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Київська фортеця | |
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| Location | 24a Hospital Street Kyiv Ukraine |
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| Public transit access | Klovska station,Palats Sportu station ( Syretsko–Pecherska line); trolleybus |
TheKyiv Fortress orKiev Fortress (Ukrainian:Київська фортеця,romanized: Kyivska fortetsia;Russian:Киевская крепость,romanized: Kievskaya krepost) (also New Pechersk Fortress) is a historical and architectural monument complex of fortifications inKyiv,Ukraine built from the 17th through 19th centuries. Construction began after the 1654 Council in Pereiaslav, on the site of the already existing fortified monastery ofKyiv Pechersk Lavra. Located on the hills of the high right bank of theDnieper, bounded on the north by theKlovsky ravine, on the south and west – by the slopes of theLybid River valley.
The Kyiv Fortress once belonged to the extensive system ofwestern Russian fortresses that existed in theRussian Empire. The Kyiv Fortress complex features many separate fortifications inVasylkivka,Pechersk,Lysohirskyi [uk],Podil,Zvirynetska, and other city districts of Kyiv. Currently, most of the remaining structures have received a historic designation. The main fortification associated with the Kyiv Fortress (where located the Historic and Architectural Museum) is the Hospital fortification.[citation needed]
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The history of the fortification of Kyiv began at the end of the 5th – beginning of the 6th century from the settlement on Old Kyiv (Starokyivska)hill. Then it was fortified with earthen ramparts, ditches and fences. With Kyiv gaining the designation of the capital ofKievan Rus, a large system of fortifications of the city was created. Each part of the city had its own defense system. After the defeat byBatu Khan during thesiege of Kyiv (1240), the fortifications fell into disrepair.
A new stage begins during the Polish-Lithuanian rule – a fortress-castle was built on Mount Khorivytsia in Podil (Lithuanian Castle). Already under the rule of theMuscovite Kingdom, the territory of Kyiv was built up with fortress fortifications from Khreshchatyk to Pechersk – the last fortification to be built. This was done in order to prevent the penetration of the enemy through the territory of the then Ukraine to Russia.
In 1679, the Cossack troops under the leadership of Hetman Samoilovich during the last years of the 17th century united the Old Kyiv and Pechersk fortifications – and one huge fortress was formed. At the beginning of the XVIII century, the Pechersk citadel was already completely rebuilt. In 1682, the fortress was encircled by Ottoman troops but later abandoned.
Having lost their military importance in the 20th century, the buildings continued to be used asbarracks, storage and incarceration facilities. Some of them played independent historical roles. TheKosyi Caponier ("SkewCaponier") became aprison for the political inmates in the 1900s–1920s and was later turned into aSoviet museum. Now it is the center of the modern museum, the National Historical and Architectural Museum "Kyiv Fortress", located on the premises of the Main Military Clinical Hospital of Kyiv.[1] A smallfortress built in 1872 on the legendaryLysa Hora ("Bald Mountain") in 1906 became a place of executions for convicted political inmates. It is now a landscapereserve and part of the museum complex.
The fortress complex consisted of about four main areas, the western side which had the hospital fortification and the Vasylkiv fortification, the northern (city) side had the Kyiv Arsenal area including government buildings and gendarme barracks, the southern side included the Kyiv-Pechersk citadel with Lavra, was reinforced with fourlunettes and further to the south with Zvirynets fortification, onTrukhaniv island acrossDnieper was located a brick factory.
There were seven round or semi-round fortified buildings, conditionally called towers. Three of those towers were part of the Vasylkiv fortification. One semi-tower was part of the hospital fortification.
Within the Kyiv Fortress is the Kyiv Fortress Museum, or Kyivska Fortetsya. It is semi-underground. The museum is housed in a 19th-century building, which was formerly a wing of the fortress.[2]
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50°26′4″N30°31′40″E / 50.43444°N 30.52778°E /50.43444; 30.52778
