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People's republic

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Title used by some republican states
This article is about an official title used by several countries. For the state form, seePeople's democratic state. For the album by the Revolutionary Ensemble, seeThe People's Republic (album). For the novel by Robert Muchamore, seePeople's Republic (novel). For the current largest people's republic, seeChina.
Map of states using the namepeople's republic:
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People's republic is an official title that is mostly used by current and formercommunist states, as well as otherleft-wing governments.[1] It is mainly associated withsoviet republics,communist states that self-designate aspeople's democratic states,sovereign states with ademocratic-republicanconstitution that usually mentionssocialism, as well as some countries that do not fit into any of these categories.

A number of the short-lived socialist states that formed duringWorld War I andits aftermath called themselves people's republics. Many of these sprang up in the territory of the formerRussian Empire, which had collapsed in 1917 as a result of theRussian Revolution. Decades later, following theAllied victory inWorld War II, the name "people's republic" was adopted by some of the newly establishedMarxist–Leninist states, mainly within theSoviet Union'sEastern Bloc.

As a term,people's republic is associated withsocialist states as well ascommunist countries adhering toMarxism–Leninism, although its use is not unique to such states. A number of republics withliberal democratic political systems such asAlgeria andBangladesh adopted the title, given its rather generic nature, after popularwars of independence. Nonetheless, such countries still usuallymention socialism in their constitutions.[citation needed]

Non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics

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The collapse of the European empires during and following World War I resulted in the creation of a number of short-lived non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics during therevolutions of 1917–1923. In many cases, these governments were unrecognised and often had Marxist–Leninist rivals.

The Russian Empire produced several non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics after theOctober Revolution. TheCrimean People's Republic was opposed to theBolsheviks and the latter went on to capture its territory and establish theTaurida Soviet Socialist Republic.[2] The anti-BolshevikKuban People's Republic was established in Russia'sKuban region and survived until theRed Army captured the area.[3] The socialist-leaningUkrainian People's Republic declared its independence from theRussian Republic, but it had a rival in theUkrainian People's Republic of Soviets (later theUkrainian Soviet Republic) whom it fought during theUkrainian War of Independence.[4] TheBelarusian People's Republic tried to create an independentBelarusian state in land controlled by theGerman Imperial Army, but theSocialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia replaced it once the German army had left. All of these territories finally became constituent parts of theSoviet Union.[5]

In the formerAustro-Hungarian Empire, theWest Ukrainian People's Republic was formed in easternGalicia under the political guidance ofGreek Catholic, liberal and socialist ideologies. The territory was subsequently absorbed into theSecond Polish Republic.[6] Meanwhile, theHungarian People's Republic was established, briefly replaced by theHungarian Soviet Republic and eventually succeeded by theKingdom of Hungary.[7]

In Germany, thePeople's State of Bavaria (German:Volksstaat Bayern)[a] was a short-lived socialist state and people's republic formed inBavaria during theGerman Revolution of 1918–1919 as an attempt to establish a socialist state to replace theKingdom of Bavaria. Its supporters clashed with theBavarian Soviet Republic, founded five months later, before revolutionary activity was put down by elements of theGerman Army and the paramilitaryFreikorps. TheFree State of Bavaria, a state within theWeimar Republic, was then established on 15 September 1919.[8]

During the 1960s and 1970s, a number of former colonies that had gained independence through revolutionary liberation struggles adopted the name people's republic. Examples includeAlgeria,[9]Bangladesh[10] andZanzibar.[11]Libya adopted the term[b] after itsAl Fateh Revolution againstKing Idris.[12]

In the 2010s, Ukraine's pro-Russian separatist movements during theRusso-Ukrainian War declared the oblasts ofDonetsk andLuhansk to be people's republics, but they did not receivediplomatic recognition from the international community.[13] In 2022 amid an ongoinginvasion of Ukraine theywere annexed by Russia.[14]

List of non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics

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Current non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics include:

Historical people's republics include:

Marxist–Leninist people's republics

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Main article:People's democratic state
Part ofa series on
Socialism
Part ofa series on
Marxism–Leninism

The first people's republics that came into existence were those formed following theRussian Revolution.Ukraine was briefly declared a people's republic in 1917.[15] TheKhanate of Khiva[16] and theEmirate of Bukhara,[17] both territories of the formerRussian Empire, were transformed into people's republics in 1920. In 1921, the Russian protectorate ofTuva became a people's republic,[18] followed in 1924 by neighbouringMongolia.[19] FollowingWorld War II, developments inMarxist–Leninist theory led to the appearance of people's democracy, a concept which potentially allowed for a route tosocialism anddictatorship of the proletariat via multi-class,multi-party democracy. Countries which had reached this intermediate stage were called people's republics.[20] The European states that became people's republics at this time wereAlbania,[21]Bulgaria,[22]Czechoslovakia,[23]Hungary,[24]Poland,[25]Romania[26] andYugoslavia.[27] In Asia,China became a people's republic following theChinese Communist Revolution,[28] andNorth Korea also became a people's republic.[29]

Many of these countries also called themselvessocialist states in their constitutions. During the 1960s, Romania and Yugoslavia ceased to use the termpeople's in their official names, replacing it with the termsocialist as a mark of their ongoing political development. Czechoslovakia also added the termsocialist into its name during this period. It had become a people's republic in 1948, but the country had not used that term in its official name.[30] Albania used both terms in its official name from 1976 to 1991.[31] In the West, these countries are often referred to ascommunist states. However, none of them described themselves in that way, as they regardedcommunism as a level of political development that they had not yet reached.[32][33][34][35] Terms used by communist states includenational-democratic,people's democratic,socialist-oriented andworkers and peasants' states.[36] Thecommunist parties in these countries often governed in coalition with otherprogressive parties.[37]

During thepostcolonial period, a number of former European colonies that had achieved independence and adopted Marxist–Leninist governments took the namepeople's republic.Angola,[38]Benin,Congo-Brazzaville,[39]Ethiopia,[40]Cambodia,[41]Laos,[42]Mozambique[43] andSouth Yemen[44] followed this route. Following theRevolutions of 1989, the people's republics ofCentral and Eastern Europe (namely Albania,[45] Bulgaria,[46] Hungary,[47] and Poland[48]), as well asMongolia,[49] dropped the termpeople's from their names due to the term's association with their former communist governments, and became known simply asrepublics, adoptingliberal democracy as their system of government.[50] At around the same time, most of the former European colonies that had taken thepeople's republic name began to replace it as part of their move away from Marxism–Leninism and towardsdemocratic socialism orsocial democracy.[51][52]

List of Marxist–Leninist people's republics

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The current officially Marxist–Leninist states that use the termpeople's republic in their full names include:

Historical examples include:


Other titles commonly used by Marxist–Leninist and socialist states aredemocratic republic (e.g. theGerman Democratic Republic, theSomali Democratic Republic, or theDemocratic Federal Yugoslavia between 1943 and 1946) andsocialist republic (e.g. theCzechoslovak Socialist Republic and theSocialist Republic of Vietnam).

21st century

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Presently five countries use the phrasePeople's Republic in their official names:

Other uses

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As a term,people's republic is sometimes used by critics and satirists to describe areas perceived to be dominated byleft-wing politics, such as thePeople's Republic of South Yorkshire.[56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Referred to as theFree People's State of Bavaria (German:Freier Volksstaat Bayern), or later simply asFreistaat Bayern (the present-day official name ofBavaria), the name of the state has also been translated as theBavarian Republic and thePeople's Republic of Bavaria. For further discussion of the termsFreistaat andVolksstaat (de), seeFree state (Germany).
  2. ^The Arabic word translated as republic isJamahiriya, a neologism widely interpreted to mean "state of the masses".
  3. ^Although the government's official ideology is now theJuche part of theKimilsungism–Kimjongilism policy ofKim Il Sung as opposed to orthodoxMarxism–Leninism, it is still considered asocialist state. In 1992, all references to Marxism–Leninism in theConstitution of North Korea were dropped and replaced withJuche.[53] In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that not only did it remove all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, but it also dropped all reference tocommunism.[54] However, according toNorth Korea: A Country Study by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start ofde-Stalinisation in the Soviet Union and it has been totally replaced byJuche from at least 1974 onwards.[55]

References

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  1. ^"People's Republic".Oxford Dictionaries. Archived fromthe original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved2 January 2020.[People's Republic –] Used in the official title of several present or former communist or left-wing states.
  2. ^Magocsi, Paul R. (2010).A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples. University of Toronto Press. pp. 545–6.ISBN 9781442610217.
  3. ^Smele, Jonathan D. (2015).Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest. Vol. 2. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 636.ISBN 9781442252813.
  4. ^Herb, Guntram H.; Kaplan, David H. (2008).Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview. ABC-CLIO. p. 713.ISBN 9781851099085.
  5. ^Smele 2015, p. 183.
  6. ^Smele 2015, pp. 1309–1310.
  7. ^Plaček, Michal; Ochrana, František; Půček, Milan Jan; Nemec, Juraj (2020).Fiscal Decentralization Reforms: The Impact on the Efficiency of Local Governments in Central and Eastern Europe. Public Administration, Governance and Globalization. Vol. 19. Springer Nature. p. 73.ISBN 9783030467586.
  8. ^Merz, Johannes (1997)."'Freistaat Bayern': Metamorphosen eines Staatsnamen"(PDF).Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (in German).45:121–142. Retrieved5 August 2020.
  9. ^Byrne, Jeffrey James (2016).Meca of Revolution: Algeria, Decolonization, and the Third World Order. Oxford studies in international history. Oxford University Press. p. 2.ISBN 9780199899142.
  10. ^Obaidullah, A. T. M. (2018).Institutionalization of the Parliament in Bangladesh. Springer. p. 21.ISBN 9789811053177.
  11. ^Massey, A. (2011).International Handbook on Civil Service Systems. Elgar Original Reference Series. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 178.ISBN 9781781001080.
  12. ^St John, Ronald Bruce (2015).Libya: Continuity and Change. Routledge. p. 60.ISBN 9781135036546.
  13. ^Luhn, Alec (6 November 2014)."Ukraine's rebel 'people's republics' begin work of building new states".The Guardian. Retrieved17 February 2020.
  14. ^Trevelyan, Mark (30 September 2022)."Putin declares annexation of Ukrainian lands in Kremlin ceremony".Reuters. Retrieved12 July 2024.
  15. ^Åslund, Anders (2009).How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy. Peterson Institute. p. 12.ISBN 9780881325461.
  16. ^Minahan, James (2013).Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States. Routledge. p. 296.ISBN 9781135940102.
  17. ^Tunçer-Kılavuz, Idil (2014).Power, Networks and Violent Conflict in Central Asia: A Comparison of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Routledge advances in Central Asian studies. Vol. 5. Routledge. p. 53.ISBN 9781317805113.
  18. ^Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2009).Mongolic Elements in Tuvan. Turcologica Series. Vol. 81. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 21.ISBN 9783447060950.
  19. ^Macdonald, Fiona; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2004).Peoples of Eastern Asia. Vol. 8: Mongolia–Nepal. Marshall Cavendish. p. 413.ISBN 9780761475477.
  20. ^White, Stephen (2002).Communism and Its Collapse. Routledge. p. 13.ISBN 9781134694235.
  21. ^Gjevori, Elvin (2018).Democratisation and Institutional Reform in Albania. Springer. p. 21.ISBN 9783319730714.
  22. ^Stankova, Marietta (2014).Bulgaria in British Foreign Policy, 1943–1949. Anthem Series on Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies. Anthem Press. p. 148.ISBN 9781783082353.
  23. ^Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand; Mansfeldová, Zdenka (2001). "Chapter 5: Czech Republic". In Blondel, Jean; Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand (eds.).Cabinets in Eastern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 62.doi:10.1057/9781403905215_6.ISBN 978-1-349-41148-1.
  24. ^Hajdú, József (2011).Labour Law in Hungary. Kluwer Law International. p. 27.ISBN 9789041137920.
  25. ^Frankowski, Stanisław; Stephan, Paul B. (1995).Legal Reform in Post-Communist Europe: The View from Within. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 23.ISBN 9780792332183.
  26. ^Paquette, Laure (2001).NATO and Eastern Europe After 2000: Strategic Interactions with Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania, and Bulgaria. Nova. p. 55.ISBN 9781560729693.
  27. ^Lampe, John R. (2000).Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country. Cambridge University Press. p. 233.ISBN 9780521774017.
  28. ^"The Chinese Revolution of 1949".Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs. United States Department of State.
  29. ^Kihl, Young Whan; Kim, Hong Nack (2014).North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival. Routledge. p. 8.ISBN 9781317463764.
  30. ^Webb, Adrian (2008).The Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe Since 1919. Routledge Companions to History. Routledge. pp. 80, 88.ISBN 9781134065219.
  31. ^Da Graça, John V (2000).Heads of State and Government (2nd ed.). St. Martin's Press. p. 56.ISBN 978-1-56159-269-2.
  32. ^Wilczynski, J. (2008).The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945-1990. Aldine Transaction. p. 21.ISBN 978-0202362281.Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State.
  33. ^Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999).From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. p. 45.ISBN 978-0875484495.Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all.
  34. ^Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. (23 July 2003).Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. pp. 14.ISBN 978-0262182348.Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism.
  35. ^Williams, Raymond (1983)."Socialism".Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (revised ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 289.ISBN 978-0-19-520469-8.The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism.
  36. ^Nation, R. Craig (1992).Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1991. Cornell University Press. pp. 85–6.ISBN 978-0801480072. Retrieved19 December 2014.
  37. ^Wegs, J. Robert (1996).Europe Since 1945: A Concise History. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 28–29.ISBN 9781349140527.[permanent dead link]
  38. ^"Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola".Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  39. ^Hughes, Arnold (2015).Marxism's Retreat from Africa. Routledge. pp. 10–11.ISBN 9781317482369.
  40. ^Shinn, David H.; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2013).Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. Scarecrow Press. p. 105.ISBN 9780810874572.
  41. ^Schliesinger, Joachim (2015).Ethnic Groups of Cambodia. Vol. 1: Introduction and Overview. Booksmango. p. 75.ISBN 9781633232327.
  42. ^Anderson, Ewan W. (2014).Global Geopolitical Flashpoints: An Atlas of Conflict. Routledge. p. 194.ISBN 9781135940942.
  43. ^Wilczynski, Jozef (1981).An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Marxism, Socialism and Communism. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 318.ISBN 9781349058068.[permanent dead link]
  44. ^Busky, Donald F. (2002).Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 73.ISBN 9780275977337.
  45. ^Europe Review 2003/04: The Economic and Business Report. World of Information. Kogan Page Publishers. 2003. p. 3.ISBN 9780749440671.
  46. ^Dimitrov, Vesselin (2013).Bulgaria: The Uneven Transition. Postcommunist States and Nations. Routledge. p. ix.ISBN 9781135136772.
  47. ^Yup, Xing (2017).Language and State: An Inquiry Into the Progress of Civilization. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 138.ISBN 9780761869047.
  48. ^"Polska. Historia".Internetowa encyklopedia PWN [PWN Internet Encyklopedia] (in Polish). Archived fromthe original on 1 October 2006. Retrieved11 July 2005.
  49. ^Bulag, Uradyn E. (2010).Collaborative Nationalism: The Politics of Friendship on China's Mongolian Frontier. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 65.ISBN 9781442204331.
  50. ^Rupnik, Jacques (July 2018)."Explaining Eastern Europe: The Crisis of Liberalism".Journal of Democracy.29 (3). National Endowment for Democracy and Johns Hopkins University Press:24–38.doi:10.1353/jod.2018.0042.S2CID 158078514.
  51. ^Sargent, Lyman Tower (2008).Contemporary Political Ideologies: A Comparative Analysis (14th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing. p. 117.ISBN 9780495569398.Because many communists now call themselves democratic socialists, it is sometimes difficult to know what a political label really means. As a result, social democratic has become a common new label for democratic socialist political parties.
  52. ^Lamb, Peter (2015).Historical Dictionary of Socialism (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 415.ISBN 9781442258266.In the 1990s, following the collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the breakup of the Soviet Union, social democracy was adopted by some of the old communist parties. Hence, parties such as the Czech Social Democratic Party, the Bulgarian Social Democrats, the Estonian Social Democratic Party, and the Romanian Social Democratic Party, among others, achieved varying degrees of electoral success. Similar processes took place in Africa as the old communist parties were transformed into social democratic ones, even though they retained their traditional titles [...].
  53. ^Dae-Kyu, Yoon (January 2003)."The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications".Fordham International Law Journal.27 (4):1289–1305. Retrieved17 February 2020.
  54. ^Petrov, Leonid (11 October 2009)."DPRK has quietly amended its Constitution".Leonid Petrov's Korea Vision. Blogger. Retrieved17 February 2020.
  55. ^Worden, Robert L. (2008).North Korea: A Country Study(PDF) (5th ed.). Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress. p. 206.ISBN 978-0-8444-1188-0.
  56. ^"People's Republic, the". The Hub. 10 November 2003. Retrieved2 January 2020.
  57. ^Caruba, Alan (28 June 2004)."Welcome to the People's Republic of New Jersey".Enter Stage Right. Retrieved2 January 2020.
  58. ^Reinink, Amy (16 September 2011)."Takoma Park".The Washington Post. Retrieved2 January 2020.
  59. ^Hedgecock, Roger (14 October 2011)."Dispatch From the People's Republic of California".Human Events. Townhall Media. Archived fromthe original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved2 January 2020.
  60. ^"Polarisation in the People's Republic of Madison".The Economist. 5 June 2012. Retrieved2 January 2019.
  61. ^Levi, Michael (4 December 2012)."The People's Republic of California".Foreign Policy. Retrieved2 January 2019.
  62. ^Treacy, Ciara (27 February 2016)."Dublin South Central: 'It's the right thing to do' Fianna Fail candidate calls for full recount".The Irish Times. Retrieved2 January 2020.
  63. ^Yeomans, Emma (16 May 2015)."More than 12,000 Brighton and Hove residents 'declare independence' from blue Britain".The Argus. Brighton, England. Retrieved2 January 2019.
  64. ^"Go Local in Boulder". Colorado Tourism. 12 July 2019. Retrieved2 January 2020.

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