Pech
Paya
Pech
Pronunciation	[/petʃ/] or[/peʃ/][1]
Native to	Honduras
Region	North central coast (Olancho Department)
Ethnicity	6,000Pech (2013)[2]
Native speakers	300 (2007)[2]
Language family	Chibchan Pech
Language codes
ISO 639-3	pay
Glottolog	pech1241
ELP	Pech
Pech is spoken in the Colón department and the Olancho department of Honduras.
Pech is classified as Severely Endangered by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Pech orPesh is aChibchan language spoken inHonduras. It was formerly known asPaya, and continues to be referred to in this manner by several sources, though there are negative connotations associated with this term.^[3] It has also been referred to as Seco. There are 300 speakers according to Yasugi (2007).^[2] It is spoken near the north-central coast of Honduras, in theDulce Nombre de Culmí municipality ofOlancho Department.

Pech is thought to have a South American origin, as it shares similar roots with theGuna language of Panama.^[4] Pech is the only remaining Chibchan language in Honduras^[5] and is currently classified as a severely endangered language.

On the basis of shared grammatical innovations, Pache (2023) argues that Pech is most closely related to the Arhuacic languages of northern Colombia, forming a Pech-Arhuacic subgroup.^[6]

According toDennis Holt (1999), Pech is spoken by perhaps around 600 people inOlancho Department andColón Department of Honduras. Pech used to be spoken in the town ofDulce Nombre de Culmí in the Río Guampú watershed, but Pech speakers moved out of the town due to the influx ofLadino migrants. The three primary Pech settlements are as follows.

• Vallecito, about 5 km northwest ofDulce Nombre de Culmí. It had 120 inhabitants in 1975.
• Marañones, also known as Pueblo Nuevo Subirana or Kahã Wayka (New Town). This town is about 15 km north ofDulce Nombre de Culmí. It had 150 inhabitants in 1975.
• El Carbón, originally known as Santa María del Carbón. It is located near the Quebrada Agua Amarilla in a higher mountain valley in the upper Río Seco watershed, and is about 35 km north of Culmí and about 30 km northeast of San Esteban. It had about 300 inhabitants in 1975.

Vallecito and Marañones are both located in the foothills of the Sierra de Agalta.

Other smaller Pech settlements which have at most several ethnic Pech families are scattered around northernOlancho Department, including the following (Holt 1999).

• La Danta
• Aguazarca
• Aguaquire
• Pisijiri
• Jocomico

At the time of initial Spanish contact, Pech was most likely spoken fromTrujillo in the west toCabo Gracias a Dios in the east, and as far south as the upperPatuca River (Holt 1999). Tol (Jicaque) would have been spoken just to the west.

Pech is a tonal language with 16 consonants and 10 vowels (Holt 1999). There are two tones, namely a high tone and a low tone. Both consonants and vowels display length contrast and nasalization.

Allophones of the sounds/b,ʃ,j,k,kʷ,w/ are realized as[β,tʃ,ᵈj~ɲ,ɡ,ɡʷ,ᵑw̃].

Notes:

• [g] is the allophone of/k/ and occurs after a long vowel
• /b/ becomes[β] in between vowels
• The[tʃ] allophone only exists for some speakers, those typically being younger speakers and speakers of non-Colón dialects. It occurs before a vowel, in place of/ʃ/. It is possible that this allophone exists solely because of extensive contact with the Spanish language.
• /j/ and/w/ are nasalized whenever next to a nasal vowel; at the beginning of words these consonants become[ᵈj] and[ɡʷ], respectively. The allophones[ɲ] and[ᵑw̃] occur because of the nasalization of[ᵈj] and[ɡʷ], respectively.

Notes

• Long vowels retain their full length in stressed, open syllables; they are shortened in closed or unstressed syllables. Short vowels are open and lax in closed or unstressed syllables, unlike long vowels, which are close and tense.
• Nasal vowels are usually more open than oral vowels
• Vowels may be voiceless between voiceless consonants in unstressed syllables

In Pech, the high tone is shown with an accent over the vowel, and unmarked vowels are of the low tone.^[7]

• As a tone-language, Pech has two to three distinctive pitch-levels: high tone (á, é, í, ó, ú) low tone (à, è, ì, ò, ù), and sometimes, extra low tone. This lower than normal tone is rare, though it occurs particularly with the suffix-rih.
• Tones distinguish between lexical items and inflectional types

Pech has primary and secondary levels of stress, which are not distinctive. They rely on the underlying marked tone and stem syllables. Primary stress tends to occur in the last syllable of the stem. Primary and secondary stress are also related to inflectional suffixes.

Syllable clusters

• Initial consonant clusters begin with a true stop followed by /r/. These would includepr,tr,kr, andbr.
• Medial consonant clusters may contain two consonants, three consonants if either the initial or ending consonant is /r/, or four consonants if both the initial and ending consonants are /r/.
• Geminate consonant clusters only occur with /k/, /s/, and /s̆/
  • túkkawá 'I placed it'
  • peessàwa 'their hands'
  • warès̆s̆e:bàrs̆i 'we chopped them all down'
• Vowel clusters are usually diphthongal. Non-diphthongal vowel clusters have an associated glottal structureV?V
  • Diphthongs that occur are mostlyay andaw, though there are a few cases ofey.

Internal sandhi: this includes vocalic contraction and assimilation, vocalic and consonantal syncope, nasal assimilation, metathesis, and epenthesis

• Vocalic contractions:
  • a +a =a; i.e. a-ra-hà? becomes [-rá?];
  • a +w orw +a =o anda +wa =ɑ; i.e. apè:s̆wàkwa-térskà becomes [pè:s̆wàkotɛ́rská]
  • a +i (ory) =e; i.e. ã̀-i-wá becomes [nḕw̃ã̀]
• Vocalic assimilation: wheni precedesw, it becomesu (s̆i-wa becomess̆uwa). This may possible include non-high vowels, as in the case withsàwa which is sometimes pronounced [sùwa]
• Consonantal assimilation is actually quite rare as it seems to only really occur in the wordpes̆hará becoming [pes̆s̆rá] (when following /s̆/, /h/ is realized as /s̆/).
• Nasal assimilation of vowels and semivowels occurs in segments in which vowels, glides, a glottal stop, and /h/ occur

Morphological processes present in this language include affixation, reduplication, vocalic ablaut, and heightening of phonemic tone.

The four word classes that Pech has are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and particles.

Prefixes and suffixes inflect nouns for possession.

• The 2nd-person plural involves discontinuous morphemes
• ʔ appears between any prefixes and a noun beginning with a vowel, i.e. pè:-sòrwa vs ta?-ìraka

Inalienably Possessed Nouns:These generally occur with possessive pronominal prefixes. These prefixes are only dropped when these noun-stems are part of compound nouns.

• Body-part terms
  • ta-sàwa 'my hand(s)'
  • a-màkú 'his/her navel'
  • a-súru 'its rib(s)'
• Terms of spatial relationship: spatial relationships are composed of possessed relational nouns + locative case-suffix-yã̀. Examples of these terms:
  • a-sùkk-yã̀ 'behind/back'
  • a-wákiʔ-yã̀ 'in front of'
  • a-brì-yã̀ 'beside, alongside'
  • a-ʔà-yã̀ 'on top of'
  • a-ràhni-yã̀ 'outside of'

Note: 'between' does not follow this pattern, as seen in asàʔ a-kèrahã̀ 'between the stones'

• Kinship Terms
  • ta-kà:ki 'my mother'
  • pí-tu:s 'your father'
  • a-ta-kàyʔká 'my nephew'
  • a-šuwá 'her husband's brother'
  • a-sáʔa 'his wife's sister'
  • ta-wã̀ʔã 'my mother-in-law'
• Words for natural emanations or effluvia: these are words possessed by natural substances, persons, or phenomena
  • e.g.asò a-wã̀ská means steam, though its literal translation is 'water its-smoke'
• Other special words: words expressing things that stand in special relationships to humans
  • e.g.pata-tí:štahá meaning 'God', with its literal translation being 'our sower'

Case Suffixes with complex noun-phrases:

• These are attached to the final word of the phrase
• When there are multiple adjectives present, each is marked with the same case-suffix
• In clauses, the case-marking suffix is usually associated with the verb

Emphatic SuffixesThese occur with subjects, direct objects, and some oblique objects that are already marked with case-suffixes. These suffixes are -ma (with subject, direct object noun, or noun-phrase) and -hã̀ʔ (with objective and locative nouns)

• Subject pronouns are optional, and are generally accompanied by-yã̀ʔ or-ma, though some may occur without.

Verb inflection is made with prefixes and suffixes, though vocalic ablaut is present in certain verb-stems and future-tense suffixes. Positions for the finite verb include:

• Object-pronominal prefix
• Object case-marking morphemes
• Verb-stem
• Frequentative/durational aspect-suffixes
• Completive suffix
• Aspect-suffixes
• Subject-suffixes
• Negative suffix
• Tense-suffixes
• Modal and aspectual suffixes
• 2nd-person-plural suffix

• Qualitative adjectives: uninflected, though case-suffixes may be present if phrase-finally in a noun phrase
• Demonstrative adjectives: no definite article exists, though these serve a similar purpose and precede the nouns they modify. They includeī 'this, these' (proximal),tuʔ (~toʔ) 'that, those' (distal 1),ã 'that, those' (distal 2).
• Numerals: appear independently after the nouns they modify

• Adverbs of manner: can be created with the case-suffix-kán.
• Adverbs of time: morphologically postpositional phrases involving the mediative case-suffix
• Adverbs of location

Pech is anSOV (subject–object–verb) language (Holt 1999). There are exceptions to this, as oblique noun-phrases, adverbials, direct object noun-phrases, and subject noun-phrases all are capable of occurring after verbs. Over all, Pech is a synthetic language which uses mostly suffixes, but also prefixes, vocalic ablaut, and reduplication as well.

In Pech, both simple and complex sentences exist. The first consists of a single independent clause while the latter consists of independent and dependent clauses. Independent nouns or pronoun subjects are not necessary within a sentence, and sentence may contain no more than a single verb form, within which the pronominal subject is marked.

The focus of a sentence is marked by the emphatic suffix-ma, which may follow nouns, pronouns, verbal nominals, time adverbials, and other word types. Object nouns and noun-phrases can be emphasized with the suffix-hã́?, which follows the objective or locative case-suffix. The suffixes-ma and-hã́? cannot both be within the same simple sentence.

Other parts of a sentence are marked as follows:

Conjunction:

• Notes
  • Because verbal compounds are possible in Pech, verbal words can be quite lengthy.
  • Disjunction: marked by the particleá:ã́srī́?

Subordination:

Interrogation:

• Notes:
  • 'How' also includes the verbkà?-/kì?- which means 'make/do'

• Holt, Dennis Graham. (1986).The Development of the Paya Sound-System. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of California, Los Angeles.
• Holt, Dennis Graham. (1989). "On Paya Causatives."Estudios de Lingüística Chibcha 8: 7-15. San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
• Holt, Dennis Graham. (1999).Pech (Paya). Languages of the World/Materials 366. Munich: LincomEuropa.

• Subject–object–verb languages
• Chibchan languages
• Tonal languages
• Languages of Honduras

• Language articles citing Ethnologue 25
• Articles with short description
• Short description matches Wikidata
• Articles containing Pech-language text
• Pages with Pech IPA
• Pages with plain IPA