Paul Gilroy | |
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 Gilroy in 2019 | |
| Born | (1956-02-16)16 February 1956 (age 69) London, England |
| Spouse | Vron Ware |
| Children | 2 |
| Parents |
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| Relatives | Darla Jane Gilroy (sister) |
| Awards | Holberg Prize (2019) |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | |
| Thesis | Racism, Class and the Contemporary Cultural Politics of "Race" and "Nation" (1986) |
| Doctoral advisor | Stuart Hall |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | |
| Institutions | |
| Notable works |
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Paul GilroyFRSL FBA (born 16 February 1956) is an Englishsociologist andcultural studies scholar who is the founding Director of the Sarah Parker Remond Centre for the Study of Race and Racism atUniversity College London (UCL).[1] Gilroy was the 2019 winner of the €660,000Holberg Prize, for "his outstanding contributions to a number of academic fields, includingcultural studies,critical race studies, sociology, history,anthropology andAfrican-American studies".[2][3]
Gilroy was born on 16 February 1956[4] in theEast End of London, England, to aGuyanese mother, novelistBeryl Gilroy, and an English father, Patrick, who was a scientist.[5][6] He has a sister,Darla Jane Gilroy. He was educated atUniversity College School and obtained his bachelor's degree at theUniversity of Sussex in 1978. He moved toBirmingham University, where he completed his PhD in 1986.[7]
Gilroy is a scholar ofcultural studies and black Atlantic diasporic culture with interests in the "myriad manifestations ofblack British culture".[8] He is the author ofThere Ain't No Black in the Union Jack (1987),Small Acts (1993),The Black Atlantic (1993),Between Camps (2000; also published asAgainst Race in the United States), andAfter Empire (2004; published asPostcolonial Melancholia in the United States), among other works. Gilroy was also co-author ofThe Empire Strikes Back: Race and Racism in 1970s Britain (1982), a path-breaking, collectively produced volume published under the imprint of theCentre for Contemporary Cultural Studies atBirmingham University, where he was a doctoral student working with the Jamaican intellectualStuart Hall. Other members of the group includeValerie Amos,Hazel Carby andPratibha Parmar.[9]
Gilroy taught atSouth Bank Polytechnic,Essex University, and then for many years atGoldsmiths, University of London, before taking up a tenured post in the US atYale University, where he was the chair of the Department of African American Studies and Charlotte Marian Saden Professor of Sociology and African American Studies.[10] He was the first holder of theAnthony Giddens Professorship in Social Theory at theLondon School of Economics before he joinedKing's College London in September 2012.[11]
Gilroy worked for theGreater London Council for several years in the 1980s before becoming an academic. During that period, he was associated with the weeklylistings magazineCity Limits (where he was a contributing editor between 1982 and 1984) andThe Wire (where he had a regular column from 1988 to 1991).[4] Other publications for which he wrote during this period includeNew Musical Express,The New Internationalist andNew Statesman and Society.[4]
Gilroy is known as a path-breaking scholar and historian of the music of the black Atlanticdiaspora, as a commentator on the politics of race, nation andracism in the UK, and as an archaeologist of the literary and cultural lives of blacks in the western hemisphere. According to the USJournal of Blacks in Higher Education he has been consistently among the most frequently cited black scholars in the humanities and social sciences.[12] He held the top position in the humanities rankings in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007 and 2008.
Gilroy holdshonorary doctorates from theGoldsmiths University of London,[13] theUniversity of Liège 2016,[14] theUniversity of Sussex,[15] and theUniversity of Copenhagen.[16]
In Autumn 2009, he served asTreaty of Utrecht visiting professor at the Centre for Humanities,Utrecht University.[17] Gilroy was awarded a 50th Anniversary Fellowship of Sussex University in 2012.[18]
In 2014, he was elected afellow of the British Academy, the United Kingdom'snational academy for the humanities and social sciences.[19] In the same year, he was elected Fellow of theRoyal Society of Literature.[20] He was elected an international honorary member of theAmerican Academy of Arts & Sciences in April 2018.[21]
In 2020, Gilroy became the founding director ofUniversity College London's Sarah Parker Remond Centre (formerly the Centre for the Study of Racism & Racialisation), named in honour of thetransatlantic abolitionist and women's rights activist.[22]
Gilroy is married to writer, photographer and academicVron Ware. The couple live innorth London, and have two children, Marcus and Cora.
Gilroy's 1993 bookThe Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness marks a turning point in the study of diasporas.[23] Applying a cultural studies approach, he provides a study of African intellectual history and its cultural construction.[24] Moving away from all cultural forms that could be deemed ethnic absolutism, Gilroy offers the concept of the black Atlantic as a space of transnational cultural construction.[25] In his book, Gilroy makes the peoples who suffered from theAtlantic slave trade the emblem of his new concept of diasporic peoples. This new concept breaks with the traditional diasporic model based on the idea that diasporic people are separated by a communal source or origin, offering a second model thatprivileges hybridity.[23] Gilroy's theme ofdouble consciousness involves black Atlantic striving to be both European and black through their relationship to the land of their birth and their ethnic political constituency being absolutely transformed.[25]
Rather than encapsulating the African-American tradition within national borders, Gilroy recognizes the actual significance of European and African travels of many African-American writers. To prove his point, he re-reads the works of African-American intellectuals against the background of a trans-Atlantic context.[26] Gilroy's concept of the black Atlantic fundamentally disrupts contemporary forms of cultural nationalism and reopens the field of African-American studies by enlarging the field's interpretive framework.[26]
Gilroy offers a corrective to traditional notions of culture as rooted in a particular nation or history, suggesting instead an analytic that foregrounds movement and exchange. In an effort to disabuse scholars of cultural studies and cultural historians in the UK and the US from assuming a "pure" racial, ethnic, and class-based politics/political history, Gilroy traces two legacies of political and cultural thought that emerge through cross-pollination. Gilroy critiques New Leftists for assuming a purelynationalist identity that in fact was influenced by various black histories andmodes of exchange. Gilroy's initial claim seeks to trouble theassumptive logics of a "pure" western history (canon), offering instead a way to think these histories as mutually constituted and always already entangled.[27]
Gilroy uses thetransatlantic slave trade to highlight the influence of "routes" on black identity. He uses the image of a ship to represent how authentic black culture is composed of cultural exchanges since the slave trade stifled blacks' ability to connect to a homeland. He claims that there was a cultural exchange as well as a commodity exchange that defines the transatlantic slave trade and thus black culture. In addition, he discusses how black people and black cultures were written out of European countries and cultures via the effort to equate white people with institutions and cultures, which causes whiteness to be conflated with Europe as a country and black people being ignored and excluded. This causes blackness and "Europeanness" to be viewed as separate entities lacking symbiosis. Whiteness and Europeanness even went so far as to create a culture such that blackness becomes a threat to the sanctity of theseEuropean cultures.[28]
An example of how Gilroy and his concepts inThe Black Atlantic directly affected a specific field of African-American studies is its role in defining and influencing the shift between the political black British movement of the 1960 and '70s to the 1980 and '90s.[29] Gilroy came to reject outright the working-class movements of the 1970s and '80s on the basis that the system and logic behind the movements were fundamentally flawed as a result of their roots in the way of thinking that not only ignored race but also the trans-Atlantic experience as an integral part of the black experience and history.[30] This argument is expanded upon in one of his previous co-authored books,The Empire Strikes Back (1983), which was supported by the (now closed)Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies of the University of Birmingham in the UK.
The Black Atlantic received anAmerican Book Award in 1994. The book has subsequently been translated into Italian, French, Japanese, Portuguese and Spanish. The influence of the study is generally accepted to be profound, though academics continue to debate in exactly what form its greatest significance may lie.[31]
The theoretical use of the ocean as a liminal space alternative to the authority of nation-states has been highly generative in diasporic studies, in spite of Gilroy's own desire to avoid such conflations.[32] The image of water and migration has been taken up as well by later scholars of the black diaspora, including Omise’eke Natasha Tinsley,Isabel Hofmeyr, andStephanie E. Smallwood, who expand Gilroy's theorizations by engaging questions ofqueerness, transnationality, and themiddle passage.[33][34][35]
Among the academic responses to Gilroy's black Atlantic thesis are:Africadian Atlantic: Essays on George Elliott Clarke (2012), edited byJoseph Pivato, andGeorge Elliott Clarke's "Must All Blackness Be American? Locating Canada in Borden's 'Tightrope Time,' or Nationalizing Gilroy'sThe Black Atlantic" (1996,Canadian Ethnic Studies 28.3).[36]
Additionally, scholar Tsiti Ella Jaji discusses Gilroy and his conceptualization of the black Atlantic as the "inspiration and provocation" for her 2014 bookAfrica in Stereo: Modernism, Music, and Pan-African Solidarity.[37] While finding Gilroy's discussion of music in the black diaspora compelling and inspiring, Jaji has two main points of contention that provoked her to critique and to dissect his theories. Her first critique of Gilroy's theories are that they neglect continental Africa in this space of music production, creating an understanding of black diaspora that is exclusive of Africa.
Jaji's second point is that Gilroy does not examine the role that gender plays in black music production. Jaji discusses how Gilroy'sThe Black Atlantic, while enriching the collective understanding of trans-Atlantic black cultural exchange, devalues the incorporation of gender into his analysis; she uses as an example chapter one ofThe Black Atlantic, in which Gilroy says: "Black survival depends upon forging a new means to build alliances above and beyond petty issues like language, religion, skin colour, and to a lesser extent gender."[38] Further, Gilroy does not include female voices in his discussion of music and trans-Atlantic black cultural exchange, which Jaji argues contributes to a gendered understanding ofpan-Africanism that is largely male-dominated.[37]
An additional academic response to Gilroy's work is by scholarJulian Henriques. Gilroy concludes the first chapter of his bookThe Black Atlantic Modernity and Double Consciousness with the quote: "social self-creation through labour is not the centre-piece of emancipatory hopes....Artistic expression...therefore becomes the means towards both individual self-fashioning and communal liberation" (Gilroy, 40).[27] This quote about the liberatory potential of art as a transatlantic cultural product exemplifies Gilroy's argument that for black people, forms of culture take on a heightened meaning in light of black persons being excluded from representation in the traditional political apparatus. As such, Gilroy argues that culture is the mode through which black persons should aspire to liberation.
In working to understand black culture, Gilroy asks readers to focus on routes of movement of black persons and black cultural production, as opposed to focusing on roots of origin. However, Henriques argues that Gilroy's focus on routes in themselves is limiting to one's understanding of the black diaspora. Henriques introduces the idea of "propagation of vibration", described as the diffusion of a spectrum of frequencies through a variety of media, in his essay "Sonic Diaspora, Vibrations, and Rhythm: Thinking Through the Sounding of the Jamaican Dancehall Session" (Henriques, 221).[39]
This theory of the propagation of vibrations provides language to understand the diffusion of vibrations beyond the material (accessible) sonic and musical fields or the physical circulation of objects that can be tracked through Gilroy's routes. Henriques described vibrations as having corporeal (kinetic) and ethereal (meaning based) qualities that can be diffused similarly to the accessible fields, and argues that Gilroy's routes language does not encapsulate these frequencies of vibrations (224–226).[27]
| Awards | ||
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| Preceded by | Holberg Prize 2019 | Succeeded by |
