Paul Montgomery Churchland (born October 21, 1942) is a Canadian philosopher known for his studies inneurophilosophy and thephilosophy of mind. After earning a Ph.D. from theUniversity of Pittsburgh underWilfrid Sellars (1969), Churchland rose to the rank of full professor at theUniversity of Manitoba before accepting the Valtz Family Endowed Chair in Philosophy at theUniversity of California, San Diego (UCSD) and joint appointments in that institution'sInstitute for Neural Computation and on its Cognitive Science Faculty.

As of February 2017, Churchland is recognised as Professor Emeritus at theUCSD, and is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Moscow Center for Consciousness Studies ofMoscow State University. Churchland is the husband of philosopherPatricia Churchland, with whom he collaborates closely.

Paul Montgomery Churchland^[2] was born inVancouver,British Columbia, Canada, on October 21, 1942.^[3][4] Growing up in Vancouver, Churchland's father was a high school science teacher and his mother took in sewing. As a boy, he was obsessed with science fiction; he was particularly struck by the ideas inRobert A. Heinlein'sOrphans of the Sky. Churchland liked building things in his father's woodworking and metal shop in their basement, and expected to become an aerodynamical engineer.^[5]

At theUniversity of British Columbia, Churchland began with classes in math and physics, intending to pursue engineering. Conversations with fellow students in the summer before his sophomore year inspired him to begin taking philosophy classes.^[5] He graduated with aBachelor of Arts in 1964^[3][4]

He earned his Ph.D. from theUniversity of Pittsburgh in 1969,^[6] his dissertation entitled "Persons and P-Predicates" written withWilfrid Sellars as his advisor.^[2][3]

In 1969, Churchland took a position at theUniversity of Manitoba,^[3] where he would teach for fifteen years, becoming a full professor in 1979.^[6][4] He spent a year at theInstitute for Advanced Study inPrinceton,^[4] and joined the faculty at the University of California, San Diego in 1984.^[3] There, he served as Department Chair from 1986–1990.^[7]

As of this February 2017, Churchland is recognised as Professor Emeritus at theUniversity of California, San Diego,^[8] where he earlier held the Valtz Family Endowed Chair in Philosophy (through 2011),^[9][10] and continues to appear as a philosophy faculty member on the UCSD Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Cognitive Science^[11] and with the affiliated faculty of the UCSDInstitute for Neural Computation.^[12] As of February 2017, he is also a member of the Board of Trustees of the Center for Consciousness Studies of the Philosophy Department,Moscow State University.^[13]

Churchland's work is in the school ofanalytic philosophy inwestern philosophy, with interests inepistemology and thephilosophy of science, and specific principal interests in thephilosophy of mind and inneurophilosophy andartificial intelligence. His work has been described as being influenced by the work ofW. V. O. Quine,Thomas Kuhn, Russell Hanson,Wilfrid Sellars, andPaul Feyerabend.^[14]

Along with his wife, Churchland is a major proponent ofeliminative materialism,^[15] the belief that

everyday, common-sense,'folk' psychology, which seeks to explain human behavior in terms of the beliefs and desires of agents, is actually a deeply flawed theory that must be eliminated in favor of a mature cognitive neuroscience.^[6]

where by folk psychology is meant everyday mental concepts such as beliefs, feelings, and desires, which are viewed as theoretical constructs without coherent definition, and thus destined to be obviated by a scientific understanding of human nature. From the perspective ofZawidzki, Churchland's concept of eliminativism is suggested as early as his bookScientific Realism and the Plasticity of Mind (1979), with its most explicit formulation appearing in aJournal of Philosophy essay, "Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes" (1981).^[6]

Churchland believes that beliefs are not ontologically real; that is, that a future, fully maturedneuroscience is likely to have no need for "beliefs" (seepropositional attitudes), in the same manner that modern science discarded such notions as legends or witchcraft. According to Churchland, such concepts will not merely bereduced to more finely grained explanation and retained as useful proximate levels of description, but will be strictlyeliminated as wholly lacking in correspondence to precise objective phenomena, such as activation patterns acrossneural networks. He points out that the history of science has seen many posits that were considered as real entities: such asphlogiston; caloric; theluminiferous ether; andvital forces that were thus eliminated.^{[citation needed]}

Moreover, inThe Engine of Reason, The Seat of the Soul Churchland suggests that consciousness might be explained in terms of arecurrent neural network with its hub in theintralaminar nucleus of thethalamus, and feedback connections to all parts of the cortex. He acknowledges that this proposal will likely be found in error with regard to the neurological details, but states his belief that it is on the right track in its use of recurrent neural networks to account for consciousness. This has been described as areductionist rather than eliminativist account of consciousness.^{[citation needed]}

Churchland is the husband of philosopherPatricia Churchland, and it has been noted that, "Their work is so similar that they are sometimes discussed, in journals and books, as one person."^[16]

The Churchlands are the parents of two children, Mark Churchland andAnne Churchland, both of whom are neuroscientists.^[17]

• Churchland, Patricia Smith; Churchland, Paul (1990). "Could a Machine Think?".Scientific American.262 (1, January):32–37.Bibcode:1990SciAm.262a..32C.doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0190-32.PMID 2294584.[Subtitle:] Classical AI is unlikely to yield conscious machines; systems that mimic the brain might.^{[subscription required]}

Professor Churchland has authored several books in philosophy, which have been translated into many languages.^[3] His works are as follows:

• Churchland, Paul (1986) [1979].Scientific Realism and the Plasticity of Mind. Cambridge Studies in Philosophy (1st paperback ed.). Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press. pp. 157 pp.doi:10.1017/CBO9780511625435.ISBN 0-521-33827-1.ISSN 0950-6306.
• —— (1984).Matter and Consciousness. Cambridge, MA, USA:MIT Press.
• —— (1985).Images of Science: Scientific Realism versus Constructive Empiricism. Chicago, IL:The University of Chicago Press.
• —— (1989).A Neurocomputational Perspective: The Nature of Mind and the Structure of Science. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.ISBN 0-262-53106-2.
• —— (1995).The Engine of Reason, The Seat of the Soul: A Philosophical Journey into the Brain. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.ISBN 0-262-53142-9.
• ——; Churchland, Patricia Smith (1998).On the Contrary: Critical Essays, 1987-1997. Cambridge, MA, USA:MIT Press.ISBN 0-262-53165-8.
• —— (2007).Neurophilosophy at Work. Cambridge, MA, USA:MIT Press.ISBN 978-0-521-86472-5.
• Churchland, Paul (2012).Plato's Camera: How the Physical Brain Captures a Landscape of Abstract Universals. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.ISBN 978-0-262-01686-5.

His bookMatter and Consciousness has been frequently and extensively reprinted.^[18] BothScientific Realism and the Plasticity of Mind andA Neurocomputational Perspective have been reprinted.^[19]

Professor Churchland has written a number of published articles, some of which have been translated into other languages, including several that have had a substantial impact in philosophy. Essays which have been reprinted include:

• Churchland, Paul (1981). "Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes".Journal of Philosophy.78 (2, February):67–90.doi:10.2307/2025900.JSTOR 2025900. See also the PDF version atK. A. Akins' web pages at Simon Fraser University.
• —— (1981). "Functionalism, Qualia, and Intentionality".Philosophical Topics.12:121–145.doi:10.5840/philtopics198112146.
• —— (1985). "Reduction, Qualia and Direct Introspection of Brain States".Journal of Philosophy.82 (1):8–28.doi:10.2307/2026509.JSTOR 2026509.
• —— (1986). "Some Reductive Strategies in Cognitive Neurobiology".Mind.95.
• —— (1988). "Folk Psychology and the Explanation of Human Behavior".Proceedings of the Aristotelean Society. Supp. Vol. LXII.
• —— (1990). "On the Nature of Theories: A Neurocomputational Perspective".Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science.XIV.
• —— (1991). "Intertheoretic Reduction: A Neuroscientist's Field Guide".Seminars in Neuroscience.2.
• —— (1995). "The Neural Representation of Social Reality".Mind and Morals.

• American philosophy
• List of American philosophers
• List of Canadian philosophers

• Churchland, Paul M. (2014) [1995]. "Neural Networks and Common Sense". In Baumgartner, Peter; Payr, Sabine (eds.).Speaking Minds: Interviews with Twenty Eminent Cognitive Scientists(interview). Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press. pp. 33–46.ISBN 978-1-4008-6396-9. Retrieved11 February 2017.
• McCauley, Robert, ed. (1996).The Churchlands and their Critics. Philosophers and their Critics. Cambridge, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.ISBN 978-0-631-18969-5. Retrieved11 February 2017. The volume includes critical chapters from editor McCauley,Patricia Kitcher,Andy Clark,William G. Lycan,William Bechtel,Jerry Fodor and Ernie Lapore,Antonio R. Damasio andHanna Damasio, John Marshall and Jennifer Gurd, andOwen Flanagan. These are then followed by a 94 pp. essay in response, by Paul Churchland and Patricia Churchland (hence the Churchlands are both the subject of and in part authors of this volume).
• Zawidzki, Tadeusz (May 2004). "Churchland, Paul".Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind. Retrieved11 February 2017.^{[full citation needed]}
• Keeley, Brian L. (2006). "Introduction: Becoming Paul M. Churchland (1942–) [Ch. 1]". In Keeley, Brian L. (ed.).Paul Churchland(PDF). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–31, esp. 1-2.ISBN 0-521-53715-0. Retrieved11 February 2017.
• Ramsey, William (2013) [2003]."Eliminative Materialism"(revision of 16 April 2013, based on 8 May 2003 original). In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved11 February 2017.

Wikiquote has quotations related toPaul Churchland.

• Churchland's UCSD homepage
• Center for Consciousness Studies of the Philosophy Department, Moscow State University
• "From the Engine of Reason to the Seat of the Soul,"The Science Network interview with the Churchlands
• Moscow Center For Consciousness Studies interview with Churchland

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