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| Permic | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | foothills of theUral Mountains inRussia |
| Ethnicity | Permians |
| Linguistic classification | Uralic
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | perm1256 |
 | |
ThePermic orPermian languages are a branch of theUralic language family. They are spoken in several regions to the west of theUral Mountains within theRussian Federation. The total number of speakers is around 950,000, of which around 550,000 speak the most widely spoken language,Udmurt. Like other Uralic languages, the Permic languages are primarily agglutinative and have a rich system of grammatical cases. Unlike many other agglutinative languages, they do not havevowel harmony.[3]
The earliest Permic language to be preserved in writing wasOld Permic or Old Zyryan, in the 14th century.[3]
The extant Permic languages are:
The Permic languages have traditionally been classified asFinno-Permic languages, along with the Finnic, Saami, Mordvin, and Mari languages. The Finno-Permic andUgric languages together made up theFinno-Ugric family. However, this taxonomy has more recently been called into question, and the relationship of the Permic languages to other Uralic languages remains uncertain.[4]
The wordPermian can be traced back philologically to the Russian wordPerem (Перемь) orPerm (Пермь) which is found in medieval Russian chronicles.[5] The word was initially used to designate certain territories, including the lower reaches of theDvina River, as well as the area bounded by thePechora,Vychegda andKama rivers in the north, west and south, and theUrals in the east, which was incorporated into the Russian state in the late 15th century.[5] The wordPermian was then used to designate the non-Russian peoples who lived in there, which mostly included theZyrians, and the Russians later began using the appellationZyrian.[5] From the 19th century, the wordPermian was used in scholarly writing to designate the Zyrians and theUdmurts.[5]
Proto-Uralic word roots have been subject to particularly heavy reduction in the Permic languages.
A peculiarity of Permic is the occurrence of the voiced consonants such as *b, *g word-initially even in inherited vocabulary, apparently a development from original PU voiceless consonants.
The Proto-Permic consonant inventory is reconstructed as:[6][7][8]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c | k |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | |
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡ʃ | t͡ɕ | ||
| voiced | d͡ʒ | d͡ʑ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | s,ʃ | ɕ | ||
| voiced | z,ʒ | ʑ | |||
| Approximant | w,ʋ | l | j,ʎ | ||
| Trill | r | ||||
This inventory is retained nearly unchanged in the modern-day Permic languages.
Komi has merged original*w into/ʋ/ and undergone a word-final a change*l →/ʋ/~/w/ in many dialects, while Udmurt has changed word-initially*r →/d͡ʒ/ or/d͡ʑ/.*ŋ is retained only in some Udmurt dialects; in other Permic varieties it has become/m/ next toback vowels,/n/ next to central vowels,/ɲ/ next tofront vowels.
In later Russian loanwords, the consonants/fxt͡s/ may occur.
The consonant*w was marginal and occurred only word-initially or after a word-initial*k, generally traceable to diphthongization of the close back vowel of the 2nd series.[clarification needed] An exceptional[clarification needed] word is the numeral "six",*kwatʲ, which in Komi is the only native word root with an initial cluster.[9]
LiteraryKomi and literaryUdmurt both possess a seven-vowel system/iɯueəoa/. These are however not related straightforwardly, and numerous additional vowels are required for Proto-Permic, perhaps as many as 15 altogether. The reconstruction of Proto-Permic vocalism and its development fromProto-Uralic has always been a puzzling topic, for which there are several models. There is general agreement on the existence of two series ofclose vowels, one of which results in modern/iɯu/ in literary Udmurt and literary Komi-Zyryan, the other in correspondences of Udmurt/eɯu/ to Komi/eəo/ (but/iʉu/ in theKomi-Yazva language). Proposed distinguishing factors for these include length (*u,*uː),tenseness (*ʊ,*u) andheight (*u,*o).[10]
Here is the vowel table used in Wiktionary:
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
| Close | i | ü | u̇ | u | ||
| Close-Mid | e | ö | ȯ | o | ||
| Mid | ||||||
| Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ̈ | ɔ̇ | ɔ | ||
| Open | ä | a | å | |||
| Vowel correspondences in Permic languages (word-initial syllable) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proto-Permic | Old Komi | Komi-Zyrian | Komi-Permyak | Komi-Yazva | Udmurt | Finnic | notes |
| *a | 𐍐 | а | а | a | а | *a, *ä | |
| *å | 𐍐 | а | а | a | у | *a | |
| *ä | 𐍩 | ӧ | ӧ | ӧ | е | *ä, *e, *i | Dialectally, Udmurt *ä > ӧ |
| *ɔ | 𐍩 | о | о | о | у | *ä, *e, *i, *ö, *ü | |
| *o | 𐍞 | о | о | у | у | *a, *ë, *i, *o, *u | Udmurt *wo- > ва- Beserman *wo- > ўа-Irregularly, Udmurt *o > ы/иIrregularly, Beserman *o > ө |
| *ɛ | 𐍔 | е | е | е | о | *ä, *e, *i (*ö, *ü) | Next to palatals, Udmurt *ɛ > е Irregularly, Udmurt *ɛ > e |
| *e | 𐍱 | е | е | и | о | *ä, *e, *i (*ö, *ü) | Next to palatals, Udmurt *e > е Irregularly, Udmurt *e > e |
| *ɔ̇ | 𐍩 | ӧ | ӧ | ӧ | о | *ä mainly | Before *l, Udmurt *ɔ̇ > а Irregularly, Udmurt *ɔ̇ > а |
| *ȯ | 𐍩 | ӧ | ӧ | ӱ | ӧ | *o, *u mainly | Udmurt unstressed *ȯ > ы Beserman unstressed *ȯ > ө |
| *ɔ̈ | 𐍩 | ӧ | ӧ | ӧ | ӧ | *ö, *ü | Udmurt unstressed *ɔ̈ > у Irregularly, Komi *ɔ̈ > е |
| *ö | 𐍞 | о | о | у | у | *ä, e, i, ö, ü | Beserman *ö > ө |
| *u̇ | 𐍨 | ы | ы | ө | ы | *u, *ü mainly | Beserman *u̇ > ө |
| *i | 𐍙 | и | и | и | и | *i, *e mainly | |
| *u | 𐍣 | у | у | у | у | *a, *o mainly | Irregularly, Udmurt *u > ы/и Irregularly, Beserman *u > ө |
| *ü | 𐍣 | у | у | у | у | *ä, *e *i, *ö, *ü | Beserman *ü > ө Irregularly, Udmurt *u > ы/и |
| Vowel correspondences in Permic languages (non-initial syllable) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proto-Permic | Old Komi | Komi-Zyrian | Komi-Permyak | Komi-Yazva | Udmurt | notes |
| *a | 𐍐 | а | а | a | а / о | |
| *ä | 𐍩 | ӧ | ӧ | ө | е | |
| *i | 𐍙 / 𐍨 | и / ы | и / ы | и / ө | и / ы / у | different realisations in dialectal Udmurt |
Nounroots in the Permic languages are predominantly monosyllabic and invariable with the canonical shape (C)VC. CV roots, such as Udmurt ву /ʋu/, Komi and Permyak ва /ʋa/ 'water', and (C)VCC roots, such as Udmurt урт /urt/, Komi орт /ort/ 'soul', exist as well. In Udmurt, there are furthermore a number of bisyllabic roots, mostly of the shape (C)VCɯ.[11]
In noun roots with certain final clusters, the second consonant surfaces only when followed with a vowel in inflected or derived forms :
| Full cluster | Shortens to | Example |
|---|---|---|
| -nm- | -n | син/ɕin/ 'eye' |
| -pt- | -p | шеп/ʃep/ 'ear of corn' |
| -kt- | -k | кык/kɯk/ '2' |
| -sk- | -s | мус/mus/ 'liver' |
| -ʃk- | -ʃ | мыш/mɯʃ/ 'back' |
| -ɕk- | -ɕ | юсь/juɕ/ 'swan' |
Udmurt has similar alternation for a number of other clusters of the shapevoiced consonant+/m/, while Komi-Zyryan adds a number of clusters of the shapevoiced consonant+/j/.[12]
The verb root for 'to come': Udmurt лыкты-/lɯktɯ-/, Komi локты-/loktɯ-/ also shows alternation to plain /k/ in e.g. the imperative (in Udmurt only dialectally).[13]
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| Samoyedic | |||||||
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