| People's Police of China 中国人民警察 Zhōngguó Rénmín Jǐngchá | |
|---|---|
.svg) Patch of MPS People's Police | |
 Badge of the People's Police (since 1983) | |
 Flag of the People's Police (since 2020) | |
| Common name | People's Police (人民警察) |
| Abbreviation | 民警;Mínjǐng; 'People's Police' |
| Motto | "对党忠诚， 服务人民， 执法公正， 纪律严明" ("Be loyal to theParty, serve the people, be impartial in law enforcement, and strict in discipline") |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 19 October 1949 |
| Employees | 1.8–1.9 million |
| Annual budget | $110 billion (est. 2019) |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| National agency (Operations jurisdiction) | People's Republic of China |
| Operations jurisdiction | People's Republic of China |
| Legal jurisdiction |  People's Republic of China |
| Primary governing body | Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party |
| Secondary governing body | Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission |
| Constituting instrument |
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| General nature | |
| Operational structure | |
| Overseen by | National Supervisory Commission |
| Headquarters | Beijing |
| Official responsible |
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| Agency executives |
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| Parent agency | Ministry of Public Security Ministry of State Security Ministry of Justice Supreme People's Court Supreme People's Procuratorate |
| Facilities | |
| Stations | 5,000 (est.) |
| Notables | |
| Anniversary |
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| Website | |
| MPS:www MSS:www | |
ThePeople's Police (Chinese:人民警察;pinyin:Rénmín Jǐngchá) is the nationalcivilian police force of thePeople's Republic of China.[1]: 120
Police in China have a variety of roles in addition to enforcing the law.
They are also responsible for the maintenance of social stability (维护社会稳定;Wéihù Shèhùi Wěndìng), and in this sense perform not just a law enforcement function but a political function as well. The majority of national police forces are under the jurisdiction of theMinistry of Public Security (MPS).
Over the years, the power of the police has gradually been expanded to border control, under the auspices of theNational Immigration Administration (NIA), household registration, issuance of theNational ID card (see:Resident Identity Card) and cybersecurity (under the 11th Bureau of the MPS), network security and website registration.[2]
Inmainland China,People's Police refers to the identity oflaw enforcement officers,[3] whilePublic Security orthepolice denotes a specific government agency, namely thepublic security organ.[4] Although prison police, judicial police, and other such units also fall under the police system, due to the special nature of their work, they are generally not referred to asthepolice.
Before the turn of the 21st century, public security officers often usedPublic Security as their designation and term of address, rather than the broader termthepolice. Additionally, public security officers, who handle the majority of public order and criminal cases, are the most frequently encountered police force by the public. These factors have led some people, especially those inHong Kong,Taiwan, andoverseas Chinese communities, to inaccurately refer to mainland China's police officers asPublic Security.[5]
Theuniforms andvehicle liveries of the People's Police generally maintain a consistent style, with their primary distinctions being the inscriptions indicating the departments to which various police forces belong, namelyPublic Security,Justice,State Security,Court, andProcuratorate.
Founded in October 1949 with the inception of thePeople's Republic of China, and controlled by theChinese Communist Party (CCP), China's major national police force operates under the Ministry of Public Security (MPS).[6]
The influence of theSoviet Union was paramount in the early years of the People's Republic, and guided the Chinese approach to policing.
During theCultural Revolution (1966–76), the powers of the police were both strengthened and weakened; on the one hand, they were given control over much of the judicial system, sincePeople's Courts andPeople's Procuratorates basically collapsed, meaning that local directors of public security bureaus could easily arrest and convict almost any person they chose; on the other hand, the top leadership of the police was almost totally purged and persecuted, andpolitical commissars from the PLA (most of them hand-picked by theCultural Revolution Group) were brought in to take control over the largest and most important public security bureaus, including those ofBeijing andShanghai.[6]
The current structure and mission of the People's Police was formalized in the People's Police Law of the People's Republic of China (February 1995), which states:
Tasks of the People's Police are to safeguard state security, maintain public order, protect citizens' personal safety and freedom and their legal property, protect public property, and prevent, stop and punish illegal and criminal activities. The People's Police consist of policemen working in public security organs, state securityorgans, prisons and organs in charge of reeducation through labor, as well as judicial policemen working in the People's Courts and the People's Procuratorates.[7]
According to the People's Police Law of the People's Republic of China (1995), the People's Police comprises five components:[1][8]
The Public Security Police handle routine law enforcement tasks such as maintaining public order, conducting criminal investigations, and managing border control. This constitutes the majority of China's police force and falls under the jurisdiction of the MPS.[9]
TheState Security Police are responsible for intelligence collection and analysis, counter-espionage, political security, and also partially participate in domestic security affairs.
These officers operate under the MSS. They generally performsecret police duties and help maintain social stability and preserve the power of the rulingChinese Communist Party.
They should not be confused with the 1st Bureau of the MPS (described above in the Public Security Police section), despite sometimes similar duties and overlapping missions.
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The Judicial Administrative Police consists mainly of police officers stationed in prisons and drug rehabilitation centers.
Prison Police oversee prison security, carry outprison guard duties, and aid in prison administration, similar to correctional officers in other nations.
Drug Rehabilitation Police handle the enforcement of isolation anddrug rehabilitation efforts for drug addicts, along with corrective measures for minor offenders.
They should not be confused with the judicial police of the courts and procuratorates.
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The Court Judicial Police are responsible for the security of People's Courts at the provincial, municipal and county levels. They belong to the judicial system and maintain order and security incourthouses and assist judges in judicial investigations.
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The Procuratorate Judicial Police are responsible for the security of People's Procuratorates at the provincial, municipal and county levels. They belong to the judicial system and have the following roles:[10]
我是中国人民警察，我宣誓：(I, as a Chinese People's Police officer, swear to:)
坚决拥护中国共产党的绝对领导，矢志献身崇高的人民公安事业，(Protect the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, devote myself for Public Security Duties,)
对党忠诚、服务人民、(Be loyal to the party, Serve the people,)
执法公正、纪律严明，(Be fair in law enforcement, and be strict in discipline)
为捍卫政治安全、维护社会安定、保障人民安宁而英勇奋斗！(And fight for political and social safety, towards protecting the peace of the People!)
我是中国人民警察，我宣誓：(I, as a Chinese People's Police officer, swear to:)
坚决拥护中国共产党的绝对领导，矢志献身崇高的人民司法事业，(Protect the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, devote myself for service in the People's Courts,)
对党忠诚、服务人民、(Be loyal to the party, Serve the people,)
执法公正、纪律严明，(Be fair in law enforcement, and be strict in discipline,)
为捍卫政治安全、维护社会安定、保障人民安宁而英勇奋斗！(And fight towards political and social safety, for the protection of the peace of the People!)
Therank system of the People's Police [zh] is as follows:[13][14]
| Insignia |  |  | _since_2000.gif) | _since_2000.gif) | _since_2000.gif) | _since_2000.gif) | _since_2000.gif) | _since_2000.gif) | _since_2000.gif) | _since_2000.gif) | _since_2000.gif) | _since_2000.gif) | _since_2000.gif) |  | _since_2000.gif) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank (Chinese) | 总警监 (zǒng jǐngjiān) | 副总警监 (fù zǒng jǐngjiān) | 一级警监 (yījí jǐngjiān) | 二级警监 (èrjí jǐngjiān) | 三级警监 (sānjí jǐngjiān) | 一级警督 (yījí jǐngdū) | 二级警督 (èrjí jǐngdū) | 三级警督 (sānjí jǐngdū) | 一级警司 (yījí jǐngsī) | 二级警司 (èrjí jǐngsī) | 三级警司 (sānjí jǐngsī) | 一级警员 (yījí jǐngyuán) | 二级警员 (èrjí jǐngyuán) | 见习警员 (jiànxí jǐngyuán) | 学员 (xuéyuán) |
| English language equivalent | Commissioner General | Deputy Commissioner General | Commissioner First Class | Commissioner Second Class | Commissioner Third Class | Supervisor First Class | Supervisor Second Class | Supervisor Third Class | Superintendent First Class | Superintendent Second Class | Superintendent Third Class | Constable First Class | Constable Second Class | Probationary Constable | Cadet |
In the People's Police, ranks are separate from position, and according to Article 8 of the "People's Republic of China's Law on People's Police Ranks", the following positions require an officer with the following ranks:
Ministry of Public Security Auxiliary Personnel [zh] (公安机关警务辅助人员), better known as Auxiliary Police (辅警) are often hired by localpublic security bureaus. According to theGuangdong provincial government's 2016 "Law on the management of Ministry of Public Security Auxiliary Personnel", article 5 states that they are not part of the People's Police (Meaning they are not Sworn officers) but are instead managed by People's Police personnel.[15]
Article 8 of the Guangdong Provincial law on the management of ministry of public security auxiliary personnel states that Auxiliary Duty Officers have the following duties:[15]
Article 9 states that Auxiliary Civilian Employees have the following duties:[15]
Article 10 states that Auxiliary Police are prohibited from the following duties:[15]
The following are not allowed to be auxiliary police, per article 17:[15]
The ranks ofauxiliary officers are as follows inSichuan province:[16][17]
| Insignia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank (Chinese) | 一级辅警长 | 二级辅警长 | 三级辅警长 | 一级辅员 | 二级辅员 | 三级辅员 | 实习辅警 |
| Rank (English) | Auxiliary Sergeant First Class | Auxiliary Sergeant Second Class | Auxiliary Sergeant Third Class | Auxiliary Officer First Class | Auxiliary Officer Second Class | Auxiliary Officer Third Class | Probationary Auxiliary Officer |
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