Established in 1691 by the French explorerHenri de Tonti, Peoria is the oldest permanent European settlement in Illinois, according to the Illinois State Archaeological Survey.[9] Originally[vague] known as Fort Clark, it received its current name when theCounty of Peoria was organized in 1825. The city was named after thePeoria people, a member of theIllinois Confederation. On October 16, 1854,Abraham Lincoln madehis Peoria speech against theKansas–Nebraska Act.[10][11] Prior to prohibition, Peoria was the center of the whiskey industry in the United States. More than 12 distilleries operated in Peoria by the end of the 19th century, more than any other city in the U.S.[12]
A major port on theIllinois River, Peoria is a trading and shipping center for a large agricultural area that produces corn, soybeans, and livestock. Although the economy is well diversified, the city's traditional manufacturing industries remain important and produce earthmoving equipment, metal products, lawn-care equipment, labels, steel towers, farm equipment, building materials, steel, wire, and chemicals.[13] Until 2018, Peoria was the global and national headquarters forheavy equipment andengine manufacturerCaterpillar Inc., one of the 30 companies composing theDow Jones Industrial Average, and listed on the Fortune 100; the company relocated its headquarters toDeerfield, Illinois, in 2018, and thenIrving, Texas, in 2022.[14][15]
Peoria is the oldest European settlement in Illinois, as explorers first ventured up the Illinois River from the Mississippi. The lands that eventually would become Peoria were first settled by Europeans in 1680, when French explorersRené-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle andHenri de Tonti constructedFort Crevecoeur.[9] This fort burned to the ground, and in 1813, Fort Clark, Illinois was built. When theCounty of Peoria was organized in 1825, Fort Clark was officially named Peoria.[16]
Peoria was named after thePeoria tribe, a member of theIllinois Confederation. The original meaning of the word is uncertain.[17] A 21st-century proposal suggests a derivation from aProto-Algonquian word meaning "to dream with the help of amanitou."[18] Peoria was incorporated as a village on March 11, 1835. The city did not have a mayor, though they had a village president, Rudolphus Rouse, who served from 1835 to 1836. The first Chief of Police, John B Lishk, was appointed in 1837. The city was incorporated on April 21, 1845. This was the end of a village president and the start of the mayoral system, with the first mayor being William Hale.[19][20][21]Peoria, Arizona, a suburb ofPhoenix, was named after Peoria, Illinois because the two men who founded it in 1890 − Joseph B. Greenhut and Deloss S. Brown − wished to name it after their hometown.[22]
Peoria was significant in the world of bicycle racing during the late 19th century. Held at Lake View Park, its U.S. bicycle racing stop hosted such notable names as Marshall "Major" Taylor, who became world champion. Taylor described Peoria as the "Mecca" for the sport.[23][24] For much of the 20th century, Peoria hosted a red-light district of brothels and bars known as the Merry-Go-Round.[25]Richard Pryor got his start as a performer on North Washington Street in the early 1960s.[26]
In 2021, Rita Ali became Peoria's first female and African American mayor.[27][28][29] Though it had been named one of the fastest-shrinking cities as recently as 2021, later in the 2020s, Peoria became notable for its trend of urbangentrification — still a rarity in many midsized Midwestern cities.TikTok user Angie Ostazewski was profiled in theNew York Times after being credited with convincing upwards of 300 people to relocate to Peoria, using her profile to advertise the city's dining and arts scene and low-priced, historic housing.[30]
April 15, 1926 –Charles Lindbergh's firstair mail route, Contract Air Mail route #2, began running mail fromChicago to Peoria toSpringfield toSt. Louis and back.[34] There is nothing to substantiate the local legend that Lindbergh offered Peoria the chance to sponsor his trans-Atlantic flight and call his plane the "Spirit of Peoria," but he does state that he first pondered the journey after taking off from the Peoria air mail field.[35]
1942 –Penicillium chrysogenum, the fungus originally used to industrially producepenicillin, was first isolated from a moldy cantaloupe found in a grocery store in Peoria.
Local legend is thatTheodore Roosevelt calledGrandview Drive, a street on the bluffs overlooking the Illinois River "the world's most beautiful drive" during his visit in 1910.[36] However, no contemporaneous accounts of this story appeared, even in local papers and histories, for over two decades after it supposedly occurred. A related legend claims that the Peoriaradio station andCBS television affiliate, WMBD, chose its call sign based on this story. In fact, the WMBD letters were assigned randomly and the meaning behind it was invented after the fact in 1927.[37]
According to the 2010 census, Peoria has a total area of 50.23 square miles (130.10 km2), of which 48.01 square miles (124.35 km2) (or 95.58%) is land and 2.22 square miles (5.75 km2) (or 4.42%) is water.[38]
Peoria has ahumid continental climate (KöppenDfa), with cold, snowy winters, and hot, humid summers. Monthly daily mean temperatures range from 22.5 °F (−5.3 °C) to 75.2 °F (24.0 °C). Snowfall is common in the winter, averaging 26.3 inches (67 cm), but this figure varies considerably from year to year. Precipitation, averaging 36 inches (914 mm), peaks in the spring and summer, and is the lowest in winter. Extremes have ranged from −27 °F (−33 °C) in January 1884 to 113 °F (45 °C) in July 1936.[39]
Climate data for Peoria, Illinois (Peoria Int'l), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1883–present
Panorama of downtown Peoria, viewed from across theIllinois River inEast Peoria, in the middle are the Twin Towers, the former Caterpillar World Headquarters Building, and the Associated Bank Building
Peoria, Illinois – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
According to the 2021American Community Survey, Peoria's poverty rate was 19.7 percent.[47] Median household income was estimated to be 53,568 in 2022. Population was estimated to have decreased approximately 1.9% from 113,176 to 111,021 between 2020 and 2022.[47] According to 24/7 Wall St, in 2018 Peoria ranked as the 5th worst city for Black Americans based on income, educational, and unemployment disparities between Black and white residents.[48][49]
As of thecensus[50] of 2010, there were 115,021 people and 47,202 households residing in the city. The population density was 2,543 inhabitants per square mile (982/km2). There were 52,621 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 62.4%White, 26.9% Black orAfrican American, 0.3%Native American, 4.6%Asian, and 3.6% of mixed races.Hispanic orLatino of any race were 4.9% of the population. The city has a sizable, establishedLebanese population with a long history in local business and government.
There were 45,199 households, out of which 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.6% weremarried couples living together, 15.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.5% were non-families. Individuals made up 33.2% of all households, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.04.
The age distribution of city population was the following: 25.7% under the age of 18, 12.0% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $36,397. Theper capita income for the city was $20,512. Some 18.8% of the population was below thepoverty line.
Peoria's first major industry was started in 1830 byJohn Hamlin and John Sharp, who constructed theflour mill onKickapoo Creek.[51] In 1837, another industry was begun with E.F. Nowland's pork planting industry. Many other industries started slowly in Peoria including carriage factories, pottery makers, wholesale warehousing, casting foundries,glucose factories, ice harvesting, and furniture makers. Peoria became the first world leader for distilleries thanks to Andrew Eitle (1837), Almiron S. Cole (1844), and Joseph B. Greenhut.[52][53] Between 1837 and 1919, Peoria held over 24 distilleries and 73 breweries.[54][55] Together, they produced the highest amount of internal revenue tax onalcohol (also known as 'Sin Tax') of any single revenue district in the entire United States; as much as 50% of tax revenue during the Civil War came from Peoria's district, largely due to distilleries and breweries.[55][56] Peoria also was one of the majorbootlegging areas during Prohibition and home to the famed mobsters, theShelton brothers.[57] That great success placed Peoria into a building boom of beautiful private homes, schools, parks, churches, as well as municipal buildings.[53][54]
In addition to the distilleries camefarm machinery manufacturing by William Nurse in 1837.[58] Also, two men called Toby and Anderson brought the steel plow circa 1843, which gained immediate success.[58] The dominant manufacturing companies in Peoria were Kingman Plow Co., Acme Harvester Co., Selby, Starr & Co., and Avery Manufacturing Co.[58][56] In 1889, Keystone Steel & Wire developed the first wire fence and has since been the nation's leading manufacturer.[59][60]
Around the 1880s, businesses such as Rouse Hazard Co. in Peoria, were dealers and importers of bicycles and accessories worldwide.[61]Charles Duryea, one of the cycle manufacturers, developed the first commercially available gasoline-powered automobile in the U.S. in 1893.[62] At the time agricultural implement production declined, which led the earth moving and tractor equipment companies to skyrocket and make Peoria in this field the world leader. In 1925,Caterpillar Tractor Co. was formed from California-based companies, Benjamin Holt Co. and the C.L. Best Tractor Co. Robert G.LeTourneau's earth moving company began its production of new scrapers and dozers in 1935, which evolved into Komatsu-Dresser, Haulpak Division.[63][64] Today, the joint venture betweenKomatsu andDresser Industries has long since passed; Komatsu bought out Dresser in 1996.[56][65] The entity that remains is the off-highway truck manufacturing division forKomatsu America Corporation.[56] In September 2024,Komatsu Limited announced that it was "enhancing its Peoria operations by constructing a new office building that will provide a collaborative space for engineering, sales, manufacturing, management and other functions." The new building is planned to be completed by the end of 2025.
The world headquarters forCaterpillar Inc. was based in Peoria for over 110 years until the company announced it was moving toDeerfield, Illinois in late-2017. It still remains a significant economic driver in the city, and is Peoria's the second-biggest employer.[66]
Health care has become a major part of Peoria's economy. Peoria was ranked as the sixth midsize healthcare hub in the country by Business Facilities in 2021.[67]
Since 2021,OSF HealthCare has been the city's top employer, rising from fourth in 2014. Headquartered in Peoria since its founding in 1877, and it relocated its headquarters to a newly renovated building in downtown Peoria in 2022. In February 2024, OSF Healthcare opened the $250 million OSF HealthCare Cancer Institute. It also includes theChildren's Hospital of Illinois.
In 2023,Carle Health finalized a deal to purchase Methodist and Proctor Hospitals from UnityPoint. It is currently the third-biggest employer in the city, behindOSF HealthCare andCaterpillar Inc.
Northwoods Mall is the largest shopping mall in both Peoria and the Tri-County area.[70] Other retail centers includeThe Shoppes at Grand Prairie,[71] Junction City Shopping Center, Campustown Shopping Center, Sheridan Village, Metro Centre,[72] Willow Knolls Court, and Westlake Shopping Center.
Renaissance Park was originally designated as a research park, originally established in May 2003 as the Peoria Medical and Technology District. It consisted of nine residential neighborhoods,Bradley University, the medical district, and theNational Center for Agricultural Utilization Research. The Peoria NEXT Innovation Center opened in August 2007 and provides both dry and wet labs, as well as conference and office space for emerging start-up companies. Over $2 billion in research is conducted in Peoria annually.[73] While the Renaissance Park research park project never came to full fruition, many of the original ideas from the original Renaissance Park concept still continue on a smaller level via The Renaissance Park Community Association.[74]
Businesses in Peoria with significant presence include:
Caterpillar (until 2017 when its headquarters (approximately 300 positions) moved toDeerfield, Illinois, and then toIrving, Texas in 2022):Heavy equipment andengine manufacturer. Caterpillar still maintains a large working force in the area in management, marketing, IT, engineering and labor union manufacturing, as well as other positions.
CEFCU: Credit union; started by Caterpillar employees; now serves residents of 14 counties in Central Illinois and 3 in California
Komatsu America Corporation: World's second-largest mining equipment manufacturer has a large manufacturing facility in Peoria[75]
Maui Jim: Sunglasses manufacturer headquarters, a subsidiary (as of 2022) of the French company Kering Eyewear.
The Museum Block, also known as Museum Square,[78] is a $100+ million project that contains the Peoria Riverfront Museum[79] and The Caterpillar Experience,[80] a museum and visitor center showcasing Caterpillar past, present, and future.[81] It is located in downtown Peoria along the Illinois River at the site formerly known as the Sears Block or Washington Square.[78][82] The Block broke ground on September 7, 2010[78] and opened in October 2012.[83][84][85][86] The Peoria PlayHouse Children's Museum opened in June 2015 in the Glen Oak Pavilion.[87][88][89]
The Heart of Illinois Fair was established in 1949 and has run annually since.[90] TheSteamboat Classic, held every summer, is the world's largest four-mile (6 km) running race and draws international runners.[91] The Peoria Santa Claus Parade, which started in 1888, is the oldest running holiday parade in the United States.[92]
The Peoria Art Guild, in partnership with the Peoria Park District, hosts the Annual Art Fair, which is continually rated as one of the 100 top art fairs in the nation. The Peoria Park District also partners with a variety of organizations to annually host Fiesta en el Rio, Peoria Irish Fest, River City Soul Fest and Gospel Fest, India Fest, Peoria Irish Fest, and Oktoberfest.
ThePeoria Symphony Orchestra is the 14th oldest in the nation. Peoria is also home to the Peoria Municipal Band, the Peoria Area Civic Chorale, the Youth Music Illinois (formerly known as Central Illinois Youth Symphony), Central Illinois Ballet, and the Peoria Ballet. Several community and professional theaters have their home in and around Peoria, including the Peoria Players, which is the fourth-oldest community theater in the nation and the oldest in Illinois.[93] Corn Stock Theatre is another community theater company in Peoria, and is the only outdoor theater company in Central Illinois.[94]
Peoria has hosted theHeart of Illinois Fair every year since 1949.[95] Thefair features livestock competitions, rides, concessions, motor contests, and concerts.[96][97]
ThePeoria Civic Center includes an arena, convention center, and theater, and opened June 6, 1982, was designed by the famed late architectPhilip Johnson.[98] It completed a $55 million renovation and expansion by 2007.[99]
TheHotel Pere Marquette finished renovations in 2013[100] with a skyway linking to the Peoria Civic Center. A new 10-storyCourtyard has been built adjacent to this hotel, completing a hotel campus for larger conventions.[citation needed] The Civic Center hosts a variety of events in its arena, convention center, and theatre, includingBradley Braves men's basketball,Peoria Rivermen (SPHL), the IHSA State Chess Championship. Which claims to be the largest chess team tournament in the United States: Beginning in 2018, the teams were narrowed to 128 by the use of sectional elimination competitions, and as of 2018[update] the tournament has about 1500 players, including up to 8 players and 4 alternates per team.[101]
Library services in Peoria originated in 1855 with two rival libraries, the Peoria Mercantile Library and the Peoria Library, which consolidated in 1856 as the Peoria City Library, and contained over 1,500 volumes.[102] The Peoria Public Library has five locations, including the Main Library in downtown Peoria, theLincoln Branch, aCarnegie library opened in 1911, the Lakeview Branch, McClure Branch, and North Branch.
Grandview Drive, whichTheodore Roosevelt purportedly called the "world's most beautiful drive" during a 1910 visit,[111][61] runs through both Peoria andPeoria Heights. In addition to Grandview Drive, the Peoria Park District contains 9,000 acres (36 km2) of parks and trails, making it the largest park system in Illinois. The Illinois River Bluff Trail connects four Peoria Park District parks: Camp Wokanda, Robinson Park, Green Valley Camp, and Detweiller Park; the Rock Island Greenway (13 miles) connects the State of Illinois Rock Island trail traveling north to Toulon, IL and also connects southeast to East Peoria, IL and to the Morton Community Bikeway. Other parks include theForest Park Nature Center, which features seven miles of hiking trails through prairie openings and forested woodlands, Glen Oak Park, and Bradley Park, which features disc golf as well as a dog park. Peoria has five publicgolf courses, as well as several private and semi-private golf courses. The Peoria Park District, the first and still largest park district in Illinois, was the 2001 Winner of the National Gold Medal Award for Excellence in Parks and Recreation for Class II Parks.[112]
Various cultural institutions are located in Glen Oak Park. ThePeoria Zoo, formerly Glen Oak Zoo, was expanded and refurbished in recent years. Finished in 2009, the new zoo improvements more than triple the size of the zoo and feature a major African safari exhibit.[113]Luthy Garden, established in 1951, is 5 acres (2.0 ha) and offers over a dozen theme gardens and a Conservatory.[114]
Outline of the Township of the City of Peoria in Peoria County
The Township of the City of Peoria (also City of Peoria Township) is a separate government from the City of Peoria, and performs the functions ofcivil township government in most of the city. The township was created by the Peoria County Board to match the boundaries of the City of Peoria, which until then had overlapped portions of Peoria Township (nowWest Peoria Township) andRichwoods Township.[116] The border of the township grew with the Peoria city limits until 1990, when it was frozen at its current boundaries, containing about 53 sq mi (140 km2);[117] the City of Peoria itself has continued expanding outside the City of Peoria Township borders intoKickapoo,Medina, andRadnor townships. In the years before the freeze, the Township of the City of Peoria had grown to take up most of the former area ofRichwoods and what is nowWest Peoria Township.[citation needed]
Peoria is divided between several publicK-12 school districts:[118]
Peoria Public Schools District 150 is the largest and serves the majority of the city.[118] District 150 schools include dozens of primary and middle schools, as well as three public high schools:Richwoods High School, which hosts the competitive International Baccalaureate Program of study;Manual High School; andPeoria High School (Central), the oldest high school in Illinois.[119][120] At the end of the 2009–2010 school year, a fourth high school,Woodruff High School, closed. Reservoir Gifted School, one of the middle schools in the district, was ranked #5 of all middle schools in Illinois in 2025.[121]
Peoria was also served by Quest Charter Academy, a STEM focused school serving grades 5–12, until the charter school closed its doors at the conclusion of the 2024 school year.[122]
TheRoman Catholic Diocese of Peoria runs six schools in the city: five grade schools andPeoria Notre Dame High School. Non-denominational Peoria Christian School operates a grade school, middle school, and high school. In addition, Concordia Lutheran School, Peoria Academy, Christ Lutheran School,Peoria Hebrew Day School, and several smaller private schools exist.[123]
The area has 14 commercial radio stations with six owners among them; four non-commercial full-power radio stations, each separately owned;[129] five commercial television stations with two operating owners among them;[130] one non-commercial television station;[131] and one daily newspaper (Peoria Journal Star).
NOAA Weather Radio station WXJ71 transmits fromEast Peoria and is licensed to NOAA'sNational Weather Service Central Illinois Weather Forecast Office atLincoln, broadcasting on a frequency of 162.475 mHz (channel 4 on most newer weather radios, and most SAME weather radios). The station activates the SAME tone alarm feature and a 1050 Hz tone activating older radios (except for AMBER Alerts, using the SAME feature only) for hazardous weather and non-weather warnings and emergencies, along with selected weather watches, for the Illinois counties ofFulton,Knox,Marshall,Mason,McLean,Peoria,Stark,Tazewell, andWoodford. Weather permitting, a tone alarm test of both the SAME and 1050 Hz tone features are conducted every Wednesday between 11 AM and noon.[132]
The health-care industry accounts for at least 25% of Peoria's economy.[citation needed] The city has three major hospitals:OSF Saint Francis Medical Center (the area's Level I adult trauma center), Carle Health Peoria – Methodist (a level II adult trauma center), and Carle Health Peoria – Proctor. In addition, theChildren's Hospital of Illinois (a part of OSF Saint Francis, and the area's Level I pediatric trauma center), theUniversity of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, and the Midwest Affiliate ofSt. Jude Children's Research Hospital are located in the city. The hospitals are all located in a medical district around the junction ofInterstate 74 andKnoxville Avenue, adjacent to downtown in the southeast of the city, except for Carle Health Peoria – Proctor, which is in the geographic center of the city. The surrounding towns are also supported by Carle Health Peoria - Pekin Hospital inPekin, Illinois, Advocate Eureka Hospital inEureka, Illinois, and the Hopedale Medical Complex Hospital and Nursing Home inHopedale, Illinois. TheInstitute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation was created from the "Peoria Plan for Human Rehabilitation," a model for medical and occupational rehabilitation launched in 1943 to integrate returning World War II veterans back into the workplace.
From 2004 to 2006, Interstate 74 between Interstate 474 on the west andIllinois Route 8 on the east was reconstructed as part of theUpgrade 74 project.[133] In addition,U.S. Route 150 serves as the main arterial for the northern portion of the Peoria area, becoming War Memorial Drive before heading west towards Kickapoo. It enters from theMcClugage Bridge; east of the bridge, then runs southeast toMorton.U.S. Route 24 runs concurrently with Interstate 474 in the southwest portion of the city.
Illinois Route 6 runs along the northwestern portion of the city as an extension of I-474. It is a four-lane freeway that runs from the I-74/474 intersection northeast to Illinois Route 29 south ofChillicothe. It is marked as a north–south road.
Illinois Route 8 roughly parallels I-74 to the south. It enters Peoria fromElmwood and runs southeast through the city, passing just southwest of the downtown area. Illinois 8 crosses into East Peoria via theCedar Street Bridge with 116. Illinois 8 is marked as an east–west road.
Illinois Route 29 runs through Peoria along the Illinois River from Chillicothe through downtown Peoria. It then joins Interstate 74 across the Murray Baker Bridge. Illinois 29 is marked as a north–south road, and is called Galena Road north of U.S. 150.
Illinois Route 40 (formerly 88) enters Peoria from the north as Knoxville Avenue. It runs south through the center of the city and exits southeast over theBob Michel Bridge. Illinois 40 is marked as a north–south road.
Illinois Route 91 briefly enters Peoria at the intersection with U.S. 150 in the far northwestern portion of the city. Traffic on Illinois 91 mainly accessesThe Shoppes at Grand Prairie,[134] or continues to Dunlap.
Illinois Route 116 enters from the west atBellevue. It runs directly east and crosses into East Peoria over the Cedar Street Bridge.
The plannedIllinois Route 336 project will also connect Illinois 336 with I-474 between Illinois 8 and Illinois 116. Construction on the segment nearest Peoria has not started, nor has funding been allocated.
Several Midwestern railroads servedPeoria Union Station until 1955. TheRock Island Railroad operated trains into itsRock Island Depot until 1978, when it discontinued thePeoria Rocket.East Peoria was served by Amtrak'sPrairie Marksman (Chicago–East Peoria) until 1981. Peoria is currently the second largest city in Illinois without passenger rail service; the closest passenger stations areGalesburg (served byAmtrak's Chicago–Los AngelesSouthwest Chief) andBloomington (served by Amtrak's Chicago-St. LouisLincoln Service). A study of East Peoria–Bloomington passenger rail service was published in 2011. Plans for the proposed service, which would have connected with Amtrak'sLincoln Service at Bloomington, were abandoned due to financial considerations.[137]
A study of Peoria–Chicago passenger rail service was published in July 2022. The study, conducted byIDOT at the request of a Passenger Rail Committee established in August 2021, estimated that startup costs for the proposed service would be $2.54 billion. The service would be operated by Amtrak and would have intermediate stops at LaSalle-Peru,Utica,Ottawa,Morris, andJoliet. The trip between Peoria and Chicago would take about2+1⁄2 hours. Committee members, who met with federal transportation officials and Amtrak's CEO, were hopeful about securing funding.[137]
The theme of Peoria as the archetypal example ofmiddle American culture runs throughout American culture, appearing in movies and books, on television and radio, and in countless advertisements as either a filler place name or the representative of mainstream taste, hence the phrase "Will it play in Peoria?"[144][145][146]
The first level of the classic arcade game Rampage is set in Peoria.
Mudvayne, an alternative metal band, was founded in Peoria in 1996. Published posthumously in 2011,David Foster Wallace's unfinished novelThe Pale King features vignettes based in Peoria.
^Scheetz, George H. "Peoria." InPlace Names in the Midwestern United States. Edited by Edward Callary. (Studies in Onomastics; 1.) Mellen Press, 2000.ISBN0-7734-7723-3
^Edward Callary,Place Names of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2009),p. 273.
^Taylor, Marshall "Major" W. (1928).The Fastest Bicycle Rider in the World: The Story of a Colored Boy's Indomitable Courage and Success Against Great Odds: An Autobiography. Worcester, Massachusetts: The Commonwealth Press.ISBN0836989104.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^Knight, Bill (September 27, 2018).""Peoria War" changed history".The Community Word.Archived from the original on October 7, 2023. RetrievedSeptember 17, 2023.
^"Station: Peoria GTR Peoria AP, IL".U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. RetrievedJuly 14, 2021.
^Peoria Push Roller Derby 2010-2016 (January 1, 2017)."Facebook post".www.facebook.com.Archived from the original on October 11, 2023. RetrievedOctober 7, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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