Paul McCartney and Wings, often billed simply asWings, were a Britishrock band formed in 1971 inLondon byPaul McCartney, formerly ofthe Beatles, on vocals and bass, his wifeLinda McCartney on keyboards,Denny Laine, formerly ofthe Moody Blues, on guitar and vocals, andDenny Seiwell on drums. They were noted for their commercial successes, musical eclecticism, and frequent personnel changes. They went through three lead guitarists and four drummers. The core trio of the McCartneys and Laine, however, remained intact throughout the group's existence.
In 1977, Wings experienced another line-up shuffle, with both McCulloch and English departing before the release of the group's only UK number one single, "Mull of Kintyre", which became one of the best-selling singles in history. Following the 1978 albumLondon Town, the McCartneys and Laine again added new members, guitaristLaurence Juber and drummerSteve Holley. The resulting album,Back to the Egg, was a relative flop, with its singles under-performing and the critical reception negative. Duringthe supporting tour, Paul was arrested in Japan for cannabis possession, putting the band on hold. Despite a final US number one with a live-recorded version of "Coming Up" (1980), Wings discontinued in 1981 after Laine departed from the band. In total, the band had six number-one singles on theBillboard Hot 100.
Afterthe Beatles' break-up in 1970, McCartney recorded two solo albums:McCartney (1970), credited to himself, andRam (1971), with his wife, Linda McCartney. He had insisted from the beginning of their marriage that Linda should be involved in his musical projects, notwithstanding her lack of previous experience as a musician.[2]Ram was recorded inNew York City, where McCartney auditioned a number of drummers and guitarists, selecting Seiwell and guitaristDavid Spinozza.[3] When Spinozza became unavailable because of other session commitments,Hugh McCracken was enlisted to take his place.[4]
1971–1974: Formation andWild Life toBand on the Run
After the release ofRam, McCartney decided to form a new group and asked Seiwell and McCracken to join. Seiwell accepted, but McCracken declined, so McCartney invitedDenny Laine, whom he had known since the early 1960s, to join.[5] Laine, who was working on a solo album at the time, got a phone call from McCartney enquiring if he would like to work with him, as McCartney said: "I'd known him in the past and I just rang him and asked him, 'What are you doing?' He said, 'Nothing', so I said, 'Right. Come on then!'"[3] Laine then dropped plans for his album there and then.[3] As he had in the Beatles, McCartney would serve as the chief bassist and lead singer for Wings and he doubled on guitar, keyboards, drums and assorted instruments at various times. When asked why he stayed on bass guitar rather than change back to guitar after the Beatles disbanded, he has explained that by then, he was "a bass player pretty much, who also happened to play guitar" and also considers himself a bassist who happens to play piano.[6]
In August 1971, Seiwell and Laine joined Paul and Linda McCartney to record Paul's third post-Beatles album forApple Records. The result wasWild Life, released 7 December. It was the first project to credit Wings as the artist. The band name is said to have come to McCartney as he was praying in the hospital while Linda was giving birth to their second child together,Stella, on 13 September 1971.[2][3] Paul McCartney recalled in the filmWingspan that the birth of Stella was "a bit of a drama"; there were complications at the birth and that both Linda and the baby almost died. He was praying fervently and the image of wings came to his mind. He decided to name his new band "Wings".[2]
In an attempt to capture the spontaneity of live performances, five ofWild Life's eight songs were first takes by the band.[7] The album included a cover ofMickey & Sylvia's "Love Is Strange".[8] LikeRam,Wild Life left music critics cold,[9][10] a response that typified the anti-McCartney sentiments that prevailed among the music press following the Beatles' break-up.[11][12] In their 1975 bookThe Beatles: An Illustrated Record,Roy Carr andTony Tyler calledWild Life "rushed, defensive, badly timed, and over-publicized", and wrote that it showed McCartney's songwriting "at an absolutenadir just when he needed a little respect".[13] Wings similarly struggled to gain artistic credibility, particularly during the early 1970s,[14] with critics, fans and McCartney's musical peers alike ridiculing the inclusion of Linda as a keyboard player and backing vocalist.[15][16]
On 24 January 1972, McCartney added to the Wings line-up guitaristHenry McCullough, after he had tried out for the band.[3] The new line-up immediately mountedan impromptu tour of UK universities (with the group driving around in a van),[17] followed by atour of small European venues. Although this was the first tour including an ex-Beatle after the Beatles broke up, Wings played no Beatles numbers during the tour, to show that it was a new band in its own right.[18]
In February 1972, Wings released a single called "Give Ireland Back to the Irish", a response to the events ofBloody Sunday.[19] The song was banned by theBBC for its anti-Unionist political stance.[20] Despite limited airplay, it reached number 16 in the UK,[21] as well as number 1 in both the Republic of Ireland and Spain. Wings released a children's song, "Mary Had a Little Lamb", as its next single, which reached the top 10 in the UK.[21] Although some critics interpreted it as a sarcastic reaction to the ban on "Give Ireland Back to the Irish", it was in fact a serious effort by McCartney to record a song for children.[22] Wings followed it with December 1972's "Hi, Hi, Hi", which was again banned by the BBC, this time for its alleged drug and sexual references.[20] The B-side, "C Moon", was played instead.[2] The single peaked at number 5 in the UK.[21]
The band were renamed "Paul McCartney and Wings" for the 1973 albumRed Rose Speedway (and for the follow-upBand on the Run),[23] which yielded their first US number 1 hit, "My Love".[24] The album included two tracks left over from theRam sessions and was originally intended as a two-record set.[25] After producerGlyn Johns had walked out on the project, however,[26] McCartney conceded toEMI's opinion that the material was "substandard" and cut it down to a single disc.[27] Among the unreleased songs from the seven-month sessions was the Linda composition "Seaside Woman", which was finally issued in 1977, credited to "Suzy and the Red Stripes".
Paul and Linda McCartney at the Academy Awards at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion 2 April 1974
Near the end of theRed Rose Speedway sessions, in October 1972, Wings recorded thetheme song to theJames Bond filmLive and Let Die, which reunited McCartney withBeatles producer/arrangerGeorge Martin. Issued as a non-album single in mid-1973, "Live and Let Die" became a worldwide hit and has remained a highlight of McCartney's post-Wings concert performances (often accompanied bypyrotechnics). That same year, McCartney and Wings filmed a TV special, the critically malignedJames Paul McCartney, which featured footage of the group performing in outdoor settings and in front of a studio audience.[28]
Aftera successful British tour in May–June 1973, Wings went into rehearsals for their next album. McCullough and Seiwell abruptly left the band in August, however, at the end of rehearsals.[29] Both musicians were disenchanted with the group's musical direction and Linda's inclusion;[30] McCullough also objected to McCartney's domineering attitude towards him as a guitar player,[31] while Seiwell had long felt aggrieved at the lack of a formalised financial arrangement and his status as a lowly paid sideman.[32][33]
With the band reduced to a trio, the McCartneys and Laine cut what turned out to be Wings' most successful album,Band on the Run, atEMI's primitiveeight-track recording studio inLagos, Nigeria. The album went to number 1 in both the US and UK[21] and spawned three hit singles: the rockers "Jet" and "Helen Wheels" (originally included only on the US version of the album) and the title track—a suite of movements recalling side two ofAbbey Road. It also included "Let Me Roll It" and "No Words", the first Wings song on which Laine received a co-writing credit beside the McCartneys.[34]Band on the Run enjoyed a highly favourable response from music critics and restored McCartney's tarnished post-Beatles image.[35][36]
AfterBand on the Run,Jimmy McCulloch, former lead guitarist inThunderclap Newman andStone the Crows, joined the band. The first Wings project with McCulloch wasMcGear, a 1974 collaboration between Paul and his younger brotherMike McGear, with session musicianGerry Conway playing drums.Warner Bros. Records chose not to play up the "Wings" angle in its marketing forMcGear, and the album sold poorly. However, the sessions also generated a single credited to McGear's groupthe Scaffold, "Liverpool Lou", which became a top-10 hit in the UK. Shortly thereafter,Geoff Britton joined Wings on drums, and the first recording session with this full line-up was held inNashville, where the band stayed at the farm of songwriterCurly Putman Jr.[37] The trip was immortalised in the 1974 non-album single "Junior's Farm", backed with a straight country track entitled "Sally G", the group's last release onApple Records. In a rare occurrence for this era, both sides of the single separately reached the Billboard Top 20 in the US.
Paul McCartney with Linda McCartney in 1976
Wings began recording sessions for their next album in London in November 1974, then moved to New Orleans to completeVenus and Mars (1975), the first release from the group onCapitol Records. The album topped the charts and contained the US number 1 single "Listen to What the Man Said", which also featuredDave Mason, formerly ofTraffic, on guitar andTom Scott on saxophone. When theVenus and Mars recording sessions moved to New Orleans, Britton quit Wings and was replaced byJoe English who won the job at a secret audition before McCartney.[38] In late 1975 Wings embarked on theWings Over the World tour,[39] following a postponement to allow McCulloch to recuperate from a hand fracture. Starting in Bristol, the tour took them to Australia (November), Europe (March 1976), the US (May/June), and Europe again (September), before ending in a four-night grand finale at London's Wembley Empire Pool. For this tour, added to Wings' stage act was a horn section consisting of Tony Dorsey,Howie Casey, Thaddeus Richard and Steve Howard, on saxes, brass and percussion.
In between sections of the tour, Wings recordedWings at the Speed of Sound, which was released at the end of March 1976, just prior to the US leg of the world tour. It represented a departure from the previous Wings template in that each of the five members of the band (including English) sang lead on at least one song. However, the two singles, "Silly Love Songs" and "Let 'Em In" (the former a US number one), were both sung by Paul. Four of the album tracks were played in the 1976 portion of the tour, which also included five Beatles songs. One of theSeattle concerts from the American leg of the 1975–76 world tour was filmed and later released as the concert featureRockshow (1980). The tour's American leg, which also includedMadison Square Garden in New York City andBoston Garden in Massachusetts, spawned a triple live album,Wings over America (1976), which became the fifth consecutive Wings album to reach number 1 in the US.[40] From this album came a single release of the live version of "Maybe I'm Amazed"[41] originally from theMcCartney album.[42] The single's flipside was "Soily", a previously unreleased rocker that was often used as a closer for the concerts.
After the tour, and following the release of "Maybe I'm Amazed" in early 1977, Wings took a break. Later in the year, the band started recording their next album in theVirgin Islands, but the sessions were interrupted by Linda's pregnancy and then by the departures of both McCulloch and English. McCulloch, who joinedSmall Faces, died of morphine and alcohol poisoning in 1979. English joinedChuck Leavell's bandSea Level and later founded the Christian-oriented Joe English Band.
Undeterred by their departure, Wings released the already-completed McCartney–Laine ballad "Mull of Kintyre", an ode to theScottish coastal region where McCartney had made his home in the early 1970s. Its broad appeal was maximised by a pre-Christmas release. It became an international hit, dominating the charts in Britain (where it was Wings' only number 1 single), Australia and many other countries over the Christmas/New Year period. Ultimately, it became the first single to exceed sales of 2 million in the UK, eclipsing the previous all-time best-seller (the Beatles' "She Loves You"), and remains one of the biggest-selling UK singles of all time. However, it was not a success in the US, where the B-side "Girls School" received most of the airplay but barely reached the top 40.
The core trio of Wings then released the albumLondon Town in 1978. Though only the remaining trio are pictured on the sleeve, much of the album included McCulloch and English, having been recorded before their departures. Laine, however, remained and was co-credited on five of the tracks, including the title song.[43] It was a commercial success, although it became the first Wings album sinceWild Life not to reach number 1 in the US (peaking at number 2).[44]London Town featured a markedly softer-rock, synth-based sound than previous Wings albums. "With a Little Luck" reached number 1 in the US and number 5 in the UK,[21] but "I've Had Enough" and "London Town" were commercial disappointments in both countries.
Later in 1978, lead guitaristLaurence Juber and drummerSteve Holley joined the band, restoring Wings to touring strength. In 1979, McCartney signed a new record contract, leaving Capitol, the company he had been with in the US and Canada since he was a Beatle, and joiningColumbia Records, while remaining with Parlophone in the rest of the world. Influenced by the punk and new wave scenes, Wings abandoned its mellow touch and hiredChris Thomas to help in the production process. The result was a somewhat less polished sound. This new version of Wings released the disco-oriented single "Goodnight Tonight", backed by "Daytime Nighttime Suffering", which reached the top 5 in both the US and UK.[21] However, the subsequent albumBack to the Egg was not favourably received by critics and although it went platinum in the US, sales were disappointing in comparison to its immediate predecessors. It contained theGrammy-winning song "Rockestra Theme", the result of an October 1978 superstar session with members of Wings,the Who,Led Zeppelin, andPink Floyd, among others.[45] Three singles, "Old Siam, Sir" (UK only), "Getting Closer",[46] and "Arrow Through Me" (US only), were culled from the album, but performed poorly on the charts. During much of 1979, Wings were inactive as McCartney worked on a new solo album (McCartney II) without the band.
In November and December 1979, Wingstoured the UK, once again adding the horns and brass section consisting of Tony Dorsey, Howie Casey, Thaddeus Richard, and Steve Howard. This tour climaxed with theConcerts for the People of Kampuchea, a massive "Rockestra" all-star collection of musicians in London in aid ofUNICEF andKampuchean refugees. Also during this tour, a live version of theMcCartney II track "Coming Up" was recorded in Glasgow and became Wings' sixth US number one hit the following year.[47]
Paul McCartney and his family arrived in Japan on 16 January 1980 for the planned 11-date Wings' concert tour of Japan (due to visit Budokan Hall, Tokyo from 21 to 24 January 1980; Aichi-Ken, Taiiku-Kan, Nagoya on 25–26; Festival Hall, Osaka on 28; Osaka Furitsu-Kan, Osaka on 29; Budokan Hall, Tokyo from 31 January to 2 February 1980).[48] McCartney was arrested immediately upon arriving atNew Tokyo Airport for possession of 219 grams (7.7 ounces) of marijuana (with an estimated street value of 600,000yen) hidden in Paul's luggage.[49][50] The arrest put the tour in jeopardy and Wings' music was immediately banned from all television and radio stations across Japan.[48] Wings' Japanese promoters claimed that almost 100,000 tickets for the concerts had been sold, representing a possible loss of well over 100 million yen.[51] The promoters had no option but to cancel all of the tour dates the day after McCartney's arrest.[48] The other band members of Wings, except Linda, left Japan and returned to England on 21 January 1980.[48] McCartney spent ten days in jail before being (unexpectedly) released without charge on 25 January 1980 and deported.[48][50] After returning to England, McCartney decided to release his solo albumMcCartney II and plans for a US tour were subsequently dropped. Meanwhile, Denny Laine released the single "Japanese Tears" and formed the short-lived Denny Laine Band with Steve Holley and released a solo albumJapanese Tears that December.
By 1980, McCartney was growing weary of maintaining Wings and his personal and professional aspirations began to diverge from the group. The McCartneys now had three school-age children and had moved out of London to the countryside of East Sussex, desiring that their children have a normal upbringing. Musically, McCartney was dissatisfied by the band's performances during the 1979 UK tour, and when rehearsals for the next album began in October, it was apparent his latest songs were not a good fit for the band. Consequently, he and George Martin, who would be producing the album, decided not to use Wings for recording. Instead, top session musicians and guest artists were brought in to make the best possible album.[52] In November 1980, Holley and Juber were told they would not be needed for the new album and other than sessions in January 1981 to finish work on theCold Cuts album of previously unreleased tracks, no further activities were scheduled for Wings. Juber has said he could see the "writing on the wall" regarding Wings' future at that point and moved to New York to continue his career there.[53]
Laine stayed on for theTug of War sessions inMontserrat in February 1981 but his relationship with McCartney had become strained over business and personal matters. Laine had begun to feel that he was not being adequately compensated for his role in Wings, and was particularly bitter that he was employed as a contract writer on "Mull of Kintyre", a song he co-wrote with McCartney. He had been paid a flat fee for his contributions so when the song became a hit, he did not share in the royalties.[nb 1] Laine was also upset with McCartney over his drug arrest in Japan which meant a loss of extra income from the tour as well as putting future tour plans in doubt. Laine's marriage was also troubled, and his wife and the McCartneys did not get along well, adding to his upset with Wings.[55] In April 1981, Laine announced he was leaving Wings, citing the lack of tour plans as the reason. While Laine's departure effectively ended the band, a spokesman for McCartney said that Wings still continued as an active concept.[56] McCartney finally acknowledged the band no longer existed while promoting the release ofTug of War in 1982.[57]
The Country Hams was a pseudonym used by the group for the release of the single "Walking in the Park with Eloise" in 1974, a song written years before by Paul's father James.[37] Wings (with guest musicians Chet Atkins and Floyd Cramer) recorded it during the sessions forJunior's Farm.
Suzy and the Red Stripes was a pseudonym used by the group for the release of the Linda McCartney and Wings single "Seaside Woman" in 1977. It was written and sung by Linda McCartney. It was the only release by Wings under that name. Linda said that the "Suzy and the Red Stripes" pseudonym came about because she had been called "Suzi" in Jamaica because of "a fantastic reggae version of 'Suzi Q'", andRed Stripe is Jamaica's leading brand of beer.[58]
In March 1997, Denny Laine, Laurence Juber and Steve Holley did an impromptu "Wings" reunion at aBeatlefest convention inEast Rutherford, New Jersey.[59] This was not a planned event, and no further reunions were intended. However, ten years later, in July 2007, Laine, Juber and Denny Seiwell reunited for one show at a Beatlefest (renamed Fest for Beatles Fans) convention inLas Vegas. Among other songs, they performed "Band on the Run", "Mull of Kintyre" and "Go Now".[60] Laine and Seiwell appeared again at the Fest for Beatles Fans inSecaucus, New Jersey, in March 2010[61] and were joined by Juber at the Fest inChicago in August 2010.
Laine, Juber and Seiwell performed together at the Fest for Beatles Fans in Los Angeles, California, in October 2014; the setlist included "Hi, Hi, Hi", "Live and Let Die" and "Rockestra Theme". In August 2017, the trio performed at the festival once again, this time joined by drummerSteve Holley.[citation needed]
Laine, Juber, Seiwell and Holley performed together in January 2018 at Grand Oak Live, a music venue inUpland, California, headlining an event called Imagine Something Yesterday.[62][better source needed]
Laine, Juber and Holley performed again in March 2019 at the Fest for Beatles Fans in Jersey City, New Jersey performing songs from the band's final albumBack to the Egg.[citation needed]
Wings had twelve top-10 singles (including one number one) in the UK and fourteen top 10 singles (including six number ones) in the US. All 23 singles released by Wings reached the UStop 40, and one two-sided hit, "Junior's Farm"/"Sally G", reached the top 40 with each side. Of the nine albums released by Wings, all went top 10 in either the UK or the US, with five consecutive albums topping the US charts. Paul McCartney was unquestionably Wings' leader and dominant creative force, but Denny Laine, Jimmy McCulloch, and Linda McCartney all contributed a little in songwriting, and Laine, McCulloch, Joe English, and Linda McCartney all performed a few lead vocals.
The success of Wings was a vindication for McCartney.[63] His first few post-Beatles albums were highly criticized and often dismissed by critics as "lightweight" next to the more serious nature of his former bandmates' solo output. But by the mid-1970s, the solo careers of the other three former Beatles were in varying degrees of decline, with John Lennon putting his career on hold in 1975 for the first five years of his sonSean's life. A year later,George Harrison had all but retired from live performances, with his new releases failing to match the success of his initial solo output.Ringo Starr was living in Los Angeles and was writing and recording, but as a solo artist had not been performing onstage other than rare guest appearances. Meanwhile, Wings continued to tour regularly and enjoy much commercial success. According to authorRobert Rosen, by 1980, Lennon was envious enough of McCartney's continuing success to make his re-emergence on the music scene.[64]
One of the criticisms of Wings was that the other members were little more thansidemen backing up a solo McCartney.[65] Guitarist Henry McCullough quit the band because he grew tired of being told by McCartney exactly what to play, and said that Wings were never a "real band".[66] On the other hand, other former members of Wings such as Joe English and Laurence Juber have said that they were allowed a degree of creative freedom. In an interview, Juber, Wings' third lead guitarist, said, "I was a sideman, but the job assignment very much included considering myself a part of the band ... In all its incarnations Wings sounded like a band, not like a solo McCartney project and I think that reflects well not only on Paul's ability to share in the creative process, but also on the importance of Denny and Linda's contributions, too. The other players brought their own personalities to the scene."[65]
In addition to its own output, Wings recorded several songs that were released through various outlets both before and after the band's break-up. Denny Laine's 1977 solo albumHolly Days was a joint effort by Laine with Paul and Linda McCartney;[67] three songs on Laine's 1980 solo albumJapanese Tears were performed by Wings with Laine on lead vocals; Laine also contributed to several songs on Paul McCartney's 1982 and 1983 solo albumsTug of War andPipes of Peace, respectively. Juber's instrumental "Maisie"—which was backed by members of Wings—appeared on his solo albumStandard Time. The McCartneys and Laine contributed backing vocals to George Harrison's 1981 tribute to John Lennon, "All Those Years Ago". Linda McCartney continued to tour and record with her husband up until her death in 1998, after which a compilation of her songs entitledWide Prairie was released that featured seven Wings songs written or co-written by her. Wings also backed Paul's brotherMike McGear on theMcGear album, as well as McGear's bandthe Scaffold on the single "Liverpool Lou" and its B-side "Ten Years After on Strawberry Jam". Paul McCartney also used three unreleased Wings songs as B-sides of his solo singles several years after Wings' break-up.
Wings' 1977 single "Mull of Kintyre"/"Girls School" is still the biggest-selling non-charity single in the UK (althoughQueen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" sold more, its sales include a reissue in aid of theTerrence Higgins Trust),[68] and it ranked fourth in the official list of all-time best-selling singles in the UK issued in 2002.[69]
In the 1986 satirical song "I've Never Met a Nice South African" from British TV seriesSpitting Image the narrator mentions as part of the list of unlikely things that they have witnessed that they have heard a decent song from Paul McCartney's Wings.[70]
In 2001,Wingspan: Hits and History was released, a project spanning an album and a television special retrospective. Though ostensibly a Wings project, the album was a compilation of both Wings and McCartney solo material, and was credited to Paul McCartney.
Founding member Denny Laine died on 5 December 2023, at the age of 79.[71][72]
In 2024,One Hand Clapping, a live-in-studio album recorded in 1974, was finally released.
^abcdeMiles, Barry; Badman, Keith, eds. (2001).The Beatles Diary After the Break-Up: 1970–2001 (reprint ed.). London: Music Sales Group.ISBN978-0-7119-8307-6.
^Perone, James E. (2012).The Album: A Guide to Pop Music's Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations. ABC-CLIO. p. 147.ISBN978-0-313-37907-9.
^Sounes, Howard.Fab: An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney (2010): 285–87
^Woffinden, Bob (1981).The Beatles Apart. London: Proteus. pp. 47,62–63.ISBN0-906071-89-5.
^Madinger, Chip; Easter, Mark (2000).Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium. Chesterfield, MO: 44.1 Productions. p. 151.ISBN0-615-11724-4.
^Frontani, Michael (2009). "The Solo Years". In Womack, Kenneth (ed.).The Cambridge Companion to the Beatles. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–65.ISBN978-0-521-68976-2.
^Ingham, Chris (2005). "Introduction: Ten Years After". In Hunt, Chris (ed.).NME Originals: Beatles – The Solo Years 1970–1980. London: IPC Ignite!. p. 14.
^However, McCartney played a solo version of "Let It Be", on piano, at Nottingham.Paul McCartney biographyArchived 10 December 2006 at theWayback Machine(2003). MPL Communications. Retrieved: 11 December 2006.
^Benitez, Vincent P. (2010).The Words and Music of Paul McCartney: The Solo Years. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. p. 43.ISBN978-0-313-34969-0.
^Sounes, Howard (2010).Fab: An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney. London: HarperCollins. pp. 302–03.ISBN978-0-00-723705-0.
^Doggett, Peter (2011).You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup. New York, NY: It Books. p. 208.ISBN978-0-06-177418-8.
^Madinger, Chip; Easter, Mark (2000).Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium. Chesterfield, MO: 44.1 Productions. pp. 180–81.ISBN0-615-11724-4.
^Emerick, Geoff, with Howard Massey.Here, There and Everywhere: My Life Recording the Music of the Beatles. Gotham; 2006. p. 337.ISBN978-1-59240-269-4
^Clayson, Alan (2003).Paul McCartney. London: Sanctuary. p. 167.ISBN1-86074-486-9.
^Madinger, Chip; Easter, Mark (2000).Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium. Chesterfield, MO: 44.1 Productions. p. 189.ISBN0-615-11724-4.
^Frontani, Michael (2009). "The Solo Years". In Womack, Kenneth (ed.).The Cambridge Companion to the Beatles. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 166–67.ISBN978-0-521-68976-2.