Pedro Pablo Kuczynski | |
|---|---|
 Kuczynski in 2016 | |
| 59thPresident of Peru | |
| In office 28 July 2016 – 23 March 2018 | |
| Prime Minister | |
| Vice President |
|
| Preceded by | Ollanta Humala |
| Succeeded by | Martín Vizcarra |
| Prime Minister of Peru | |
| In office 16 August 2005 – 28 July 2006 | |
| President | Alejandro Toledo |
| Preceded by | Carlos Ferrero |
| Succeeded by | Jorge del Castillo |
| Minister of Economy and Finance | |
| In office 16 February 2004 – 16 August 2005 | |
| President | Alejandro Toledo |
| Prime Minister | Carlos Ferrero |
| Preceded by | Jaime Quijandría |
| Succeeded by | Fernando Zavala |
| In office 28 July 2001 – 12 July 2002 | |
| President | Alejandro Toledo |
| Prime Minister | Roberto Dañino |
| Preceded by | Javier Silva Ruete |
| Succeeded by | Javier Silva Ruete |
| Minister of Energy and Mines | |
| In office 28 July 1980 – 3 August 1982 | |
| President | Fernando Belaúnde Terry |
| Prime Minister | Manuel Ulloa Elías |
| Preceded by | René Balarezo |
| Succeeded by | Fernando Montero |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard (1938-10-03)3 October 1938 (age 87) Lima, Peru |
| Nationality |
|
| Political party | Modern Force (since 2024) |
| Other political affiliations |
|
| Spouses | |
| Children | 4, includingAlex |
| Parents |
|
| Relatives | Jean-Luc Godard (cousin) |
| Alma mater | Exeter College, Oxford (BA) Princeton University (MPA) |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Official website |
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard (Latin American Spanish:[ˌpedɾoˌpablokuˌtʃinski‿ɣoˈðaɾð];[a] born 3 October 1938), also known simply asPPK (Spanish:[pepeˈka]), is a Peruvian economist, public administrator, and former politician who served as thepresident of Peru from 2016 to 2018. He served asprime minister of Peru and asminister of economy and finance during the presidency ofAlejandro Toledo. Kuczynski resigned from the presidency on 23 March 2018, following a successfulimpeachment vote and days before a probable conviction vote.[1] Since 10 April 2019 he has been inpretrial detention, due to an ongoing investigation on corruption, money laundering, and connections toOdebrecht, a public works company accused of paying bribes.[2]
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski was born in theMiraflores District ofLima to parents who fled fromGermany after theNazis came to power. Kuczynski worked in theUnited States before enteringPeruvian politics.[3] He held positions at both theWorld Bank and theInternational Monetary Fund before being designated the general manager of Peru's Central Reserve Bank. He later served asMinister of Energy and Mines in the early 1980s underPresidentFernando Belaúnde Terry, and asMinister of Economy and Finance andprime minister under PresidentAlejandro Toledo in the 2000s.[4] Kuczynski was a presidential candidate in the2011 presidential election, placing third. For the 5 June 2011runoff election, Kuczynski supported right-wingerKeiko Fujimori over leftistOllanta Humala,[5] but Humala was elected nonetheless.[6] Kuczynski went on to stand in the2016 election, where he narrowly defeated Fujimori in the second round.[7] He was sworn in as president on 28 July 2016.[8][9]
On 15 December 2017, theCongress of Peru, which was controlled by the oppositionPopular Force, initiatedimpeachment proceedings against Kuczynski, after he was accused of lying about receiving payments from thescandal-hit Brazilian construction firmOdebrecht in the mid-2000s.[10] However, on 21 December 2017, the Peruvian Congress lacked the majority of votes needed to impeach Kuczynski.[11] After further scandals and facing a second impeachment vote, Kuczynski resigned from the presidency on 21 March 2018 following the release of videos showing alleged acts ofvote buying, presenting his resignation to theCouncil of Ministers.[12][13] He was succeeded as president by his First Vice PresidentMartín Vizcarra. On 28 April 2019, Kuczynski was placed under house arrest while under investigation for allegedly taking bribes from Odebrecht.[14]
Kuczynski was born inMiraflores,Lima, Peru, as the first son of Madeleine (née Godard) andMaxime Hans Kuczyński, one of the earliestpublic health leaders in Peru.[15][16][17] He is a cousin of the French film director and criticJean-Luc Godard.[18]
His parents fled Germany in 1933 to escape fromNazism. His father, born inBerlin, then capital city of theGerman Empire, was aGerman Jew of distantPolish origin, and his mother was Protestant, ofSwiss-French descent.[19] Entering Peru in 1936, Maxime Kuczyński sent his son to be educated first in Lima atMarkham College, and then inLancashire inEngland atRossall School, where he was a pupil in the Maltese Cross House between 1953 and 1956. He won a foundation scholarship to study atExeter College, Oxford, and graduated with a degree inPolitics, Philosophy and Economics in 1960. Later, he received the John Parker Compton fellowship to study public affairs atPrinceton University in the United States, where he received amaster's degree in 1961. He began his career at theWorld Bank in 1961 as a regional economist for six countries inCentral America,Haiti and theDominican Republic.[20]
In 1967, Kuczynski returned to Peru to work at the country's central bank during the presidency ofFernando Belaúnde. Kuczynski went into exile in theUnited States in 1969 due to political persecution after Belaunde's government fell to the military dictatorship of GeneralJuan Velasco Alvarado in acoup d'état. The newly installed government accused Kuczynski of funnelling about $18 million (equivalent to $115 million in 2016) toNelson Rockefeller's International Petroleum Company. He joined theWorld Bank as the chief economist managing the northern countries ofLatin America, moving on to become Chief of Policy Planning.[21]
From 1973 to 1975, Kuczynski was a partner atKuhn, Loeb & Co.,[22] an internationalinvestment bank headquartered inNew York City. In 1975, he returned toWashington, D.C. to become chief economist of theInternational Finance Corporation, the private finance arm of the World Bank. Subsequently, he was appointed president ofHalco Mining inPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, a mining consortium with operations inWest Africa.[23]
From 1983 to 1992, Kuczynski was co-chairman ofFirst Boston in New York City, an international investment bank. In 1992, he founded, with six other partners, the Latin American Enterprise Fund (LAEF) in Miami, Florida, aprivate equity firm that focused on investments inMexico,Central andSouth America. The institutional investors in LAEF included more than 15 of the world's largest university endowments, foundations, and pension funds. In 1983, he helped found theInter-American Dialogue and remained a member until 1997.[24]
In 1980, following the election ofFernando Belaúnde Terry as president, Kuczynski was invited to return to Peru to serve asMinister of Energy and Mines. In this position, he sponsored Law 23231 which, throughtax exemptions and other incentives, promoted oil and gas exploration and exploitation after a period of relative neglect. Kuczynski resigned in 1982 and returned to the private sector in the United States. During the second round of the2016 presidential campaign, he claimed that he had left Peru due to the threats and attacks from theShining Path insurgent group: "Let's remember that the terrorists not only hung myeffigy on thezanjón (a local denomination forPaseo de la República avenue in Lima) and inSan Martín square, but they attacked my apartment. Just as 3 million Peruvians, I left the country". This was in response to an attack by election opponentKeiko Fujimori (daughter of then-imprisoned former presidentAlberto Fujimori and main rival of PPK in the second round of elections) who claimed that Kuczynski did not "have moral authority tospeak of terrorism".[25]
During the rest of the 1980s and 1990s, Kuczynski was mainly involved in the private equity and fund management business in the United States. He made small personal donations to the presidential campaigns ofGeorge H. W. Bush and ofGeorge W. Bush, and to the state-senator campaign of his wife's cousin inWisconsin. He additionally made donations toNew York SenatorChuck Schumer andNew JerseySenatorBill Bradley.[26]
In 2000, Kuczynski joined the presidential campaign ofAlejandro Toledo, then an economics professor at theESAN University inLima. After Toledo was elected president in the2001 Peruvian general election, Kuczynski served asMinister of Economy and Finance from July 2001 to July 2002,[27] and again from February 2004 to August 2005. In August 2005, he was appointed asprime minister, a position he held until the end of Toledo's presidential term in 2006.[28][29]
In 2007,Manuel Dammert, a sociologist and politician, alleged that Kuczynski was involved in facilitating the activities, in various projects in Peru, of a financial entity known as First Capital Partners, in particular in relation to theOlmos diversion project, theJorge Chávez International Airport, theTransportadora de Gas, and the Conrisa consortium. Former partners of Kuczynski in the Latin American Enterprise Fund had reportedly inaccurately listed Kuczynski as a founding partner of First Capital but corrected the error shortly afterwards. In consequence, Kuczynski sued Dammert for defamation and falsification of documents. Kuczynski prevailed at the first and second instance, but, on appeal,Peru's Supreme Court upheld Dammert's right to ask questions on matters of public interest, without ruling on the merits of Dammert's claims. These claims have been denied extensively by Kuczynski.[30]
After working with the Toledo administration, Kuczynski founded Agua Limpia, a Peruvian non-governmental organization that provides drinking water systems to communities in Peru.[31] Agua Limpia is supported by theInter-American Development Bank,Scotia Bank of Canada and others.[32]
He ran unsuccessfully for president in 2011, but later went on to win the2016 Peruvian general election againstKeiko Fujimori, becoming the 66thPresident of Peru until March 2018.
Kuczynski returned toPeru in 1966 to support the government ofFernando Belaúnde Terry, as an economic adviser. He was appointedmanager of theCentral Reserve Bank of Peru. After thecoup d'état against President Belaúnde on 3 October 1968, BCR managers Carlos Rodríguez Pastor Mendoza, Richard Webb Duarte and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski were accused of grantingforeign currency certificates to theInternational Petroleum Company, allowing this company to remit $115 million of current profits toStandard Oil, its parent company in theUnited States. Due to this Kuczynski was forced to takerefuge in the United States. After a judicialprocess that lasted eight years, theSupreme Court of Justice of Peruacquitted Kuczynski, and other BCR officials, of all charges.
In 1980, Kuczynski returned to Peru and collaborated in the election campaign ofBelaúnde Terry, who was elected at hissecond and last non-consecutive term, and appointed Kuczynski as theMinister of Energy and Mines. As Minister, he promoted Law No. 23231, which promotedenergy and oil exploitation; However, the so-called Kuczynski Law was not exempt from controversy because of thetax exemptions granted to foreign oil companies. In December 1985 it was repealed.
During the presidential campaign ofAlejandro Toledo, Kuczynski worked as the head of government planning team. He was later appointed as theMinister of Economy and Finance. As such, he made numerous agreements with theInternational Monetary Fund to help fulfill the goals in theneoliberal economic policies outlined by Peru. However, he was criticized on countless occasions byAlan García, the main leader of opposition to the government.
After the increase in social protests inArequipa due to theprivatization ofelectric companies, heresigned on 11 July 2002. He returned to office on 16 February 2004, and was appointed as thePrime Minister of Peru on 16 August 2005, following the resignation ofCarlos Ferrero Costa.
In a cabinet reshuffle, Kuczynski appointedÓscar Maúrtua as theMinister of Foreign Relations in replacement ofFernando Olivera, andFernando Zavala as theMinister of Economy and Finance, his previous post. His premiership lasted through the end of Toledo's presidency in July 2006.
On 1 December 2010, Kuczynski announced that he would stand as a candidate for President of Peru in theupcoming elections.[33]
Kuczynski ran for President of Peru in the general election, though he did not pass into the run-off as head of theAlliance for the Great Change (Alliance for the Great Change), formed by theChristian People's Party, theAlliance for Progress, thePeruvian Humanist Party andNational Restoration.[20] He took third place in the vote, his opponents Ollanta Humala and Keiko Fujimori went to the second round of elections on 5 June 2011, in which Humala was elected president of the country.
In 2015, he announced that he would run for president again, but with a political party that he had built himself (Peruvians for Change,Peruanos Por el Kambio, PPK).[34]
Kuczynski won 21% of the popular vote inPeru's general elections on April 10, 2016, to qualify for a runoff vote againstKeiko Fujimori,[35] in which he narrowly triumphed with 50.12% of the vote to Fujimori's 49.88%,[7] a margin of just thirty-nine thousand votes out of nearly eighteen million cast. Barely a week before the second round of voting, while trailing Keiko, Kuczynski received an important endorsement from third-place finisherVerónika Mendoza (18.82%), Peru's leading left-wing candidate, in an effort to defeat Fujimori.[34]
Keiko's party, Fuerza Popular, had an absolute majority inCongress with 73 of the 130 seats; PPK trailed with 18.[34]
.jpg)
Kuczynski was sworn in as president on 28 July 2016.[8][9] At age 77, he was the oldest President to take office.[36]
As part of the recent push in Peru to recognize and integrate indigenous peoples into national life, Kuczynski's government supported the use ofindigenous languages in Peru, with the state-run TV station starting to broadcast in December 2016 a daily news program inQuechua and in April 2017 one inAymara. The President's state-of-the-union address was simultaneously translated into Quechua in July 2017.[37]
.jpg)
Almost immediately after winning the election, Kuczynski, despite previous public statements in support of social conservatism, appointed nearly all his ministers from the left (including many of Toledo's ex-ministers), and his government quickly became known for its promotion offeminism, abortion rights, and LGBT rights. This did not please the conservatives who had previously supported him, which led to the censure of two of his education ministers by the opposition-controlled congress, and a no-confidence vote for his entire cabinet in 2017.
Kuczynski opposed the government ofNicolás Maduro in Venezuela, and welcomed Venezuelan expatriates. Nearly 200,000 Venezuelans settled in Peru, others moved to Peru, then later to Chile or Argentina. Kuczynski was one of the first leaders of the Latin American faction that asked for the democratization of Venezuela.[38] Peru revoked Venezuela's invitation to the8th Summit of the Americas because of Maduro's plan to hold an earlypresidential election, as the major opposing parties were banned from it.[39]
On 15 December 2017, theCongress of the Republic initiated impeachment proceedings against Kuczynski, with the congressional opposition stating that he had lost the ″moral capacity″ to lead the country after he admitted receiving advisory fees from scandal-hit Brazilian construction companyOdebrecht while he was Peru's Minister of Economy and Finance between 2004 and 2005.[40] Kuczynski had previously denied receiving any payments from Odebrecht, but later confessed that his company, Westfield Capital Ltd, had been receiving money from Odebrecht for advisory services, while still denying that irregularities existed in the payments.[41]
On 24 December 2017, three days after surviving the impeachment vote, Kuczynski pardoned former Peruvian presidentAlberto Fujimori.[42]
After further scandals broke out surrounding Kuczynski, a second impeachment vote was to be held on 22 March 2018. Two days before the vote, Kuczynski stated that he would not resign and decided to face the impeachment process for a second time. The next day on 21 March 2018, a video was released of Kuczynski allies, including his lawyer andKenji Fujimori, attempting to buy a vote against impeachment from one official.[43]
Following the release of the video, Kuczynski presented himself before congress and officially submitted his resignation to the Congress of the Republic.[12][13] Kuczynski's first vice president,Martín Vizcarra, was later named President of Peru on 23 March 2018.
Kuczynski announced his resignation from the presidency on 21 March 2018.[44]
I think what’s best for the country is for me to resign to the Presidency of the Republic. I don’t want to be an obstacle for the nation’s search for a path to unity and harmony that it very needs and that was refused to me. I don’t want the motherland nor my family to continue suffering with the uncertainty of these recent times. [...] There will be a constitutionally ordered transition.[45]
This came in result of the dissemination of videos and audios, known asKenjivideos, that evidenced collusion between the executive and the legislature in order to give privileges and illicit profits to MPs in order to knock down thesecond impeachment process against Kuczynski. The resignation was accepted on 23 March 2018 by thePeruvian Congress and First Vice PresidentMartín Vizcarra took oath immediately before the Congress.
Other presidents of Peru who have resigned areGuillermo Billinghurst (forced resignation),Andrés Avelino Cáceres andAlberto Fujimori. The current Peruvian Constitution of 1993 establishes in its article 113 that the Presidency of the Republic be vacated by:[46]
The Board of Spokesmen of the Congress agreed to accept the resignation.[47]
On 23 March the acceptance of the resignation Kuczynski was approved, and a presidential vacancy was declared with 105 votes in favor, 12 votes against and four abstentions.[48][49]
| Party blocs | In favor | Against | Abstained |
|---|---|---|---|
| Popular Force | 56 | 0 | 0 |
| Peruvians for Change | 0 | 12 | 0 |
| New Peru | 10 | 0 | 0 |
| Broad Front | 10 | 0 | 0 |
| Alliance for Progress | 7 | 0 | 0 |
| Popular Action | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| Aprista Parliamentary Cell | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| Independent | 12 | 0 | 4 |
| TOTAL | 105 | 12 | 4 |
On 10 April 2019, he was arrested along with his secretary Gloria Kisic Wagner and his ex-driver José Luis Bernaola for an alleged crime of money laundering in the Odebrecht case.[50] In turn, he authorized the Prosecutor's Office to search for 48 hours the homes linked to their surroundings in search of documents related to that case.
On 19 April 2019, Judge Jorge Chávez placed Kuczynski in preventive detention for a period of three years. Kuczynski received the news at a clinic in Lima where he was hospitalized for a cardiac intervention derived from a hypertension crisis. For Gloria Kisic Wagner and José Luis Bernaola, the judge rejected preventive detention and ordered that both serve a restricted appearance.
On 2 May 2019, Kuczynski left the clinic where he was hospitalized and was transferred to his home where he is under house arrest.[51]
In the Pandora Papers leak of 3 October 2021, Kuczynski was named in the revealed documents.[52][53] The leak allegedly showed that when Kuczynski was Minister of the Economy in July 2004, he created Dorado Asset Management Ltd with the help of OMC Group in theBritish Virgin Islands.[53] Kuczynski's attorney responded to the Pandora documents saying "Dorado was conceived exclusively as a legal mechanism for patrimonial protection; it was used only for two properties acquired with money of lawful origin".[53]
His father,Maxime Hans Kuczynski, was born inBerlin,[19] then part of theGerman Empire. He was a bacteriologist who served in theGerman Army duringWorld War I on theBalkan front. He was a renowned pathologist and tropical disease specialist, in particular expert onverruga peruana or Carrion's disease. He trained at theUniversities of Rostock andBerlin, where he was professor of pathology.[54] His father was an officer in the German Army on the Eastern and Turkish fronts in the First World War, and he traveled widely in Russia, China, West Africa, and Brazil. Maxime Hans Kuczynski left Germany in 1933 uponHitler's rise to power, and he was invited to Peru in 1936 by PresidentÓscar R. Benavides to set up the public health service in the interior of the country. Maxime Hans Kuczynski reformed the San Pablo leprosarium on the Amazon at the Brazilian frontier, set up a public health colony on the Perene river, and was later professor of tropical medicine atNational University of San Marcos in Lima.[55][56]
Kuczynski has been married twice, first to Jane Dudley Casey, the daughter ofJoseph E. Casey, a former member of theUnited States House of Representatives for the 3rd district of Massachusetts. Their children are businesswoman Carolina Madeleine Kuczynski, theNew York Times journalistAlex Kuczynski,[27] and John-Michael Kuczynski. Kuczynski and Casey divorced in 1995.
Kuczynski's second wife isNancy Lange, an American and theFirst Lady of Peru until Kuczynski's resignation in 2018.[57] The couple, who married in 1996, have one daughter, Suzanne Kuczynski Lange, a biology graduate.[57][58][59]
Kuczynski's younger brother, Miguel Jorge Kuczynski Godard, is a fellow ofPembroke College, Cambridge. Kuczynski's brother-in-lawHarold Varmus was aNobel Laureate for Medicine for cancer research in 1989.[34]
Kuczynski is a first cousin of French film directorJean-Luc Godard by his mother, Madeleine Godard, who was the aunt of the film director.[34]
He heldU.S. citizenship until November 2015; herenounced it to be able to run for Peru's presidency.[34]
Kuczynski is a polyglot. Aside from his native Spanish, Kuczynski speaks English and French fluently, and is proficient in German.
| Election | Office | List | Votes | Result | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | % | P. | ||||||
| 2011 | President of Peru | Alliance for the Great Change | 2,711,450 | 18.52% | 3rd | Not elected | [60] | |
| 2016 | President of Peru | Peruvians for Change | 3,228,661 | 21.04% | 2nd | → Round 2 | [61] | |
| 2016 | 8,596,937 | 50.12% | 1st | Elected | [62] | |||
 | This section of abiography of a living persondoes notinclude anyreferences or sources. Please help by addingreliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourcedmust be removed immediately. Find sources: "Pedro Pablo Kuczynski" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by René Balarezo | Minister of Energy and Mines 1980–1982 | Succeeded by Fernando Montero |
| Preceded by | Minister of Economy and Finance 2001–2002 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Minister of Economy and Finance 2004–2005 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Prime Minister of Peru 2005–2006 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | President of Peru 2016–2018 | Succeeded by |
| Party political offices | ||
| New alliance | Alliance for the Great Change nominee for President of Peru 2011 | Alliance dissolved |
| New political party | Peruvians for Change nominee for President of Peru 2016 | Party dissolved |
| Diplomatic posts | ||
| Preceded by | Chair of theAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 2016 | Succeeded by |
