillboard charts[76]—a good showing, but not a hit.[77]
Although he was trying new things musically, Ochs did not abandon his protest roots. He was profoundly concerned with the escalation of the Vietnam War, performing tirelessly at anti-war rallies across the country. In 1967, he organized two rallies to declare that "The War Is Over"—"Is everybody sick of this stinking war? In that case, friends, do what I and thousands of other Americans have done—declare the war over."[78]—one in Los Angeles in June, the other in New York in November.[79] He continued to write and record anti-war songs, such as "The War Is Over" and "White Boots Marching in a Yellow Land". Other topical songs of this period include "Outside of a Small Circle of Friends", inspired by themurder of Kitty Genovese, who was stabbed to death outside of her New York City apartment building while dozens of her neighbors reportedly ignored her cries for help, and "William Butler Yeats Visits Lincoln Park and Escapes Unscathed", about the despair he felt in the aftermath of the Chicago1968 Democratic National Conventionpolice riot.[80]
Ochs was writing more personal songs as well, such as "Crucifixion", in which he compared the deaths of Jesus Christ and assassinated PresidentJohn F. Kennedy as part of a "cycle of sacrifice" in which people build up heroes and then celebrate their destruction; "Chords of Fame", a warning against the dangers and corruption of fame; "Pleasures of the Harbor", a lyrical portrait of a lonely sailor seeking human connection far from home; and "Boy in Ohio", a plaintive look back at Ochs's childhood in Columbus.[81][82]
A lifelong movie fan, Ochs worked the narratives of justice and rebellion that he had seen in films into his music, describing some of his songs as "cinematic".[83] He was disappointed and bitter when his onetime heroJohn Wayne embraced theVietnam War with what Ochs saw as the blind patriotism of Wayne's 1968 film,The Green Berets:
[H]ere we have John Wayne, who was a major artistic and psychological figure on the American scene, ... who at one point used to make movies of soldiers who had a certain validity, ... a certain sense of honor [about] what the soldier was doing. ... Even if it was a cavalry movie doing a historically dishonorable thing to the Indians, even as there was a feeling of what it meant to be a man, what it meant to have some sense of duty. ... Now today we have the same actor making his new war movie in a war so hopelessly corrupt that, without seeing the movie, I'm sure it is perfectly safe to say that it will be an almost technically-robot-view of soldiery, just by definition of how the whole country has deteriorated. And I think it would make a very interesting double feature to show a good old Wayne movie like, say,She Wore a Yellow Ribbon withThe Green Berets. Because that would make a very striking comment on what has happened to America in general.[84]
Ochs was involved in the creation of theYouth International Party, known as the Yippies, along withJerry Rubin,Abbie Hoffman,Stew Albert, andPaul Krassner.[85] At the same time, Ochs actively supportedEugene McCarthy's more mainstream bid for the1968 Democratic nomination for President, a position at odds with the more radical Yippie point of view.[86][87] Still, Ochs helped plan the Yippies' "Festival of Life" which was to take place at the 1968 Democratic National Convention along with demonstrations by other anti-war groups including theNational Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam.[88]
Despite warnings that there might be trouble, Ochs went to Chicago both as a guest of the McCarthy campaign and to participate in the demonstrations. He performed inLincoln Park,Grant Park, and at theChicago Coliseum, witnessed the violence perpetrated by the Chicago police against the protesters, and was arrested at one point.[89][90] Ochs also purchased the young boar who became known as the Yippie 1968 Presidential candidate "Pigasus the Immortal" from a farm in Illinois.[91][92]
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The events of 1968 – theassassination of Martin Luther King Jr. andof Robert F. Kennedy weeks later, theChicago police riot, and the election ofRichard Nixon – left Ochs feeling disillusioned and depressed.[93] The cover of his 1969 albumRehearsals for Retirement portrayed a tombstone with the words:
PHIL OCHS
(AMERICAN)
BORN: EL PASO, TEXAS, 1940
DIED: CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, 1968[94]
At the trial of theChicago Seven in December 1969, Ochs testified for the defense. His testimony included his recitation of the lyrics to his song "I Ain't Marching Anymore". On his way out of the courthouse, Ochs sang the song for the press corps; to Ochs's amusement, his singing was broadcast that evening byWalter Cronkite on theCBS Evening News.[95]
After the riot in Chicago and the subsequent trial, Ochs changed direction again. The events of 1968 convinced him that the average American was not listening to topical songs or responding to Yippie tactics. Ochs thought that by playing the sort of music that had moved him as a teenager he could speak more directly to the American public.[96]
Ochs turned to his musical roots in country music and early rock and roll.[97] He decided he needed to be "part Elvis Presley and partChe Guevara",[98] so he commissioned agold lamé suit from Elvis Presley's costumerNudie Cohn.[99] Ochs wore the gold suit on the cover of his 1970 album,Greatest Hits, which consisted of new songs largely in rock and country styles.[81][97]
Ochs went on tour wearing the gold suit, backed by a rock band, singing his own material along with medleys of songs by Buddy Holly, Elvis, and Merle Haggard. His fans did not know how to respond. This new Phil Ochs drew a hostile reaction from his audience. Ochs's March 27, 1970, concerts atCarnegie Hall were the most successful, and by the end of that night's second show, Ochs had won over many in the crowd.[18] The show was recorded and released asGunfight at Carnegie Hall.[100]
During this period, Ochs was taking drugs to get through performances. He had been takingValium for years to help control his nerves, and he was also drinking heavily.[101] PianistLincoln Mayorga said of that period, "He was physically abusing himself very badly on that tour. He was drinking a lot of wine and taking uppers. The wine was pulling him one way and the uppers were pulling him another way, and he was kind of a mess. There were so many pharmaceuticals around – so many pills. I'd never seen anything like that."[102] Ochs tried to cut back on the pills, but alcohol remained his drug of choice for the rest of his life.[103][104]
Depressed by his lack of widespread appreciation and suffering fromwriter's block, Ochs did not record any further albums.[105] He slipped deeper into depression and alcoholism.[103][104] His personal problems notwithstanding, Ochs performed at the inaugural benefit forGreenpeace on October 16, 1970, at thePacific Coliseum in Vancouver,British Columbia. Arecording of his performance, along with performances by Joni Mitchell and James Taylor, was released by Greenpeace in 2009.
In August 1971, Ochs went to Chile, whereSalvador Allende, aMarxist, had been democratically elected in the1970 election. There he met Chilean folksingerVíctor Jara, an Allende supporter, and the two became friends. In October, Ochs left Chile to visitArgentina. Later that month, after singing at a political rally inUruguay, he and his American traveling companion David Ifshin were arrested and detained overnight. When the two returned to Argentina, they were arrested as they left the airplane. After a brief stay in an Argentinian prison, Ochs and Ifshin were sent toBolivia via a commercial airliner where authorities were to detain them.[106]
Ifshin had previously been warned by Argentinian leftist friends that when the authorities sent dissidents to Bolivia, they would disappear forever. When the airliner arrived in Bolivia, the American captain of theBraniff International Airways aircraft allowed Ochs and Ifshin to stay on the aircraft and barred Bolivian authorities from entering. The aircraft then flew toPeru where the two disembarked and they were not detained. Fearful that Peruvian authorities might arrest him, Ochs returned to the United States a few days later.[106]
Ochs was having difficulties writing new songs during this period, but he had occasional breakthroughs. He updated his sarcastic song "Here's to the State of Mississippi" as "Here's to the State of Richard Nixon", with cutting lines such as "the speeches of the Spiro are the ravings of a clown", a reference to Nixon's vitriolic vice president,Spiro Agnew—sung as "the speeches of the President are the ravings of a clown" after Agnew's resignation.[107][108][109]
Ochs was personally invited byJohn Lennon to sing at a large benefit at the University of Michigan in December 1971 on behalf ofJohn Sinclair, an activist poet who had been arrested on minor drug charges and given a severe sentence. Ochs performed at theJohn Sinclair Freedom Rally along withStevie Wonder,Allen Ginsberg,David Peel,Abbie Hoffman, and many others. The rally culminated with Lennon andYoko Ono, who were making their first public performance in the United States since the breakup ofthe Beatles.[110]
Although the 1968 election had left him deeply disillusioned, Ochs continued to work for the election campaigns of anti-war candidates, such asGeorge McGovern's unsuccessfulPresidential bid in 1972.[111]
In 1972, Ochs was asked to write the theme song for the filmKansas City Bomber. The task proved difficult, as he struggled to overcome his writer's block. Althoughhis song was not used in the soundtrack, it was released as a single.[112]
In mid-1972, Ochs traveled to Australia and New Zealand[113] and then to Africa the following year, where he visited Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, and South Africa. While visiting Tanzania one night, he was attacked and choked by robbers inDar es Salaam, which damaged his vocal cords, causing a loss of the top three notes in his vocal range.[114] The attack also exacerbated his growing mental problems, and he became increasingly paranoid. Ochs believed the attack may have been arranged by US government agents, perhaps the CIA. Still, he continued his trip, even recording a single in Kenya, "Bwatue".[115]
On September 11, 1973, the Allende government of Chile wasoverthrown in acoup d'état. The court set up by the Chilean military claimed that Allende committed suicide during the bombing of the presidential palace,[116] and singer Victor Jara was rounded up with other professors and students, tortured and murdered.[117] When Ochs heard about the manner in which his friend had been killed, he was outraged and decided to organize a benefit concert to bring to public attention the situation in Chile, and raise funds for the people of Chile. The concert, "An Evening with Salvador Allende", was held on May 9, 1974, at New York City'sFelt Forum, included films of Allende; singers such asPete Seeger,Arlo Guthrie,Dave Van Ronk, and Bob Dylan; and political activists such as formerU.S. Attorney GeneralRamsey Clark. Dylan had agreed to perform at the last minute when he heard that the concert had sold so few tickets that it was in danger of being canceled. Once his participation was announced, the event quickly sold out.[118]
After the Chile benefit, Ochs and Dylan discussed the possibility of a joint concert tour, playing small nightclubs. Nothing came of the Dylan-Ochs plans, but the idea eventually evolved into Dylan'sRolling Thunder Revue.[119]
The Vietnam War ended on April 30, 1975.[120] Ochs planned a final "War Is Over" rally, which was held in New York'sCentral Park on May 11. More than 100,000 people came to hear Ochs, joined byHarry Belafonte,Odetta, Pete Seeger,Paul Simon and others. Ochs and Joan Baez sang a duet of "There but for Fortune" and he closed with his song "The War Is Over".[121]
Ochs's drinking became more and more of a problem, and his behavior became increasingly erratic. He frightened his friends both with his drunken rants about theFBI andCIA and about his claiming to want to have Elvis Presley's managerColonel Tom Parker orKentucky Fried Chicken'sColonel Sanders manage his career.[122]
In mid-1975, Ochs took on the identity of John Butler Train. He told people that Train had murdered Ochs and that he, John Butler Train, had replaced him. Ochs was convinced that someone was trying to kill him, so he carried a weapon at all times: a hammer, a knife, or a lead pipe.[123]
His brother, Michael, attempted to have him committed to apsychiatric hospital. Friends pleaded with him to get help voluntarily. They feared for his safety because he was getting into fights with bar patrons. Unable to pay his rent, he began living on the streets.[124]
After several months, the Train persona faded and Ochs returned, but his talk of suicide disturbed his friends and family. They hoped it was a passing phase, but Ochs was determined.[125] One of his biographers explains Ochs' motivation:
By Phil's thinking, he had died a long time ago: he had died politically in Chicago in 1968 in the violence of the Democratic National Convention; he had died professionally in Africa a few years later when he had been strangled and felt that he could no longer sing; he had died spiritually when Chile had been overthrown and his friend Victor Jara had been brutally murdered; and, finally, he had died psychologically at the hands of John Train.[126]
On Christmas Eve 1975, Ochs visited the apartment ofLarry Sloman and Dave Peller, which he had done semi-frequently near the end of 1975. On this particular evening, Peller recorded Ochs singing ten songs, five of them new and intended for an album that "would be an unflinching narrative of his psychosis over the past year"[127] which went by the working title ofDuels in the Sun. Five other songs were also at some level of completion by this time. A second tape, possibly recorded before Christmas Eve, features additional songs intended for this project.[128] This album would never come to fruition beyond these two recordings.
In January 1976, Ochs moved to Far Rockaway, New York, to live with his sister Sonny. He was lethargic; his only activities were watching television andplaying cards with his nephews. Ochs saw a psychiatrist, who diagnosed him withbipolar disorder. He was prescribed medication, and he told his sister he was taking it.[129] On April 9, 1976, Ochs committed suicide byhanging himself in Sonny's home.[130]
Years after his death, it was revealed that the FBI had a file of nearly 500 pages on Ochs.[131] Much of the information in those files relates to his association withcounterculture figures, protest organizers, musicians, and other people described by the FBI as "subversive".[132] The FBI was often sloppy in collecting information about Ochs: his name was frequently misspelled "Oakes" in their files, and they continued to consider him "potentially dangerous"[133] after his death.[132]
CongresswomanBella Abzug (Democrat from New York), an outspoken anti-war activist who had appeared at the 1975 "War is Over" rally, entered this statement into theCongressional Record on April 29, 1976:
Mr. Speaker, a few weeks ago, a young folksinger whose music personified the protest mood of the 1960s took his own life. Phil Ochs – whose original compositions were compelling moral statements against the war in Southeast Asia – apparently felt that he had run out of words.
While his tragic action was undoubtedly motivated by terrible personal despair, his death is a political as well as an artistic tragedy. I believe it is indicative of the despair many of the activists of the 1960s are experiencing as they perceive a government that continues the distortion of national priorities that is exemplified in the military budget we have before us.
Phil Ochs's poetic pronouncements were part of a larger effort to galvanize his generation into taking action to prevent war, racism, and poverty. He left us a legacy of important songs that continue to be relevant in 1976—even though "the war is over".
Just one year ago—during this week of the anniversary of the end of the Vietnam War—Phil recruited entertainers to appear at the "War is Over" celebration in Central Park, at which I spoke.
It seems particularly appropriate that this week we should commemorate the contributions of this extraordinary young man.[134]
Robert Christgau, who had been so critical ofPleasures of the Harbor and Ochs's guitar skills eight years earlier, wrote warmly of Ochs in his obituary inThe Village Voice. "I came around to liking Phil Ochs's music, guitar included," Christgau wrote. "My affection [for Ochs] no doubt prejudiced me, so it is worth [noting] that many observers who care more for folk music than I do remember both his compositions and his vibrato tenor as close to the peak of the genre."[135]
On May 28, 1976, at New York City'sFelt Forum, a memorial concert was held for Ochs. Spearheaded by Michael and Sonny Ochs, the over six hour concert consisted of performances of Ochs's best known material by many of his peers and influences, includingDave Van Ronk,Pete Seeger,Jim Glover,Jean Ray,Melanie,Bob Gibson,Allen Ginsberg, andPeter Yarrow, with spokenEd Sanders written tributes delivered byJerry Rubin andRamsey Clark.[136]
Almost fifty years after his death, Ochs's songs remain relevant.[137] His work continues to influence singers and fans worldwide, most of whom never saw him perform live. There are mailing lists and online discussion groups dedicated to Ochs and his music;[138][139] websites that have music samples, photographs, and other links;[140][141] and articles and books continue to be written and published about him.[142]
His sister,Sonny Ochs (Tanzman), runs a series of "Phil Ochs Song Nights" with a rotating group of performers who keep Ochs's music and legacy alive by singing his songs in cities across the U.S.[143] His brotherMichael Ochs was a photographic archivist of20th-century music and entertainment personalities; he died in July 2025.[13][144] Gary Stewart at Rhino Records worked with his daughter Meegan Lee Ochs and Michael[145] to produce a box set of Ochs's music titledFarewells & Fantasies, the title of which was taken from Ochs's sign-off on the "postcard" on the back ofTape from California: "Farewells & Fantasies, Folks, P. Ochs".[146][147] Meegan has a son named Caiden Finn Potter, Ochs's only grandchild.[148] Alice Skinner Ochs was a photographer;[149] she died in November 2010.[150]
In February 2009, theNorth American Folk Music and Dance Alliance gave the 2009 Elaine Weissman Lifetime Achievement Award to Ochs.[151]
In September 2014, Meegan Lee Ochs announced that she was donating her father's archives to theWoody Guthrie Center inTulsa, Oklahoma.[152] Included are many of his notebooks, journals, videotapes of his performances, the gold lamé suit, photographs, and other documents and memorabilia that Phil's brotherMichael had preserved since his death.[153]
Ochs's songs have beencovered by scores of performers, includingJoan Baez,Bastro,Cher,Judy Collins,Henry Cow,John Denver,[143]Ani DiFranco,Jad Fair,Ronnie Gilbert,[143]John Wesley Harding,Jason & the Scorchers,[154]Jim and Jean,Daniel Johnston,Jeannie Lewis,[155]Gordon Lightfoot,[143]Melanie,Christy Moore,[156]Morrissey,Pete Seeger,The Shrubs,They Might Be Giants,Eddie Vedder, andthe Weakerthans.[157]Wyclef Jean performed "Here's to the State of Mississippi" in the 2009 documentarySoundtrack for a Revolution.[158]
In 1998, Sliced Bread Records releasedWhat's That I Hear?: The Songs of Phil Ochs, a two-CD set of twenty-eight Ochs songs by singers such asBilly Bragg,John Gorka,Nanci Griffith,Arlo Guthrie,Magpie,Tom Paxton, andPeter Yarrow.[159] The liner notes indicate that all record company profits from the sale of the set were to be divided between theAmerican Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Southern California (ACLU SoCal) andSing Out! magazine;[160] Ochs had performed at the ACLU SoCal Bill of Rights Awards in 1971[161] and his daughter Meegan worked at ACLU SoCal producing that awards event for 32 years ending in 2025.[162][163]
Wood Records released anindie rock/experimental rocktribute album titledPoison Ochs: A Tribute to Phil Ochs in 2003.[164]
In 2005,Kind Of Like Spitting released an album,Learn: The Songs of Phil Ochs, consisting of covers of nine songs written by Ochs, to pay tribute to his music and raise awareness of the artist, whom they felt had been overlooked.[165][166]
Jello Biafra andMojo Nixon, on their albumPrairie Home Invasion, recorded a version of "Love Me, I'm a Liberal" with lyrics updated to theClinton era.[167] Evan Greer, part of the Riot-Folk collective, later updated the song for theGeorge W. Bush era.[168] Ryan Harvey, also part of Riot-Folk, remade "Cops Of The World" with updated lyrics.[169]The Clash used some of the lyrics to "United Fruit" in their song "Up in Heaven (Not Only Here)", which appeared on their 1980 albumSandinista!.[170] During their performance onVH1 Storytellers,Pearl Jam covered "Here's to the State of Mississippi" with updated lyrics to includeJerry Falwell,Dick Cheney,John Roberts,Alberto Gonzales, andGeorge W. Bush.[171] In 2002, with the agreement of Ochs's sister Sonny,Richard Thompson added an extra verse to "I Ain't Marching Anymore" to reflect recent American foreign policy.[172]Jefferson Starship recorded "I Ain't Marching Anymore" with additional lyrics by band memberCathy Richardson for their 2008 releaseJefferson's Tree of Liberty.[173]
Neil Young has cited Ochs as a major influence on his music. In a 1969 interview, Young said, "I really think Phil Ochs is a genius ... he's written fantastic, incredible songs – he's on the same level withDylan in my eyes."[174] In 2013, Young performed "Changes" atFarm Aid[175][176] and included it in his 2014 tour set;[177][178] it also is the lead track onA Letter Home, his 2014 album of covers.[179]
At the2016 Democratic Convention,Lady Gaga sang the Ochs song "The War Is Over" at Camden Rising Concert.[180]
Also in 2016,Richard Barone released his albumSorrows & Promises: Greenwich Village in the 1960s, which includes "When I'm Gone".[181] Barone said of the project: "My favorite artist on the album is Phil Ochs. I grew up with Phil Ochs songs. I love his topical songs–and I also like his songs that are not political. He was always really good no matter what he was doing."[182] On tour, Barone also performed "Changes".[183]
In 2020, Welsh singer-songwriter Martyn Joseph releasedDays of Decision: A Tribute to Phil Ochs containing 14 Ochs covers, as well as liner notes by Ochs' sister, Sonny.[184]
In 2024Phil Odgers andJohn Kettle released an album of 11 Ochs covers called "Far Rockaway".
On learning of Ochs' death, Tom Paxton wrote a song titled "Phil", which he recorded for his 1978 albumHeroes.[185] Ochs is also the subject of "I Dreamed I Saw Phil Ochs Last Night", by Billy Bragg, from his 1990 albumThe Internationale, which was based on theAlfred Hayes/Earl Robinson song "Joe Hill" which Ochs helped popularize.[186][187] Ochs also had his own, different song ("Joe Hill") about the early 20th-century union activist/songwriter. "Thin Wild Mercury," by Peter Cooper andTodd Snider, is about Ochs's infamous clash with Dylan and getting thrown out of Dylan's limo.[188]
Ochs is mentioned in theDar Williams song "All My Heroes Are Dead", theWill Oldham song "Gezundheit", theChumbawamba song "Love Me", and the They Might Be Giants song "The Day".[189] TheJosh Joplin Group recorded a tribute to Ochs on their albumUseful Music.[190]Schooner Fare recorded "Don't Stop To Rest (Song for Phil Ochs)" on their 1981 albumCloser to the Wind.[185]Latin Quarter memorialized him in the song "Phil Ochs" on their albumLong Pig (1993).[191]
John Wesley Harding recorded a song titled "Phil Ochs, Bob Dylan, Steve Goodman, David Blue and Me", the title a reference to the Ochs song "Bach, Beethoven, Mozart and Me".[192] Singer-songwriter Nanci Griffith wrote a song about Phil entitled "Radio Fragile", included in her albumStorms.[193] English folk/punk songwriter Al Baker recorded a song about Ochs entitled "All The News That's Fit To Sing", a reference to the title of Ochs's first album.[189] Cajun musician Vic Sadot wrote a song about Ochs entitled "Broadside Balladeer".[194] Singer-songwriterJen Cass's "Standing In Your Memory", andHarry Chapin's "The Parade's Still Passing By" are tributes to Ochs.Leslie Fish recorded "Chickasaw Mountain", which is dedicated to Ochs, on her 1986 album of that name.[189]
The punk bandSquirrel Bait cited Ochs as a major creative influence in the liner notes of their 1986 albumSkag Heaven, and cover his "Tape From California".[195] The American hardcore punk supergroupHesitation Wounds wrote a song called "P. Ochs (The Death of a Rebel)", which appeared on their self-titled debut EP in 2013.[196] The song's lyrics reference the folk singer's life and suicide.[197] Ochs has also influenced Greek folk-rock songwriters; Dimitris Panagopoulos'Astathis Isoropia (Unstable Equilibrium) (1987) was dedicated to his memory.[185] On the 2005 Kind Of Like Spitting albumIn the Red, songwriter Ben Barnett included his song "Sheriff Ochs", which was inspired by reading a biography of Ochs.[198] On April 9, 2009, Ochs' friendJim Glover performed a tribute to Ochs at Mother's Musical Bakery inSarasota, Florida.[199]
Ochs is also mentioned in songs by other artists including "The Day" from the 1986 self-titledThey Might Be Giants andDavid Bowie's 2013 song "(You Will) Set the World on Fire" onThe Next Day album.[200]
Among Ochs's many admirers were the short story writerBreece D'J Pancake[201] and actorSean Penn.[202] Meegan Lee Ochs, who worked as Sean Penn's personal assistant from 1983 to 1985,[203] wrote in her foreword toFarewells & Fantasies that she and Penn discussed "over many years" the possibility of making a movie about her father;[204] the plan has not yet come to fruition, although Penn expressed an interest in the project as recently as February 2009.[205]
SingerHarry Chapin's song "The Parade's Still Passing By" from his 1976 albumOn the Road to Kingdom Come is dedicated to Ochs and is a response to his dissatisfaction with his lack of chart success and suicide. AuthorJim Carroll's autobiography,The Basketball Diaries (1978), was dedicated in memory of Phil Ochs.[206]
Media professorsPaul Levinson andJoshua Meyrowitz conducted a live "radio documentary" conversation about Ochs, "Life and Death of a 20th Century Troubadour," onWFDU Radio, 7 May 1977.[207][208]
Ochs is mentioned in theStephen King novelsThe Tommyknockers (1987)[209] andHearts in Atlantis (1999).[210] In the 2019 novelRevolutionaries byJoshua Furst, based on the life ofAbbie Hoffman, Ochs appears as a character under his own name.[211]
Michael Korolenko directed the 1984 biographical filmChords of Fame, which featured Bill Burnett as Ochs. The film included interviews with people who had known Ochs, including Yippies Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, manager Harold Leventhal, and Mike Porco, the owner ofGerde's Folk City.Chords of Fame also included performances of Ochs songs by folk musicians who knew him, including Bob Gibson, Pete Seeger, Tom Paxton, Dave Van Ronk, and Eric Andersen.[212]
Filmmaker Ken Bowser directed the documentary filmPhil Ochs: There but for Fortune, which premiered at the 2010Woodstock Film Festival inWoodstock, New York.[213][214][215] Its theatrical run began on January 5, 2011, at the IFC Theater in Greenwich Village, New York City, opening in cities around the US and Canada thereafter.[216] The film features extensive archival footage of Ochs and many pivotal events from the 1960scivil rights andpeace movements, as well as interviews with friends, family and colleagues who knew Ochs through music and politics.[217][218] ThePBSAmerican Masters series opened its 2012 season with an edited version of the film.[219][220]
Experimental filmmakerPhil Solomon named his 2007 experimental filmRehearsals for Retirement after Ochs' 1969 song of the same name.[221]
In the 2011 filmThe Chicago 8 the role of Phil Ochs was played by the actor Steven Schub (lead singer of The Fenwicks and HaSkaLA.)[222]
The 1994 filmSpanking the Monkey makes reference to Ochs and his suicide.[223]
Many of [Ochs'] songs became anthems for the anti-war movement during the turbulent 1960s, and his music continues to influence and inspire songwriters today – 40 years after his death
