Peter de Montfort | |
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.png) Arms of Peter de Montfort:Bendy of eight Or and azure, as shown on theDering Roll (1270/80)[1] | |
| Prolocutor of theEnglish Parliament | |
| In office 1258–1264 | |
| Monarch | Henry III |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1205 |
| Died | 4 August 1265 (aged 59–60) |
| Spouse | Alice Audley |
| Children |
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| Parents |
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Peter de Montfort (orPiers de Montfort) (c. 1205 – 4 August 1265) ofBeaudesert Castle was an English magnate, soldier and diplomat. He is the first person recorded as having presided overParliament as aparlour orprolocutor, an office now known asSpeaker of the House of Commons.[2] He was one of those elected by the barons to represent them during the constitutional crisis withHenry III in 1258. He was later a leading supporter ofSimon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester against the King. Both he and Simon de Montfort were slain at theBattle of Evesham on 4 August 1265.
Peter de Montfort was the son of Thurstan de Montfort (d.1216)[3] by a daughter ofWilliam I de Cantilupe (d.1239) ofAston Cantilupe,Warwickshire,Steward of the Household toKing John.[4][5][6]
Montfort's principal estate was atBeaudesert Castle nearHenley-in-Arden,Warwickshire, said to have been built by an earlier Thurstan de Montfort (died c.1170) on land granted by his great-uncle,Henry de Newburgh, Earl of Warwick; in 1141 Thurstan de Montfort had from theEmpress Maud a charter for a market to be held at the castle every Sunday.[7][8] It is thought to have been Peter de Montfort who walled the innerbailey in stone,[7] work said to have been completed in January 1216.[citation needed]
After his father's death, Peter de Montfort's wardship was granted byKing John to his grandfather,William I de Cantilupe (d.1239),[3] and during that time Montfort developed a lasting friendship with his uncle,Walter de Cantilupe,Bishop of Worcester from 1238 to 1266.[4] In 1236 he made a pilgrimage toSantiago de Compostela in the company of another of his uncles,William II de Cantilupe (d.1251).[3] In 1242 he attendedHenry III on an expedition toPoitou.[3] At some earlier date, he took part in a prohibitedtournament atCambridge, as a result of which the King took his lands from him; they were restored in 1245.[3]
Beaudesert was only nine miles fromKenilworth, which from 1244 on was the base ofSimon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. According to Carpenter, it was likely this proximity which drew Montfort into the Earl's circle.[4] He attested a number of the Earl's charters, and in the early autumn of 1248 was in his retinue while the Earl wasSeneschal inGascony. He had returned to England by 1251, when he was given custody ofHorston Castle inDerbyshire, but by 1253 was back in Gascony.[9]
Montfort accompanied the King's son, the futureEdward I, to Spain when he marriedEleanor of Castile in the summer of 1254,[9] and on 19 September of that year acted as surety atBordeaux for the King's debts. For the next two years he was sent on diplomatic missions byHenry III; however his foreign service appears to have ended in 1257, by which time he was a member of the royal council, had received an appointment in theWelsh Marches,[9][4] and was serving asHigh Sheriff of Staffordshire[10] andShropshire.[citation needed]
In April 1258 he and Simon de Montfort were among the seven magnates who revolted against Henry III (theSecond Barons' War). He and the Earl were also among the twelve magnates who drew up plans for reform (theProvisions of Oxford), and were on the council of fifteen members[11] set up to govern England in the King's name.[4] He presided over a Parliament atOxford in 1258, dubbed the "Mad Parliament" by the King's supporters, and was thus the earliest recorded presiding officer of the Commons, an office later known asSpeaker, but then referred to as 'parlour' or 'prolocutor'.[12] In the autumn of 1259 he was with the King andQueen when they travelled to France to arrange a peace withLouis IX.[13] In the same year he was named an executor of Simon de Montfort's will.[4]
On 12 April 1261, shortly before his death,Pope Alexander IV issued apapal bull which absolved Henry III of the oath he had taken to keep theProvisions of Oxford; when the King made this known in June of that year, Peter de Montfort was one of three arbitrators elected by the barons to negotiate with the King on their behalf.[13] According to Cokayne, Montfort 'was now beginning to associate himself definitely with the baronial party', and as a result, theSheriff of Warwickshire was ordered to prevent him from fortifying Beaudesert Castle.[13] He took part with other barons in attackingWorcester, which fell on 28 February 1263 after several assaults.[13] A temporary peace between the King and the barons was arranged in July of that year, and Montfort was given charge ofCorfe Castle andShirburn Castle.[13]
Simon de Montfort had left England after Henry III's return to power, but was back in the country in April 1263. In March 1264 civil war again broke out, and Peter de Montfort sided with Simon de Montfort against the King.[4] On 2 April 1264 he had a safe conduct toBrackley to meet with Henry III's envoys; however on the following day he and his two sons, Peter and Robert, were atNorthampton Castle when the Keeper surrendered it toSimon de Montfort the Younger.[14] On 5 April the castle was retaken by the King,[4] and Peter de Montfort and his sons were taken prisoner and transported toWindsor.[14] They were released after Simon de Montfort's victory at theBattle of Lewes.[4][14]
During the subsequent dominance of Simon de Montfort, Peter de Montfort became one of a nine-member council forced upon the King in June 1264. Thereafter he played a principal role in the government of the country. On 11 September he was appointed one of the envoys who negotiated the reformation of the English government in the presence of Louis IX of France and thePapal Legate.[14] On 16 November he and his heirs were granted the manor ofGarthorpe, Leicestershire.[4][14] On 20 December he was granted custody ofWhittington Castle andHereford Castle.[14] He accompanied Simon de Montfort when the latter journeyed into Wales, and was joint keeper of the royal seal during that time.[14]
He was with Simon de Montfort in his final campaign, and was slain with him at theBattle of Evesham on 4 August 1265. His two sons, Peter and Robert, who also took part in the battle, were both wounded and taken prisoner.[4][14]
His place of burial is unknown. He was survived by his wife, Alice.[14] His heirs in the male line died out in 1367.[4]
Peter de Montfort's arms wereBendy of eight,Or andazure,[15][16] although a seal of Peter de Montfort shows only bendy of six.[14]
Montfort married Alice Audley, daughter ofHenry Audley, by whom he had two sons, Peter and Robert.[14]
His eldest son, Peter de Montfort (d. before 4 March 1287), succeeded him.[17] On 28 June 1267 he was pardoned by Henry III for 'all trespasses at the time of the disturbance in the kingdom',[17] and eventually recovered part of his father's lands.[17][4] He married Maud de la Mare, daughter of Sir Henry de la Mare (d.1257), ofAshtead,Surrey, by whom he had a son, John, and two daughters,Elizabeth and Alice:[18][19]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)| Political offices | ||
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| Preceded by unknown | Presiding officer of the Commons 1258–1265 | Succeeded by unknown |