| Peter I | |
|---|---|
 Peter represented on a window inChartres Cathedral | |
| Duke of Brittany | |
| Reign | 1213–1221 |
| Predecessor | Alix |
| Successor | John I |
| Co-ruler | Alix |
| Regent of Brittany | |
| Regency | 1221–1237 |
| Monarch | John I |
| Born | c. 1187 |
| Died | 26 May 1250 (aged 63) |
| Spouses |
|
| Issue |
|
| House | Dreux |
| Father | Robert II, Count of Dreux |
| Mother | Yolande de Coucy |
Peter I (French:Pierre;c. 1187 – 26 May 1250), also known asPeter Mauclerc andPeter of Dreux, reigned asDuke of Brittany alongside his wifeAlix from 1213 to 1221, and was regent of theduchy for his minor sonJohn I from 1221 to 1237. As duke he was also 1stEarl of Richmond from 1218 to 1235.
Peter was the second son ofRobert II,Count of Dreux and Yolande de Coucy.[1] The former was in turn the son ofRobert I, Count of Dreux, a younger brother ofLouis VII of France. Peter was thus aCapetian, a second cousin ofLouis VIII of France.
Despite being of royal descent, as the younger son of acadet branch Peter's early prospects were that of a minor noble, with a few scattered fiefs in theÎle-de-France andChampagne. He was initially destined for a career in the clergy, which he later renounced, earning him the nicknameMauclerc (French:mauvais clerc, bad-cleric). He broke the convention of ecclesiastical heraldry by placing on the canton of his paternal arms the ermine, then reserved for the clergy.[citation needed]
In 1212 KingPhilip II of France needed to find a weak and faithful ruler for Brittany. The duchy lay athwart the sea lanes betweenEngland and the English territories inGascony. Furthermore, it bordered onAnjou andNormandy, which the English had lost ten or twelve years before and were eager to recover. It was being ruled with less than a strong hand byGuy of Thouars, as regent for his young daughterAlix. Also worrisome was that Alix's older half-sisterEleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany, was in an English prison.
King Philip thus broke off the betrothal of Alix and the Breton lord Henry of Penthièvre, and turned to his French cousin Peter, then in his early twenties. Peter married Alix, and on 27 January 1213, paid homage to the king for Brittany.
There is some ambiguity regarding whether Peter should be considered duke or count. The duchy was legally held by his wife. The king of France and the Pope (and their courts) always addressed him as count, but Peter in his own charters called himself duke.
In 1214 KingJohn of England had assembled a formidable coalition against theFrench. He landed inPoitou whileOtto IV of Germany prepared to invade from the north. John chased off some French forces in the north of Poitou, and then moved to the southern edge of Brittany, oppositeNantes. Peter drove him off after a brief skirmish but did nothing to hinder John's subsequent movement up theLoire valley where he took a few Breton fortresses and then besiegedLa Roche-aux-Moines. John's Poitevin vassals, however, refused to fight against a French force led byPrince Louis of France. Meanwhile, Otto's army was crushed atBouvines, and the entire invasion foundered.
It is not clear why John attempted to capture Nantes, even less why he would do so the hardest way, via the very well-defended bridge across theLoire. Nor is it clear why Peter declined to harass his forces from the rear as John marched east. A likely explanation is that the two had come to some sort of agreement whereby John would leave Brittany alone for the moment, and in return the Bretons would not hinder him elsewhere.
John had a prize he could dangle in front of Peter: theEarldom of Richmond. This greatEnglish honour had traditionally been held by the dukes of Brittany, and in fact a constant theme in Peter's political affairs was the desire to hold and retain the English revenues fromRichmond.
Peter did not yield to King John's offers to accept the earldom and take up the king's side in his conflicts with the English barons, probably because he deemed John's prospects too uncertain. Moreover, Louis was again fighting against the English. But when Louis was defeated, Peter was sent as one of the negotiators for a peace treaty. After the negotiations were completed (in 1218),William Marshal, the regent for the youngHenry III of England, recognized Peter asEarl of Richmond, in place of Eleanor of Brittany who remained under English imprisonment. The center of the earldom's properties inYorkshire was in the hands of the Earl of Chester, whom the regent could not afford to antagonize, but Peter did receive the properties of the earldom outside of Yorkshire, which in fact generated the bulk of the earldom's income. In 1219 he participated in the capture ofMarmande and the siege of Toulouse during theAlbigensian Crusade.
Peter turned his attention to his next goal. The authority of the dukes of Brittany had traditionally been weak, in comparison to the great peers of northern France. For example, the duke could not limit the building of castles by his counts. Nor did he have the right to guardianship of minor heirs of his vassals. Peter aimed to re-establish his relationship with his vassals (or subjects) more along the lines of what he knew from the Capetian royal court. To that end Peter simply declared new rules by fiat, and then faced the inevitable turmoil that resulted from the reaction of his barons. There followed a series of small civil wars and political maneuverings. In 1222 he suppressed a revolt by Breton barons in the Battle ofChâteaubriant. By 1223, the barons had all acquiesced to the changes or been dispossessed.
The six Breton bishops were the other threat to the ducal power, for they had substantial landholdings (including control of all or part of the few cities in Brittany), and were recalcitrant in the face of Peter's attempts to raise revenues by increasing taxes or simply taking possession of episcopal holdings. For this he was excommunicated for a time in 1219–1221. Peter submitted in the end, but this was not to be the last of his conflict with the bishops.
Peter's wife died on 21 October 1221, leaving behind four young children. She was then only 21, and little is known about her beyond the basic genealogical facts. Her death meant that Peter was no longer duke, although he continued to rule the duchy with undiminished authority, as regent for his son John, then a boy of four or so.
Alix's death changed Peter's goals in two ways. First, he aimed to acquire some additional territory, not part of the duchy, to augment his retirement after his son came of age. Second, there was a strong tradition in France that a minor heir should, when coming of age, have his property in the state it was in when he inherited it. Thus Peter could not now take some risks without fear of harming the prospects of his son.
Peter helped Philip II's successor, Louis VIII, in his fight againstHenry III of England (in the sieges ofNiort andLa Rochelle in 1224).[2] He also accompanied Louis VIII on theAlbigensian Crusade. According toNicholas of Bray, he was present at thesiege of Avignon in June–September.[3] After Louis's death in November, he participated, with CountTheobald IV of Champagne and CountHugh X of La Marche, in rebellions against the regentBlanche of Castile, which lasted from 1227 until 1234.[2]
In 1235 Peter renounced his allegiance to the king of England and suffered forfeiture of his English earldom,[4] while Henry III began to give Eleanor better treatments, granting her the manor of Swaffham from the earldom. However, Pope Gregory IX announced that he only recognized descendants of Peter and Alix legitimate heirs to Brittany; whatever the intention of Henry, Eleanor was after all not restored of any titles nor released from confinement until her death in 1241.
Peter's son John reached the age of majority in 1237. Peter Mauclerc then participated in theBarons' Crusade to theHoly Land in 1239. While there, Peter's troops along with some local knights were attacked by heavily armedMamluk cavalry, firing their bows, but the crusader force managed to outflank and defeat them, taking a few prisoners with them back toJaffa.
In early November, two days into a march fromAcre toAscalon, Peter and his lieutenantRalph of Soissons split off from the main force to conduct a raid. They divided their force in half and each waited in ambush along a possible route for the Muslim caravan which was moving up the Jordan toDamascus. Peter's half clashed with the Muslims outside of a castle, and after some fighting, he sounded his horn to summon Raoul. The Muslims were routed and fled inside the castle, where Peter's men followed them, killed many, took some captives, and seized the booty and edible animals of the caravan.[5] This minor victory would soon be overshadowed by a serious defeat atGaza.
Back in France, he won some success against the English at sea in 1242 and 1243. In 1249, he participated in theSeventh Crusade toEgypt under KingLouis IX. He died at sea before he was able to return home. He was buried inBraine, France.
Peter was married twice:
His first wife wasAlix of Thouars, Duchess of Brittany (1201–1221).[1] Alix and Peter had three children:
His second wife was Marguerite de Montaigu,[7] Lady of Montaigu, Commequiers, La Garnache thenMachecoul, and widow of Hugh I de Thouars (died 1230), a brother to Guy of Thouars; this made Marguerite a paternal line aunt of Alix. They married by 1236, and had no issue.
Peter had an son by a woman called Nicole:[8]
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: McNeill, Ronald John (1911). "Richmond, Earls and Dukes of". InChisholm, Hugh (ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 308.
Peter I, Duke of Brittany Cadet branch of theCapetian dynasty Born: circa 1187 Died: 26 May 1250 | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Duke of Brittany 1213–1221 withAlix | Succeeded by |
| Peerage of England | ||
| Vacant Title last held by Eleanor of Brittany | Earl of Richmond 1218–1235 | Vacant Title next held by Peter of Savoy |
