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Petroleum engineering is a field ofengineering concerned with the activities related to the production ofhydrocarbons, which can be eithercrude oil ornatural gas or both.[1] Exploration and production are deemed to fall within theupstream sector of the oil and gas industry.Exploration, byearth scientists, and petroleum engineering are the oil and gas industry's two main subsurface disciplines, which focus on maximizing economic recovery of hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs.Petroleum geology andgeophysics focus on provision of a static description of the hydrocarbon reservoir rock, while petroleum engineering focuses on estimation of the recoverable volume of this resource using a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil, water and gas within porous rock at very high pressure.
The combined efforts ofgeologists and petroleum engineers throughout the life of a hydrocarbon accumulation determine the way in which a reservoir is developed and depleted, and usually they have the highest impact on field economics. Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many other related disciplines, such as geophysics, petroleum geology,formation evaluation (well logging),drilling,economics,reservoir simulation,reservoir engineering, well engineering,artificial lift systems, completions andpetroleum production engineering.
Recruitment to the industry has historically been from the disciplines ofphysics,mechanical engineering,chemical engineering andmining engineering. Subsequent development training has usually been done within oil companies.
The profession got its start in 1914 within theAmerican Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME). The first Petroleum Engineering degree was conferred in 1915 by theUniversity of Pittsburgh.[2] Since then, the profession has evolved to solve increasingly difficult situations. Improvements in computer modeling, materials and the application of statistics, probability analysis, and new technologies likehorizontal drilling andenhanced oil recovery, have drastically improved the toolbox of the petroleum engineer in recent decades. Automation,[3] sensors,[4] and robots[5][6] are being used to propel the industry to more efficiency and safety.
Deep-water, arctic and desert conditions are usually contended with. High temperature and high pressure (HTHP) environments have become increasingly commonplace in operations and require the petroleum engineer to be savvy in topics as wide-ranging as thermo-hydraulics, geomechanics, and intelligent systems.
TheSociety of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) is the largestprofessional society for petroleum engineers and publishes much technical information and other resources to support the oil and gas industry. It provides free online education (webinars), mentoring, and access to SPE Connect, an exclusive platform for members to discuss technical issues, best practices, and other topics. SPE members also are able to access the SPE Competency Management Tool to find knowledge and skill strengths and opportunities for growth.[7] SPE publishes peer-reviewed journals, books, and magazines.[8] SPE members receive a complimentary subscription to theJournal of Petroleum Technology and discounts on SPE's other publications.[9] SPE members also receive discounts on registration fees for SPE organized events and training courses.[9] SPE provides scholarships and fellowships to undergraduate and graduate students.
According to the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics, petroleum engineers are required to have a bachelor's degree in engineering, generally a degree focused on petroleum engineering is preferred, but degrees in mechanical, chemical, and civil engineering are satisfactory as well.[10] Petroleum engineering education is available at many universities in theUnited States and throughout the world - primarily in oil producing regions.U.S. News & World Report maintains a list of the Best Undergraduate Petroleum Engineering Programs.[11] SPE and some private companies offer training courses.[12][13][14] Some oil companies have considerable in-house petroleum engineering training classes.[15][16]
Petroleum engineering has historically been one of the highest-paid engineering disciplines, although there is a tendency for mass layoffs when oil prices decline and waves of hiring as prices rise. In 2020, the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported the median pay for petroleum engineers was US$137,330, or roughly $66.02 per hour.[17] The same summary projects there will be 3% job growth in this field from 2019 to 2029.[17]
SPE annually conducts asalary survey. In 2017, SPE reported that the average SPE professional member reported earning US$194,649 (including salary and bonus).[18] The average base pay reported in 2016 was $143,006.[18] Base pay and other compensation was on average was highest in the United States where the base pay was US$174,283. Drilling and production engineers tended to make the best base pay, US$160,026 for drilling engineers and US$158,964 for production engineers. Average base pay ranged from US$96,382-174,283.[19] There are still significant gender pay gaps, plus or minus 5% of the US average pay gap which was 18% difference in 2017.[20][19]
Also in 2016,U.S. News & World Report named petroleum engineering the top college major in terms of highest median annual wages of college-educated workers (age 25–59).[21] The 2010 National Association of Colleges and Employers survey showed petroleum engineers as the highest paid 2010 graduates, at an average annual salary of $125,220.[22] For individuals with experience, salaries can range from $170,000 to $260,000. They make an average of $112,000 a year and about $53.75 per hour. In a 2007 article, Forbes.com reported that petroleum engineering was the 24th best paying job in the United States.[23]
Petroleum engineers divide themselves into several types:[1]
Petroleum Engineering, like most forms of engineering, requires a strong foundation inphysics,chemistry, andmathematics.[24] Other fields pertinent to petroleum engineering includegeology, formation evaluation, fluid flow in porous media, well drilling technology,economics,geostatistics, etc.[24][25]
Geostatistics as applied to petroleum engineering uses statistical analysis to characterize reservoirs and create flow simulations that quantify uncertainties of the location of oil and gas.[26]
Petroleum geology is an interdisciplinary field composed ofgeophysics,geochemistry, andpaleontology.[27] The main focus of petroleum geology is the exploration and appraisal of reservoirs containinghydrocarbons via technical forms of analysis.[27]
Well drilling technology is primarily the focus for drilling engineers. The two forms of well drilling are percussion and rotary drilling, rotary being the most common of the two. An important aspect of drilling is thedrill bit, which creates aborehole of approximately three and a half to thirty inches in diameter. The three classes of drill bits,roller cone, fixed cutter, and hybrid, each use teeth to break up the rock.[28] To optimize drilling efficiency and cost, drilling engineers make use of drilling simulators that allow them to identify drilling conditions.[29] Drilling technologies including horizontal drilling anddirectional drilling have been developed to obtain hydrocarbons profitably fromimpermeable andcoal-bed methane accumulations.
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