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Patriots (also known asRevolutionaries,Continentals,Rebels, orWhigs) were colonists in theThirteen Colonies who opposed theKingdom of Great Britain's control and governance during thecolonial era and supported and helped launch theAmerican Revolution that ultimately established American independence. Patriot politicians led colonial opposition to British policies regarding the American colonies, eventually building support for the adoption of theDeclaration of Independence, which was adopted unanimously by theSecond Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.
After theAmerican Revolutionary War began in 1775, many patriots assimilated into theContinental Army, which was commanded byGeorge Washington and which ultimately secured victory against theBritish Army, leading theBritish to end their involvement in the war and acknowledge the sovereign independence of the colonies, reflected in theTreaty of Paris, which led to the establishment of theUnited States in 1783.
The patriots were inspired byEnglish andAmerican republican ideology that was part of theAge of Enlightenment, and rejectedmonarchy andaristocracy and supported individualliberty andnatural rights and legal rights. Prominent patriot political theorists, includingThomas Jefferson,John Adams, andThomas Paine, spearheaded theAmerican Enlightenment, which was in turn inspired by European thinkers such asFrancis Bacon,John Locke, andJean-Jacques Rousseau. Though slavery existedin all of the Thirteen Colonies prior to the American Revolution, the issue divided patriots, with some supportingits abolition while others espousedproslavery thought.
The patriots included members of every social and ethnic group in the colonies, though support for the patriot cause was strongest in theNew England Colonies and weakest in theSouthern Colonies. The American Revolution divided the colonial population into three groups: patriots, who supported the end of British rule;loyalists, who supported Britain's continued control over the colonies; and those who remained neutral.African Americans who supported the patriots were known asBlack Patriots, with their counterparts on the British side being referred to asBlack Loyalists.
The critics of British policy towards theThirteen Colonies called themselves "Whigs" after 1768, identifying with members of the BritishWhig party who favored similar colonial policies.[citation needed]Samuel Johnson writes that, at the time, the word "patriot" had a negative connotation and was used as a negative epithet for "a factious disturber of the government".[1]
Prior to theAmerican Revolution, colonists who supported British authority called themselvesTories orroyalists, identifying with the political philosophy oftraditionalist conservatism as it existed in Great Britain. During the American Revolution, these persons became known primarily asLoyalists. Afterward, some 15% of Loyalists emigrated north to the remaining British territories in theCanadas. There, they called themselves theUnited Empire Loyalists. 85% of the Loyalists decided to stay in the new United States and were granted American citizenship.
Prior to the formal beginning of the American Revolution, many patriots were active in groups including theSons of Liberty. The most prominent patriot leaders are referred to today as theFounding Fathers, who are generally defined as the 56 men who, as delegates to theSecond Continental Congress inPhiladelphia, signed theDeclaration of Independence.
Patriots included a cross-section of the population of the Thirteen Colonies and came from varying backgrounds. Roughly 40 to 45 percent of the white population in theThirteen Colonies supported the patriots' cause, between 15 and 20 percent supported the Loyalists, and the remainder were neutral or kept a low profile regarding their loyalties.[2] The great majority of Loyalists remained in the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution; a minority, however, fled the nation for Canada, Great Britain,Florida, or theWest Indies.[3]
Historians have explored the motivations that pulled men to one side or the other.[4] Yale historianLeonard Woods Labaree used the published and unpublished writings and letters of leading men on each side, searching for how personality shaped their choice. He finds eight characteristics that differentiated the two groups. Loyalists were older, better established, and more likely to resist innovation than the patriots. Loyalists felt thatthe Crown was the legitimate government and resistance to it was morally wrong, while the patriots felt that morality was on their side because the British government had violated the constitutional rights of Englishmen. Men who were alienated by physical attacks on Royal officials took the Loyalist position, while those who were offended by British responses to actions such as theBoston Tea Party became patriots. Merchants in the port cities with long-standing financial attachments to Britain were likely to remain loyal, while few patriots were so deeply enmeshed in the system. Some Loyalists, according to Labaree, were "procrastinators" who believed that independence was bound to come some day but wanted to "postpone the moment", while the patriots wanted to "seize the moment". Loyalists were cautious and afraid of anarchy or tyranny that might come from mob rule; patriots made a systematic effort to take a stand against the British government. Finally, Labaree argues that Loyalists were pessimists who lacked the patriots' confidence that independence lay ahead.[5][6]
The patriots rejected taxes imposed by legislatures in which the taxpayer was not represented. "No taxation without representation" was their slogan, referring to the lack of representation in the British Parliament. The British countered that there was "virtual representation" in the sense that all members of Parliament represented the interests of all the citizens of the British Empire. Some patriots declared that they were loyal to the king, but they insisted that they should be free to run their own affairs. In fact, they had been running their own affairs since the period of "salutary neglect" before theFrench and Indian War. Some radical patriotstarred and feathered tax collectors and customs officers, making those positions dangerous; according to Benjamin Irvin, the practice was especially prevalent in Boston where many patriots lived.[7]
