Paul Kurtz | |
|---|---|
 Kurtz in 1979 | |
| Born | Paul Winter Kurtz (1925-12-21)December 21, 1925 Newark, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | October 20, 2012(2012-10-20) (aged 86)[1] Amherst, New York, U.S. |
| Alma mater | New York University (BA) Columbia University (MA,PhD) |
| Era | 20th-century philosophy |
| School | Scientific skepticism,secular humanism |
Main interests | Philosophy of religion,Secularism,philosophical naturalism |
Paul Kurtz (December 21, 1925 – October 20, 2012)[2] was an Americanscientific skeptic andsecular humanist. He has been called "the father of secular humanism".[3] He was Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at theState University of New York at Buffalo, having previously also taught at Vassar, Trinity, and Union colleges, and the New School for Social Research.
Kurtz founded the publishing housePrometheus Books in 1969. He was also the founder and past chairman of theCommittee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI, formerly theCommittee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP), theCouncil for Secular Humanism, and theCenter for Inquiry. He was editor in chief ofFree Inquiry magazine, a publication of the Council for Secular Humanism.
He was co-chair of theInternational Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) from 1986 to 1994.[4] He was a Fellow of theAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science, Humanist Laureate, president of theInternational Academy of Humanism and Honorary Associate ofRationalist International. As a member of theAmerican Humanist Association, he contributed to the writing ofHumanist Manifesto II.[5] He was an editor ofThe Humanist, 1967–78.
Kurtz published over 800 articles or reviews and authored and edited over 50 books. Many of his books have been translated into over 60 languages.[6]
Kurtz was born inNewark, New Jersey, into a secular Jewish family,[7][8] the son of Sara Lasser and Martin Kurtz.[9] Kurtz received hisbachelor's degree fromNew York University, and then a master's degree and Doctor of Philosophy degree fromColumbia University.[10] Kurtz was left-wing in his youth, but has said that serving in theUnited States Army inWorld War II taught him the dangers of ideology. He saw theBuchenwald andDachauconcentration camps after they were liberated, and became disillusioned withCommunism when he encountered Russian slave laborers who had been taken toNazi Germany by force but refused to return to theSoviet Union at the end of the war.[11] He was a professor atTrinity College (Connecticut) which was an Episcopal college.[12]
Kurtz was largely responsible for the secularization of humanism.[3] Before Kurtz embraced the term "secular humanism," which had received wide publicity through fundamentalist Christians in the 1980s[citation needed], humanism was more widely perceived as a religion (or apseudoreligion) that did not include the supernatural. This can be seen in the first article of the originalHumanist Manifesto which refers to "Religious Humanists" and by Charles and Clara Potter's influential 1930 bookHumanism: A New Religion.
Kurtz used the publicity generated by fundamentalist preachers to grow the membership of theCouncil for Secular Humanism, as well as strip the religious aspects found in the earlier humanist movement. He founded the Center for Inquiry in 1991. There are now some 40 Centers and Communities[clarification needed] worldwide, including in Los Angeles, Washington, New York City, London, Amsterdam, Warsaw, Moscow, Beijing, Hyderabad, Toronto, Dakar, Buenos Aires and Kathmandu.
In 1999, Kurtz was given the International Humanist Award by theInternational Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU). He had been a board member of IHEU between 1969 and 1994, and in a tribute by former colleague at both IHEU and theCouncil for Secular Humanism Matt Cherry, Kurtz was described as having "had a strong commitment to international humanism — a commitment to humanism beyond US borders never seen matched by another American. He did a lot to expand IHEU as a member of the IHEU Growth and Development Committee (withLevi Fragell andRob Tielman) and then when he was co-chair, also with Rob and Levi. He always pushed IHEU to be bigger and bolder."[4]
In 2000, he received the International Rationalist Award byRationalist International. In 2001, he debated Christian philosopherWilliam Lane Craig over the nature of morality.[13][14]
Kurtz believed that the nonreligious members of the community should take a positive view on life.Religious skepticism, according to Paul Kurtz, is only one aspect of the secular humanistic outlook. In an interview withD.J. Grothe, he stated that a categorical imperative of secular humanism is "genuine concern for the well-being of other humans."[15]
At the Council of Secular Humanism's Los Angeles conference (October 7–10, 2010),[16] tension over the future of humanism was on display as Kurtz urged a more accommodationist approach to religion while his successors argued for a more adversarial approach.[17]
On May 18, 2010, he resigned from all these positions.[18] Moreover, the Center for Inquiry accepted his resignation as chairman emeritus, board member, and as editor in chief ofFree Inquiry as being the culmination of a years-long "leadership transition", thanking him "for his decades of service" while also alluding to "concerns about Dr. Kurtz's day-to-day management of the organization".[19] Kurtz renewed his efforts in organized humanism by founding TheInstitute for Science and Human Values and its journalThe Human Prospect: A NeoHumanist Perspective in June 2010.
Another aspect in Kurtz's legacy is his critique of theparanormal. In 1976,CSICOP startedSkeptical Inquirer, its official journal. LikeMartin Gardner,Carl Sagan,Isaac Asimov,James Randi,Ray Hyman and others, Kurtz has popularizedscientific skepticism andcritical thinking about claims of the paranormal.
Concerning the founding of the modern skeptical movement, Ray Hyman states that in 1972, he, along with James Randi and Martin Gardner, wanted to form a skeptical group, SIR (Sanity In Research). The three of them felt they had no administration experience, saying "we just had good ideas", and were soon joined byMarcello Truzzi who provided structure for the group. Truzzi involved Paul Kurtz, and they together formed CSICOP in 1976.[20][21]
Kurtz wrote:
[An] explanation for the persistence of the paranormal, I submit, is due to the transcendental temptation. In my book by that name, I present the thesis that paranormal and religious phenomena have similar functions in human experience; they are expressions of a tendency to acceptmagical thinking. This temptation has such profound roots within human experience and culture that it constantly reasserts itself.[22]
InThe Transcendental Temptation, Kurtz analyzes how provable are the claims of Jesus,Moses, andMuhammad, as well as the founders of religions on American soil such asJoseph Smith andEllen White. He also evaluates the activities of the most famous modernpsychics and what he believes are the fruitless researches ofparapsychologists.The Transcendental Temptation is considered among Kurtz's most influential writings.[23]
He promoted what he called "Skepticism of the Third Kind," in which skeptics actively investigate claims of the paranormal, rather than just question them. He saw this type of skepticism as distinct from the "first kind" of extremephilosophical skepticism, which questions the possibility that anything can be known, as well as the "second kind" of skepticism, which accepts that knowledge of the real world is possible but is still largely a philosophical exercise.[24]
On April 19, 2007, Kurtz appeared onPenn & Teller's television showBullshit! arguing thatexorcism andsatanic cults are merely "hype and paranoia".[25]
Kurtz coined the term eupraxsophy (originallyeupraxophy) to refer to philosophies or life stances such assecular humanism,Confucianism andTaoism that do not rely on belief in the transcendent or supernatural. Aeupraxsophy is anonreligious life stance orworldview emphasizing the importance of living an ethical and exuberant life, and relying onrational methods such aslogic,observation and science (rather thanfaith,mysticism orrevelation) toward that end. The word is based on the Greek words for "good", "practice", and "wisdom". Eupraxsophies, like religions, are cosmic in their outlook but eschew the supernatural component of religion, avoiding the "transcendental temptation," as Kurtz puts it. Although critical of supernatural religion, he has attempted to develop affirmative ethical values of naturalistic humanism.[26]
In June 2010, theState University of New York at Buffalo announced the establishment of the Paul Kurtz Lecture Series. The series will bring notable speakers to the university's campus in Amherst, New York, to speak on topics relevant to the philosophy of humanism and philosophical naturalism. Kurtz had made the bequest and charitable gift annuity to the university, where he taught from 1965 to 1991, to help promote the development of critical intelligence in future generations of SUNY at Buffalo students. On November 5, 2010, the university announced that cognitive scientistSteven Pinker would inaugurate the new Paul Kurtz Lecture Series on December 2, 2010.
Paul Kurtz conceived of theInstitute for Science and Human Values in 2009 as yet another branch of the umbrella group, the Center for Inquiry. Upon his resignation from the Center for Inquiry he launched the Institute for Science and Human Values as a separate entity.[27][28][29] In ISHV's first press release Kurtz said ISHV hoped to "rehumanize secularism" and "find out how to better develop the common moral virtues that we share as human beings."[18] Kurtz was editor-in-chief of ISHV's journal,The Human Prospect: A NeoHumanist Perspective.[30]
In 2019, the institute's board of directors renamed the organization as the Paul Kurtz Institute for Science and Human Values.[31]
Theasteroid6629 Kurtz was named in his honor.[32]
At a meeting of the executive council of CSI inDenver, Colorado in April 2011, Kurtz was selected for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism.[33]
Kurtz was married twice and had four children; his first marriage ended in divorce. His second wife was Claudine Vial (died 2019).[10][34]
Kurtz died in Amherst, New York, on October 20, 2012, aged 86.[35]
a set of convictions and practices offering a cosmic outlook and an ethical guide to life
