 Town Creek Mound, a precontact Pee Dee culture site in North Carolina | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Estimated 600 in 1600[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| South Carolina, USA | |
| Languages | |
| Unknown likelySiouan, possiblyCatawban[2] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Catawba |
ThePedee people, alsoPee Dee andPeedee, were a historicNative American tribe of the SoutheasternUnited States. Historically, their population has been concentrated in thePiedmont of present-daySouth Carolina. It is believed that in the 17th and 18th centuries, English colonists named thePee Dee River and thePee Dee region of South Carolina for the tribe. Today fourstate-recognized tribes,[3][4] one state-recognized group,[3] and severalunrecognized groups claim descent from the historic Pedee people.[5][6][7] Presently none of these organizations are recognized by theBureau of Indian Affairs, with theCatawba Indian Nation being the onlyfederally recognized tribe within South Carolina.[3]
The precise meaning of the namePedee is unknown.[1] The name has many variations, having been alternatively spelled asPee Dee,PeeDee,Peedee,Peedees,Peadea, andPidee.[8][9] In early Spanish accounts the name is rendered,Vehidi.[2] There has been contention among historians regarding which orthography is the more proper rendering of the name.[9] Traditionally, there was speculation that an early trader, Patrick Daley, carved his initials, P.D., on trees along a trail within the vicinity of the modernPee Dee River, leading to the region and river's present name, potentially being imposed also onto the Indigenous tribe. However, some scholars and writers have disagreed with this theory.[9] In the early twentieth century, anthropologistFrank Speck suggested that the name might derive from theCatawban wordpi'ri, meaning "something good," orpi'here, meaning "smart", "expert", or "capable".[1]
ThePee Dee culture is an archaeological culture spanning 1000 to 1500 CE. It is divided into the Teal phase (1000–1200), Town Creek phase (1200–1400), and Leak phase (1400–1500).[10] The Pee Dee were part of theSouth Appalachian Mississippian culture[11] that developed in the region as early as 980CE,[12] extending into present-dayNorth Carolina andTennessee. They participated in a widespread trade network that stretched fromGeorgia to South Carolina, easternTennessee, and the mountain andPiedmont regions of North Carolina.
The Pee Dee culture had developed as a distinct culture by 980 CE[12] and thrived in thePee Dee River region of present-dayNorth and South Carolina during thepre-Columbian era. As an example, theTown Creek Indian Mound site in western North Carolina was occupied from about 1150 to 1400 CE.[11]
Town Creek Indian Mound inMontgomery County, North Carolina is a proto-historic Pee Dee culture site.[13] Extensive archeological research for 50 years since 1937 at the Town Creek Indian Mound and village site in western North Carolina near the border with South Carolina has provided insights into their culture.[14] The mound and village site has been designated as aNational Historic Landmark.
Around 1550, the Pedee migrated from the lower Pee Dee River of theAtlantic Coastal Plain to the upper Pee Dee River of thePiedmont and remained there for about a century. They displaced local hill tribes, such as theSaponi, who resettled the region when the Pedee left.[15] HistorianCharles M. Hudson believes their migration may have been an effort to avoid Spanishslave raids along South Carolina's coast. These 16th-century Pedee practicedhead flattening, as did the neighboringWaxhaw.[16] In 1567, Spanish explorers encountered the village Vehidi on the Pee Dee River, believed to be a Pedee settlement.[17]
In 1600, the population of Pedee people was estimated to be 600.[18] Europeans, mostly from the British Isles, began settling in South Carolina in large numbers in the 17th and early 18th century. The English established a trading post at Euauenee or Saukey in 1716 to trade with the Pedee andWaccamaw. TheWinyah andCape Fear Indians migrated from the Atlantic Coast up the Pee Dee River to the trading post.[19][20]
In 1711, theTuscarora War broke out in North Carolina,[21] and South Carolina tribes joined in the fighting. In 1712, Pedee warriors, along with theSaraw,Saxapahaw,Winyah, andCape Fear Indians, served in British Captain John Bull's company[20] to fight alongside the British against the Tuscarora and helped defeat them. As a result, most of the Tuscarora left the area and migrated north, reaching present-day New York and Ontario to join the relatedHaudenosaunee Confederacy ofIroquois tribes.[21]
In 1715, English mapmakers recorded a Pedee village on the west band of the Pee Dee River's central course.[22]
The political relationships formed between the Pedee and other tribes in the area at this time carried over into their alliances of theYamasee War. The Yamasee War of 1715–1717 resulted in major changes among theSoutheastern tribes. HistorianWilliam James Rivers wrote in 1885 that the Pedee along with many other tribes were "utterly extirpated."[23] However, some survivors may have found refuge with the Siouan-speakingCatawba, who were located near the South and North Carolina border.[23]
In 1737, the Pedee tribe petitioned South Carolina for a parcel of land to live upon. They, along with their Natchez cousins were moved to a 100-acre (0.40 km2) parcel provided by James Coachman in 1738.[24] This land was inBerkeley County, along theEdisto River.[24]
In the 1740s, the Pedee, along with the Sara, Yuchi, Natchez, and Cape Fear Indians, were known as "settlement Indians," by South Carolinian English settlers.[25] AnthropologistsJames Mooney andJohn R. Swanton both wrote that in 1744 theNatchez and Pedee attacked and killed several Catawba people,[19] so the Catawba drove them into European settlements. Mooney wrote of the Pedee that, "In 1746 they and the Sara are mentioned as two small tribes, which had been long incorporated with the Catawba. They were restless under the connection, however, and againGovernor Glen had to interfere to prevent their separation."[22] Like neighboring tribes during this era, the Pedee owned African-American slaves.[22]
In 1751, at an intertribal conference in Albany, New York, the Pedee were recorded as being a small tribe living among European colonists.[26] In 1752, Catawba envoys encouraged the Pedee to settle with their tribe.[22] Governor John Glen spoke to Catawba leaderKing Haigler on May 29, 1755, and said South Carolina had "persuaded the Charraws, Waccamaws, and some of the Pedees to join you [the Catawba]." WhenCherokee killed Pedee and Waccamaw people in 1755, they were still living in European settlements.[27] This 1755 mention was the second-to-last historical record of the Pedee people[28] until the 20th century.
Swanton wrote, "In 1808 White neighbors remembered when as many as 30 Pedee and Cape Fear Indians lived in their old territories,"[29] but "In 1808 the Pedee and Cape Fear tribes were represented by one half-breed woman."[19][30]
| Pedee | |
|---|---|
| Pee Dee | |
| (unattested) | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | South Carolina |
| Ethnicity | Pedee |
| Extinct | by 19th century |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
072 | |
| Glottolog | None |
The Pedee language was extinct by the 19th century. No words from the language were recorded, but linguists suspect it may have been anEastern Siouan language.[19] Late linguistBlair A. Rudes believed Pedee may have been a Catawban dialect.[2]
The State of South Carolina has acknowledged fourstate-recognized tribes, and one state-recognized group, who identify as being Pedee descendants.[3] The state-recognized tribes are:
The one state-recognized group is:
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)Mooney Pee Dee Siouan.
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