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Apeace process is the set ofsociopolitical negotiations, agreements and actions that aim to solve a specific armed conflict.[1]
Prior to an armed conflict occurring, peace processes can include the prevention of an intrastate or inter-state dispute from escalating into military conflict. TheUnited Nations Department of Peace Operations (UNDPO) terms the prevention of disputes from escalating into armed conflicts asconflict prevention.[2] In 2007, the United Nations Secretary-General's Policy Committee classed both initial prevention of an armed conflict and prevention of the repeat of a solved conflict aspeacebuilding.[3]
For peace processes to resolve an armed conflict,Izumi Wakugawa, advisor to the Japan-basedInternational Peace Cooperation Program, suggests a definition of a peace process as "a mixture of politics, diplomacy, changing relationships, negotiation, mediation, and dialogue in both official and unofficial arenas", which he attributes toHarold H. Saunders of theUnited States Institute of Peace (USIP). Wakugawa categorises these processes into two stages: the ceasing of armed conflict and the processes of sociological reorganisation.[1]
Non-military processes for stopping an armed conflict stage are generally classed aspeacemaking. Military methods by globally organised military forces of stopping a local armed conflict are typically classed aspeace enforcement.[2]
The prevention of the repeat of a solved conflict (as well as the preventing of an armed conflict from occurring at all) is usually classed aspeacebuilding.[3] UNDPO defines peacebuilding to include "measures [that] address core issues that effect the functioning of society and the State".[2] The use of neutral military forces to sustain ceasefires during this phase, typically byUnited Nations peacekeeping forces, can be referred to aspeacekeeping.[4]
The termspeacemaking,peacekeeping andpeacebuilding tend to be used broadly, with their meanings defined in terms of the phases of various peace process mechanisms blurring and overlapping in practice.[1][2]
The construction of international institutions, especially during the twentieth century, has to a large degree been motivated by the desire to provide a broad global context of peacebuilding. That includes theLeague of Nations and theUnited Nations and regional institutions such as theEuropean Union. Institutions involved in encouraging or overseeing some of the steps in specific peace processes include theUnited Nations Department of Peace Operations.
The Peace Accords Matrix of theKroc Institute for International Peace Studies at theUniversity of Notre Dame,United States, uses the term "provisions" to describe specific elements of peace processes in intrastate conflicts. This includes a list of 51 different elements, includingamnesties;ceasefires;arms embargoes; releases ofpolitical prisoners;truth and reconciliation commissions; and reforms of the constitution, or of military, police, judicial or educational institutions or of the media.[5][6]
Other specific elements of peace processes includeexchanges,confidence-building measures,humanitarian corridors,peace treaties andtransitional justice.
Edward Luttwak argues thatconventional wars should not be interrupted before they could burn themselves out and the preconditions for a long-lasting peace are established. Stable peace settlement is possible only with the exhaustion of belligerents or the decisive victory of one side. "Hopes for military success must fade for accommodation to become more attractive than further combat," but premature ceasefires prevent belligerents from exhaustion and let them rearm their forces. That in turn prolongs war and leads to further killings and destruction.[7]
According to Neville Melvin Gertze ofNamibia, speaking at an October 2019 meeting of theUnited Nations Security Council, peace agreements that are the result of negotiations including women are 35 percent more likely to last at least 15 years than those which are the result of men-only negotiations. At the same meeting, United Nations Secretary-GeneralAntónio Guterres stated that women were excluded from peace processes, attacks against women human rights defenders had increased, and only a "tiny percentage" of funding for peacebuilding was given towomen's organisations.[8]
