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Meletius Metaxakis

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Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1921 to 1923

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Meletius IV of Constantinople

Meletius IV asEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, 1923

Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria
In office	1926 – 1935
Predecessor	Photius of Alexandria
Successor	Nicholas V of Alexandria
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
In office	8 December 1921 – 20 September 1923
Predecessor	Germanus V of Constantinople
Successor	Gregory VII of Constantinople

Orders

Consecration

4 April 1910
by Kyrillos II of Cyprus

Personal details

Born

Emmanuel Metaxakis
21 September 1871

Christos,Ierapetra,Ottoman Crete

Died

28 July 1935(1935-07-28) (aged 63)

Alexandria,^[1]Kingdom of Egypt

Denomination

Eastern Orthodoxy

Meletius IV of Constantinople (Greek:Μελέτιος;secular nameEmmanuel Metaxakis,Ἐμμανουήλ Μεταξάκης; 21 September 1871 – 28 July 1935), was primate of theChurch of Greece from 1918 to 1920 asMeletius III, after which he wasEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople asMeletius IV from 1921 to 1923 andGreek Patriarch of Alexandria asMeletius II from 1926 to 1935.^[2] He is the only man in the history of theEastern Orthodox Church to serve successively as the senior bishop of three autocephalous churches.

Life

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Early life

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Emmanuel Metaxakis was born inCrete, in the commune of Christos, now part of theIerapetra municipality. His father was astock breeder, and his maternal uncle was the villagepriest.^[a] From 1889 to 1891, Emmanuel studied at the Patriarchal School of theBrotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre. In 1891, he became thehegumen of the Monastery ofBethlehem, and the Archbishop ofMount Tabor, Spyridon, ordained him adeacon with the name of Meletius. He resumed his studies at the Theological School of the Exaltation of the Precious Cross atJerusalem, when the school opened in 1893. He graduated in 1893primi ordinis.

In 1903, he was appointed Chancellor of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem and administered the reorganisation of the patriarchal printing office and the editing of the periodicalNew Zion in 1904. He founded new schools and reorganized the existing ones, while he succeeded in granting diplomas to graduates of the Theological School of Jerusalem as well, though he did not ordain any priests. He confronted theDuchovnaye Missia (Spiritual Mission) aRussian organisation which practicedantihellenic propaganda; founded the Practical School inJoppa; and increased the circulation of academic books. In 1907 he took part, as representative of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem, in a meeting with the representative of the throne of theEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Basil, theMetropolitan bishop ofAnchialos, and the Patriarch of Alexandria, Photius, concerning issues with theArchbishop of Cyprus. The ruling which at last decided the issue was based on a document which had been drafted by Metaxakis and which had been published in the Gazette of the Cypriot government. They published that document along with various dialogues that he that time with thePatriarch Photius of Alexandria in two publications of the Patriarchate of Alexandria,Ekklisiastikos Faros (Greek:Εκκλησιαστικός Φάρος, "Ecclesiastical Lighthouse")^[b] andPantainos (Greek:Πανταἰνος).^[c]

Metropolitan of Kition

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In 1910, he was elected Metropolitan ofKition in theChurch of Cyprus. He organized the Statutory Charter of the Church of Cyprus and founded the periodicalEkklesiastikos Kirix ("Ecclesiastical Herald"), which he continued to publish later on inAthens and inNew York City. He established the Pancypriot Seminary in October of 1910, and the Commercial High School ofLarnaca. In 1912–1913 he travelled to Athens where he collaborated withIon Dragoumis and a commission of theGreek Ministry of Foreign Affairs to explore fundraising for issues which had arisen with the return of territories under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate to Greece, Serbia, and Bulgaria while drafting a report on the return. Ιn articles inEkklisiastiki Kirika in 1914 he would be opposed in every proposal put forward by the metropolitans of the newly-returned territories, for reasons of ethnic politics: they feared the diminution of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, in which he fulfilled the role ofethnarch.^[4]^[d]

Leadership of autocephalous churches

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Meletios II, Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria, 1930

He wasMetropolitan bishop of theChurch of Greece in Athens (1918–1920) as Meletius III, after which he was electedEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople under the name Meletius IV from 1921 to 1923.^[5] He served asGreek Patriarch of Alexandria under the episcopal name Meletius II from 1926 to 1935.

As Ecumenical Patriarch, in 1921, Meletius declared thatAnglican Holy Orders were valid, having preserved apostolic succession; following his statement, in 1922, the Synod of Constantinople affirmed Meletius' statement, conditionally declaring the validity of Anglican Holy Orders.^[6]^[7]^[8]The Living Church, anAnglo-Catholic newspaper focused onThe Episcopal Church and theAnglican Communion, claimed this was, "the most momentous chapter in ecclesiastical history in a thousand years." As Patriarch of Alexandria, in 1930, he made the same declaration on behalf of theGreek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria^[8] By 1946, the autocephalous Orthodox churches ofCyprus,Greece,Jerusalem, andRomania had also recognized the validity of Anglican Orders.^[7]^[8]

A known supporter of Greek prime ministerEleftherios Venizelos, he served as bishop in Cyprus, until he was electedArchbishop of Athens following the abdication ofConstantine I of Greece, replacing Archbishop Theocletus I, a known royalist. Two years later, King Constantine I was restored to the throne, Archbishop Meletius was ousted, and former archbishop Theocletus I was reinstated. In 1921 during theOccupation of Constantinople he was elected Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. He resigned in 1923 following the defeat of theHellenic army in theGreco-Turkish War in 1919–1922.

Some years later he was elected Pope andPatriarch of Alexandria. He died in 1935.

Notes

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^ Η παιδική ηλικία του Πατριάρχη Μελετίου. Με το κοσμικό όνομα Εμμανουήλ ο Μελέτιος ήταν πρωτότοκος γιος του Νικολάου Μεταξάκη και της Μαρίας το γένος Αντωνίου Προβατάκη και γεννήθηκε στο χωριό Παρσάς της Κοινότητας Χριστού της επαρχίας "Ιεραπέτρας του νομού Λασιθίου Κρήτης, στις 21 Σεπτεμβρίου του έτους 1871. Η μητέρα του Μαρία Προβατάκη, αδελφή του παπά Στεφάνου, γεννήθηκε στο χωριό Χριστός. Ο πατέρας του Νικόλαος Μεταξάκης μετερχόμενος το επάγγελμα του γεωργού και του κτηνοτρόφου ήταν εριστικός και φιλόδικος όπως φανερώνεται από επιστολές και του ίδιου του Μελετίου που θα παρουσιάσουμε παρακάτω. Ο παππούς του Μελετίου ονομαζόταν Γεώργιος Δαγαλάκης και επειδή ασχολούνταν με την μεταξουργία επονομά Κρήτης. Αποκτά 11 παιδιά - 3 στον Παρσά και 8 στις. [Regarding the childhood of Meletios: "With the secular name of Emmanuel, Meletius was the first son of Nicholas Metaxakis, and Maria, a descendant of Antonios Provatakis, and was born in the village of Parsas, in the commune of Christos, in the province ofIerapetra, in the prefecture ofLasithi,Crete, on 21 September 1871. His mother, Mary Provatakis, the sister of the priest Stephen, was born in the village of Christos. His father, Nicholas Metaxakis, a farmer and stock breeder by profession, had moved there and was bad-tempered and quarrelsome, as depicted in the letters of Meletius himself which we will submit further down. Meletius's grandfather was named George Dagalakis because he was engaged in the eponymous silk industry of Crete; he had eleven children, three in Parsas, and eight elsewhere"].^[3]^: 403
^A likely reference to theLighthouse of Alexandria, in the same vein as the reference to the Alexandrian theologian Pantaenus.
^Latinised asPantaenus.
^Greece, along with Serbia and Bulgaria, gained a number of territories from the Ottoman Empire after theBalkan Wars and the annexation of theCretan State that had remained part of the jurisdiction of the patriarchate when their national autocephalous churches were formed in the nineteenth century. TheBulgarian Orthodox Church andSerbian Orthodox Church are now autocephalous patriarchates, but at the time (in all, from 1872–1945) theBulgarian Exarchate that was in formalschism with Constantinople over jurisdictional issues; while the Serbian church was divided into thePatriarchate of Karlovci, theMetropolitanate of Belgrade, andMetropolitanate of Montenegro, roughly corresponding to the borders of theKingdom of Serbia,Kingdom of Montenegro and theAustro-Hungarian Empire.See the above linked articles for more information To this day, thirty-six of the eighty-onedioceses of the Church of Greece in the "New Lands" while represented in thesynod of the Church of Greece and administered as part of it "in stewardship", are yet nominally under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, acknowledging the patriarch as theirprimate (bishop) in thediptychs and retain right of appeal to him in disputes with other bishops.

References

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^"New York Herald Tribune (European edition)". 5 August 1935. p. 2.Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved15 July 2022.
^"Meletios II Metaxakis (1926–1935)". Official web site of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa.Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved7 February 2011.
^Νεότεροι Χρόνοι [Recent Chronicles]. Diethnous Kretologikou Synedriou [International Synedrium of Cretan Studies]. To Panepistemion. 1981.
^Θεοδόσης Τσιρώνης [Theodosis Tsironis] (2010).Εκκλησία πολιτευομένη. Ο πολιτικός λόγος της Εκκλησίας της Ελλάδος (1913–1941) [Church Politician - The Political Debate in the Church of Greece (1913-1941)] (in Greek). Εκδόσεις ΕΠΙΚΕΝΤΡΟ.
^"List of Patriarchs". Official web site of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved7 February 2011.
^Michael, Mark (1 September 2022)."Archives: Constantinople Recognizes Anglican Orders (1922)".The Living Church. Retrieved24 November 2025.
^^a ^bMonks, James L. (1 September 1946)."Relations between Anglicans and Orthodox: Their Theological Development".Theological Studies.7 (3):410–452.doi:10.1177/004056394600700303.ISSN 0040-5639.
^^a ^b ^cBattenhouse, Roy W. (1948)."ORTHODOX STATEMENTS ON ANGLICAN ORDERS Edited by E. R. HardyJr. New York: Morehouse-Gorham, 1946. Pp. xxiii. 72. $1.00".Church History.17 (2):149–150.doi:10.2307/3160495.ISSN 1755-2613.

External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toMeletios (Metaxakis).

Ecumenical Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople^{[dead link]}

Eastern Orthodox Church titles
Preceded by Germanus V	Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as Meletius IV 1921 – 1923	Succeeded by Gregory VII
Preceded by Photius	Greek Patriarch of Alexandria as Meletius II 1926 – 1935	Succeeded by Nicholas V

v t e Bishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs ofConstantinople
Bishops ofByzantium (Roman period, 38–330 AD)	Andrew Stachys Onesimus Polycarpus I Plutarch Sedecion Diogenes Eleutherius Felix Polycarpus II Athenodorus Euzois Laurence Alypius Pertinax Olympianus Marcus I Philadelphus Cyriacus I Castinus Eugenius I Titus Dometius Rufinus Probus Metrophanes Alexander
Archbishops ofConstantinople (Roman period, 330–451 AD)	Alexander Paul I Eusebius Macedonius I Eudoxius Evagrius Demophilus Maximus I Gregory I Nectarius John I Chrysostom Arsacius Atticus Sisinnius I Nestorius Maximianus Proclus Flavian Anatolius
Patriarchs of Constantinople (Byzantine period, 451–1453 AD)	Anatolius Gennadius I Acacius Fravitta Euphemius Macedonius II Timothy I John II Epiphanius Anthimus I Menas Eutychius John III John IV Cyriacus II Thomas I Sergius I Pyrrhus Paul II Peter Thomas II John V Constantine I Theodore I George I Paul III Callinicus I Cyrus John VI Germanus I Anastasius Constantine II Nicetas I Paul IV Tarasius Nicephorus I Theodotus I Antony I John VII Methodius I Ignatios Photios I Stephen I Antony II Nicholas I Εuthymius I Stephen II Tryphon Theophylact Polyeuctus Βasil I Αntony III Nicholas II Sisinnius II Sergius II Eustathius Alexius Michael I Constantine III John VIII Cosmas I Eustratius Nicholas III John IX Leo Michael II Cosmas II Nicholas IV Theodotus II Neophytus I Constantine IV Luke Michael III Chariton Theodosius I Basil II Nicetas II Leontius Dositheus George II John X Michael IV^† Theodore II^† Maximus II^† Μanuel I^† Germanus II^† Methodius II^† Manuel II^† Arsenius^† Nicephorus II^† Germanus III Joseph I John XI Gregory II Athanasius I John XII Nephon I John XIII Gerasimus I Isaias John XIV Isidore I Callistus I Philotheus Macarius Nilus Antony IV Callistus II Matthew I Euthymius II Joseph II Metrophanes II Gregory III Athanasius II
Patriarchs of Constantinople (Ottoman period, 1453–1923 AD)	Gennadius II Isidore II Joasaph I Sophronius I Mark II Symeon I Dionysius I Raphael I Maximus III Nephon II Maximus IV Joachim I Pachomius I Theoleptus I Jeremias I Joannicius I Dionysius II Joasaph II Metrophanes III Jeremias II Pachomius II Theoleptus II Matthew II Gabriel I Theophanes I Meletius I Neophytus II Raphael II Cyril I Timothy II Gregory IV Anthimus II Cyril II Athanasius III Neophytus III Parthenius I Parthenius II Joannicius II Cyril III Paisius I Parthenius III Gabriel II Parthenius IV Dionysius III Clement Methodius III Dionysius IV Gerasimus II Athanasius IV James Callinicus II Neophytus IV Gabriel III Neophytus V Cyprianus Athanasius V Cyril IV Cosmas III Jeremias III (Callinicus III) Paisius II Seraphim I Neophytus VI Cyril V Callinicus IV (III) Seraphim II Joannicius III Samuel Meletius II Theodosius II Sophronius II Gabriel IV Procopius Neophytus VII Gerasimus III Gregory V Callinicus V (IV) Jeremias IV Cyril VI Eugenius II Anthimus III Chrysanthus Agathangelus Constantius I Constantius II Gregory VI Anthimus IV Anthimus V Germanus IV Meletius III Anthimus VI Cyril VII Joachim II Sophronius III Joachim III Joachim IV Dionysius V Neophytus VIII Anthimus VII Constantine V Germanus V Meletius IV
Patriarchs of Constantinople (Turkish period, since 1923 AD)	Gregory VII Constantine VI Basil III Photius II Benjamin Maximus V Athenagoras Demetrius Bartholomew
^† in exile atNicaea Christianity portal

v t e Bishops and archbishops of Athens
Bishops of Athens	Hierotheos the Thesmothete Dionysius the Areopagite Narcissus Publius Quadratus Leonidas Olympius Pistus Clematius Modestus Athanasius I Anatolius John I John II Contias Theocharistus Marinus John III
Metropolitans of Athens	Gregorius I Adamantius John IV Theodosius Hypatius Demetrius I Germanus I Demetrius II Gabriel I Gregorius II Cosmas Nicetas I Sabbas I Anastasius Sabbas II George I Nicetas II Constantine Philip Theodegius Michael I Leo I Leo II John V Nicetas III Nicephorus Gerasimus George II Bourtzes Nicholas Hagiotheodorites Michael II Theophylactus George III George IV Michael Choniates Meletius I^§ Elias^§ Neophytus I^§ Anthimus I^§ Nicodemus^§ Dorotheus I of Athens Macarius I Gerbasius Phantinus Theodorus Isidore Dorotheus II Anthimus II Neophytus II Laurentius Callistus Sophronius I Nicanor Theophanes I Neophytus III Samuel Nathanael Anthimus III Cyril I Metrophanes Theophanes II Sophronius II Daniel Anthimus IV Jacob I Athanasius II Macarius II Anthimus V Cyril II Meletius II Jacob II Zacharias Anthimus VI Bartholomew Neophytus IV Bartholomew Gabriel II Benedict Athanasius III Benedict Athanasius III Gregorius III Dionysius II Gregory IV Anthimus VII Neophytus V Michael IV Theophilus Anthonius of Athens Procopius I Germanus II Procopius II Theocletus I of Athens Meletius III Theocletus I
Archbishops of Athens and All Greece	Chrysostomos I Damaskinos Chrysanthus Damaskinos Spyridon Dorotheus III Theocletus II Jacob III Chrysostomos II Ieronymos I Seraphim Christodoulos Ieronymos II
^§: Titular due to the Latin rule over Athens

v t e Patriarchs of Alexandria
Patriarchs prior to the Chalcedonian schism (43–451)	Mark I the Evangelist (founder) Anianus Avilius Kedronos Primus Justus Eumenius Markianos* Celadion Agrippinus Julian Demetrius I Heraclas Dionysius Maximus Theonas Peter I Achillas Alexander I Athanasius I Peter II Timothy I Theophilus I Cyril I Dioscorus I
Coptic Orthodox Popes and Patriarchs (451–present)	Timothy II Peter III Athanasius II John I John II Dioscorus II Timothy III Theodosius I Peter IV Damian Anastasius Andronicus Benjamin I Agathon John III Isaac Simeon I Alexander II Cosmas I Theodore I Michael I Mina I John IV Mark II James Simeon II Joseph I Michael II Cosmas II Shenouda I Michael III Gabriel I Cosmas III Macarius I Theophilus II Mina II Abraham Philotheos Zacharias Shenouda II Christodoulos Cyril II Michael IV Macarius II Gabriel II Michael V John V Mark III John VI Cyril III Athanasius III John VII Gabriel III John VII Theodosius III John VIII John IX Benjamin II Peter V Mark IV John X Gabriel IV Matthew I Gabriel V John XI Matthew II Gabriel VI Michael VI John XII John XIII Gabriel VII John XIV Gabriel VIII Mark V John XV Matthew III Mark VI Matthew IV John XVI Peter VI John XVII Mark VII John XVIII Mark VIII Peter VII Cyril IV Demetrius II Cyril V John XIX Macarius III Joseph II Cyril VI Shenouda III Tawadros II (current)
Greek Orthodox Popes and Patriarchs (451–present)	Proterius Timothy II Timothy III John I Peter III Athanasius II John II John III Dioscorus II Timothy IV Theodosius I Gaianus Paul Zoilus Apollinarius John IV Eulogius Theodore I John V George I Cyrus Peter IV Peter V Peter VI Cosmas I Politianus Eustatius Christopher I Sophronius I Michael I Michael II Christodoulos Eutychius Sophronius II Isaac Job Elias I Arsenius Theophilus II George II Leontius Alexander II John VI Cyril II Sabbas Sophronius III Elias II Eleutherius Mark III* Nicholas I Gregory I Nicholas II Athanasius III Gregory II Gregory III Niphon Mark IV Nicholas III Gregory IV Nicholas IV Athanasius IV Mark V Philotheus Mark VI Gregory V Joachim I Silvester Meletius I Pegas Cyril III Gerasimus I Metrophanes Nicephorus Joannicius Paisius Parthenius I Gerasimus II Samuel Cosmas II Cosmas III Matthew Cyprian Gerasimus III Parthenius II Theophilus III Hierotheus I Artemius Hierotheus II Callinicus Jacob Nicanor Nilus Sophronius IV Photius Meletius II Nicholas V Christopher II Nicholas VI Parthenius III Peter VII Theodore II (current)
Latin Catholic (1276–1954)	Atanasio (Athanasius) Egidio da Ferrara (Giles) ?Humbert II, Dauphin of Vienne Juan (John) Guillaume de Chanac Arnaud Bernard du Pouget (Arnaldo Bernardi) uncanonicalJean de Cardaillac Pietro Amely di Brunac ?Johannes Walteri von Sinten uncanonicalSimon of Cramaud Pietro Amely di Brunac Leonardo Dolfin Ugo Roberti Pietro Amaury di Lordat Lancelotus de Navarra Giovanni Contarini Pietro Vitalis di Mauléon Giovanni Vitelleschi Marco Condulmer Jean d'Harcourt Arnaldo Rogerii de Palas Pedro de Urrea Pedro González de Mendoza Diego Hurtado de Mendoza Alonso de Fonseca y Acevedo Bernardino Carafa Cesare Riario Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora Ottaviano Maria Sforza Julius Gonzaga Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte Jacques Cortès Tommaso Alessandro Riario Enrico Caetani Giovanni Battista Albani Camillo Caetani Séraphin Olivier-Razali Alessandro di Sangro Honoratus Caetani Federico Borromeo Allesandro Crescenzi Aloysius Bevilacqua Petrus Draghi Bartoli Gregorio Giuseppe Gaetani de Aragonia Carlo Ambrosio Mezzabarba Filippo Carlo Spada Girolamo Crispi Giuseppe Antonio Davanzati Lodovico Agnello Anastasi Francisco Mattei Augustus Foscolo Paolo Angelo Ballerini Domenico Marinangeli Paolo de Huyn Luca Ermenegildo Pasetto
Melkite Catholic (1724–present)	Cyril VI Tanas Athanasius IV Jawhar Maximos II Hakim Theodosius V Dahan Athanasius IV Jawhar Cyril VII Siaj Agapius II Matar Ignatius IV Sarrouf Athanasius V Matar Macarius IV Tawil Ignatius V Qattan Maximos III Mazloum Clement Bahouth Gregory II Youssef-Sayur Peter IV Geraigiry Cyril VIII Geha Demetrius I Qadi Cyril IX Moghabghab Maximos IV Sayegh Maximos V Hakim Gregory III Laham Youssef I Absi
Coptic Catholic (1824–present)	Maximos Jouwed Kyrillos Makarios Stéphanos I Sidarouss Stéphanos II Ghattas Antonios I Naguib Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak
*Markianos is considered Mark II on the Greek side of the subsequent schism, hence this numbering of Mark III. Category Commons