It is located along the eastern border ofMetro Manila and it bordersRizal province, the city shares its name with thePasig River. A formerlyrural settlement, Pasig is primarily residential and industrial, but has been becoming increasinglycommercial in recent years, particularly after the construction of theOrtigas Center business district in its west. The city is home to theRoman Catholic Diocese of Pasig, based inPasig Cathedral, a landmark built around the same time as the town's foundation in 1573.[citation needed]
Pasig was formerly part of Rizal province before the formation ofMetro Manila, thenational capital region of the country.[6] The seat of government of Rizal was hosted in Pasig at the old Rizal Provincial Capitol until a new capitol was opened inAntipolo, within Rizal's jurisdiction in 2009.[7] On June 19, 2020, PresidentRodrigo Duterte signed Republic Act No. 11475, which designatedAntipolo as the official capital of Rizal.[8][9][10] However, it remained as thede jure, or official capital of the province until July 7, 2020.[6]
There are no surviving firsthand accounts of the history of Pasig before Spanish colonizers arrived in 1573 and established the settlement, which they called the Ciudad-Municipal de Pasig.[14]
A section of the Bitukang Manok
However, surviving genealogical records and folk histories speak of a thrivingprecolonial barangay on the banks of the Bitukang Manok River (now nearly extinct and known as Parian Creek), which eventually became modern-day Pasig.[15]
The creek was given the nameBitukang Manok (Tagalog for "ChickenGut") due to the serpentine shape of its waterway.[citation needed] Among its early dwellers were Tagalogs andpeople from South China with origins dating back to theMing dynasty). The Bitukang Manok was once a principal tributary of theMarikina River. The Spanish colonizers called the creekRio de Pasig; however, the natives still called it the Bitukang Manok.[15]
The first stretch of the Bitukang Manok became known as the "Pariancillo" (Estero de San Agustin), where its shoreline was once settled by ethnic Chinese andMalay merchants to trade their goods with Tagalogs until it developed up to the 1970s as the city's main public market. Likewise, the creek contributed enormously to the economic growth of Pasig during theSpanish colonial era (1565–1898) throughirrigation of its widepaddy fields, and by being the progressive center of barter trade.[15]
The Bitukang Manok, also known as the "Parian Creek," had once linked the Marikina River with theAntipolo. Before theManggahan Floodway was built in 1986, The Parian Creek was connected to the Sapang Bato-Buli Creek (which serves as the boundary between Pasig's barangays Dela Paz-Manggahan-Rosario-Santa Lucia and the Municipality ofCainta), the Kasibulan Creek (situated at Vista Verde, Barangay San Isidro, Cainta), the Palanas Creek (leaving Antipolo through Barangay Muntindilao), the Bulaw Creek (on Barangay Mambungan, besides the Valley Golf and Country Club), and theHinulugang Taktak falls of Barangay Dela Paz (fed by the Taktak Creek passing close to the Antipolo Town Square), thus being the detached and long-abandoned Antipolo River.
Since the early 1600s up to the period ofJapanese Imperialism, over a thousand Catholic devotees coming from "Maynilad" (Manila), "Hacienda Pineda" (Pasay), "San Juan del Monte", "Hacienda de Mandaloyon" (Mandaluyong), "Hacienda Mariquina" (Marikina), "BarrioPateros", "Pueblo de Tagig" (Taguig), and "San Pedro de Macati" (Makati), followed the trail of the Parian Creek to the Pilgrimage Cathedral on the mountainous pueblo of Antipolo,Morong (the present-dayRizal province).
The Antipoleños and several locals from the far-reached barrios of "Poblacion de San Mateo", "Montalban" (Rodriguez), "Monte de Tanhai" (Tanay), "Santa Rosa-Oroquieta" (Teresa), and "Punta Ibayo" (Baras), had also navigated this freshwater creek once to go down to the vast "Kapatagan" (Rice plains) of lowland Pasig. Even theMarian processions of theOur Lady of Peace and Good Voyage passed this route back and forth eleven times.
In the 1600s, Fr. Joaqin Martinez de Zuñiga, conducted a census of Pasig City based on tributes and each tribute representing an average family of 5 to 7, and found that it totalled 3000 tributes, half of which were Indios (Native Filipinos) and the other half were Sangleys (Chinese Filipinos)[16]: 296 These tributes were policed by a company of Mexican soldiers under command by a handful of Spanish, patrolling the Pasig river from nearby Fort Santiago which has the Pasig river snake through it. The years: 1636, 1654, 1670, and 1672; saw the deployment of 22, 50, 86, and 81 of these Latin-American soldiers fromMexico at Fort Santiago patrolling along the Pasig.[17] Some of these Mexicans, after being discharged from their duties, had settled in Pasig and other nearby areas.[18] So that they would be close to the Mexico-made image ofOur Lady of Peace and Good Voyage in nearbyAntipolo. Indian Filipinos (fromIndia) that had later settled in nearbyCainta, Rizal also visit Pasig on their way to the capital.
The creek has been also used during theBritish Occupation of Manila in 1762 to 1764 by the RoyalBritish army, under the leadership of GeneralWilliam Draper and Vice AdmiralSir Samuel Cornish, 1st Baronet, to transport their red troops (and also theSepoys they've brought fromEast India) upstream to take over the nearby forest-surrounded villages of Cainta andTaytay. They even did an ambush at the "Plaza Central" in front of thePasig Cathedral, and turned theRoman Catholic Parish into their military headquarters, with the church's fortress-like "Campanilla" (belfry) serving as a watchtower against Spanish defenders sailing from the walled city ofIntramuros via thePasig River.
The Sepoys backstabbed their abusive British lieutenants and sided with the combined forces of the SpanishConquistadors (assigned by theGovernor-GeneralSimon de Anda y Salazar), local rice farmers, fisherfolk, and even Chinese traders. After the British Invasion, the Sepoys remained and intermarried withFilipina women, and that explains theHindu features of some of today's citizens of Pasig, especially Cainta and Taytay.
In 1742, anAugustinian friar named Fray Domingo Diaz, together with a group of wealthy "Mestizos deSangley" (Chinese Mestizos) from Sagad, ordered a construction of a marble, roof-tiled cover bridge across the creek in the style of an oriental pagoda. It was named "Puente del Pariancillo", and a few years later, it changed to "Puente de Fray Felix Trillo", dedicated to the dynamic parochial curate of the Immaculate Conception Parish.Edmund Roberts visited Pasig in 1832.[19]
On the night of May 2, 1896, more than 300 revolutionaryKatipuneros, led by the Supremo Gat.Andres Bonifacio,Emilio Jacinto andPio Valenzuela, secretly gained access in this very creek aboard a fleet of seventeen "Bangkas" (canoes) to the old residence of a notable Valentin Cruz at Barangay San Nicolas, and formed the "Asamblea Magna" (mass meeting).
Three months later on Saturday evening, August 29, about less than 2,000 working-class Pasigueños (along with a hundred Chinese "Trabajadores" (laborers) from the failed Sangley revolts of 1639 and throughout the 17th century), armed with coconuts, machetes and bayoneted muskets (some were donated by the richIlustrado families, while many of those guns were looted from Spanish authorities), joined theKatipunan and made a surprise attack at the "Municipio delGobernadorcillo" (the current site of the Pasig City Hall) and its adjacent garrison of the "Guardias Civil" (Civil Guard), situated near the border of barangays Maybunga and Caniogan.
Guanio residence, the site of the "Nagsabado sa Pasig"
That was the first and victorious rebellion ever accomplished by the Katipunan, and that particular event was popularly known as the "Nagsabado sa Pasig" (the Saturday Uprising on Pasig). After they had managed to successfully out-thrown the seat of Spanishgovernment on Pasig, the Katipuneros fled immediately and advanced towards a "Sitio" located at the neighboring "Ciudad de San Juan" called "Pinaglabanan", and there they launched their second attempt to end the numerous cases of corruption made by the greedy Castilian "Encomenderos" (town officials) and "Hacienderos" (landlords), which shall be commemorated as theBattle of San Juan del Monte.
Remains of the American-era capitol building, when Pasig was the capital of Rizal provinceAerial view of Pasig, circa 1933
On June 11, 1901, during thePhilippine–American War, the province ofRizal was created through Act No. 137 of thePhilippine Commission.[20] Pasig was incorporated into the province of Rizal, and was designated as the capital of the new province.
In 1939, the barrio or sitio of Ogong (Ugong Norte), which includes the present-day Libis area, was separated from Pasig to form part of the newly establishedQuezon City.[21]
AfterWorld War II, the Bitukang Manok was slowly exposing its ecological downfall. It resulted in water pollution due to rational ignorance. The worst came to the Bitukang Manok in the late 1960s when the disappearing waterway, instead of being revived was totally separated from the Marikina River, and was converted into an open sewage ditch, with its original flow now moving in reverse towards the direction of the Napindan Channel (a portion of the Pasig River bordering between the barangays Kalawaan-Pinagbuhatan and Taguig), to give way to public commercial facilities.
Pasig was home to a number of prominent human rights advocates who became prominent during the administration of Ferdinand Marcos from 1965 to 1986. One of these advocates was lawyer and publisher Augusto "Bobbit" Sanchez, whose publicationThe Weekly Post was so uncompromising in its coverage that Pasig politicians came to refer to it as the "Weekly Pest."[22] Another human rights advocate who was an early critic of Marcos' policies was opposition figure andLiberal Party memberJovito Salonga, a Pasig native who was elected representative ofRizal's second district in 1961.[23]
WhenFerdinand Marcos' economic policy of using foreign loans to fund government projects during his second term resulted in economic crises at the beginning of the 1970s,[24][25][26] numerous Pasigueños participated in the various protests of the time, which eventually came to be known as theFirst Quarter Storm.[27] This included brothersEman Lacaba and Pete Lacaba, who lived in nearby Pateros but studied at the Pasig Catholic College (PCC) where their mother was a teacher.[28]
When Marcos suspended the writ of habeas corpus in 1971 and eventually declaredMartial Law in September 1972, students were unable to congregate. In Pasig, one of the prominent residences that sheltered them and allowed them to meet together was the Bahay Na Tisa in Barangay San Jose. Because the house was also the venue of meetings of prominent Pasig leaders who were pro-Marcos, it came to be known as Pasig's "Freedom House."[29] The house has since been declared an Important Cultural Property by the Philippines' National Museum.[30]
Another prominent site in Pasig which was affected by Martial Law was theBenpres Building, which was shuttered by thePhilippine Constabulary when Marcos' declaration closed down all media outlets on September 23, 1972.[31]
After the fall of the dictatorship, one of the first properties to be surrendered by a Marcos crony to the PCGG was the "Payanig sa Pasig" property, at the confluence of Ortigas, Meralco andDoña Julia Vargas Avenues, whose title businessmanJose Yao Campos said he was keeping under the name of the Mid-Pasig Land Development Corp (MPLDC) in lieu of Ferdinand Marcos. This was eventually sequestered by thePresidential Commission on Good Government as part of theUnexplained wealth of the Marcos family.[32]
On November 7, 1975, Pasig was carved out of Rizal province and became part ofMetro Manila when the Metro Manila Commission (precursor of Metro Manila Authority and laterMetropolitan Manila Development Authority) was created through Presidential Decree 824.
In July 1994, Pasig was converted into a highly urbanized city through Republic Act 7829. And in December 1994, PresidentFidel V. Ramos signed it into law, which was ratified through a plebiscite on January 21, 1995.
According to investigative journalist Antonio Montalván II, Mayor Vicente Eusebio assigned every government construction project in Pasig to the construction firms of Pacifico andSarah Discaya, the latter his niece, during the mid-2000s.[33]
On February 4, 2006, theULTRA Stampede, in which 71 people died, happened during the first anniversary celebration ofABS-CBN's noontime showWowowee, because of the prizes that were to be given away. The anniversary of the show would be held onPhilSports Arena but the event has been already cancelled due to the tragedy.
Pasig was one of the areas struck by the high flood created byTyphoon Ondoy (Ketsana) on September 26, 2009, which affected the Ortigas Avenue and the east city side of the Manggahan Floodway. It is the most destructive flood in Philippine history. Pasig is accessed by thePasig River, wherein the waters ofMarikina River channeled and the Manggahan Floodway routed toLaguna de Bay.
In the first week of August 2012, intense monsoon rain caused the2012 Philippines flooding, which affected again Pasig and particularly theNational Capital Region (NCR),Calabarzon and the southwest part ofLuzon. The nonstop eight-day monsoon rain, strengthened byTyphoon Gener, caused the Marikina River to overflow and destroyed the same places that were ruined by Typhoon Ondoy in 2009.
On June 19, 2020, PresidentRodrigo Duterte signed into law Republic Act No. 11475, officially transferring the capital of the Rizal province from Pasig toAntipolo.[10] The law took effect on July 7, 2020, almost 45 years since Pasig became part of Metro Manila and around 11 years since the Rizal provincial government moved to the latter city.
Plaza Rizal in thepoblacion area. On the center is Concepción Mansion, while on the far right isPasig Cathedral.
The Pasig River runs through it and forms its southwestern and southeastern borders with Taguig, while theMarikina River forms its western border with Quezon City. The artificialManggahan Floodway, built in 1986, begins at its confluence with the Marikina River in its northeast.
Pasig is politically subdivided into 30barangays.[34]Its barangays are grouped into two districts for city council representation purposes.[35] The first district encompasses the southern and western sections of the city, while the second district encompasses the northern and eastern sections. Among these barangays, 27 are located on the northern side or right bank of the Pasig River while 3 (Buting, San Joaquin and Kalawaan) are located on the river's southern side or left bank.
^a Excludes 7,296 persons residing in the area disputed by Barangay San Isidro,Cainta, Rizal.
^b Includes population separately enumerated in the 2007 Census as Barangay Napico. Its creation was annulled by theSupreme Court on September 10, 1999.[36] Excludes 3,784 persons in the area disputed by Barangay San Isidro, Cainta, Rizal.
Thedry season runs through the months of November to April, while thewet season starts in May and lasts to November. The wet season reaches its peak in the month of August. Maximumrainfall in usually occurs from the month of June to September. The average annual of rainfall is 2,014.8 millimeters (79.32 in) with a peak of 420.0 millimeters (16.54 in) in July and a low 26.9 millimeters (1.06 in) in April. The highesttemperature occurs during the month of April and May (34 °C (93 °F)) while the lowest occurs during the months of January & February (24 °C (75 °F)).
The Philippines, due to its geographical location, is one of the Asian countries often affected bytyphoons. It is located within the so-called "typhoon belt". Generally, typhoon season starts from June and ends in November. However, the rest of the months are not entirely free of the typhoons since they are unpredictable in nature and might enter the country anytime of the year.
Population growth of Pasig has consistently been higher than the regional average. Thus, the percentage share of Pasig in the total population ofMetro Manila has significantly increased. Its share has grown from less than 3% in 1960 to 4.5% in 1980 and then to almost 6% in 2015. Pasig's population is projected to reach one million[38] between the 2025 and 2030 census years.
The western part of the city is where most of Pasig's financial resources are primarily concentrated. It includes numerous factories, warehouses, establishments and commercial facilities. They are primarily situated inOrtigas Center, Pasig proper and along E. Rodriguez Jr. Avenue (C-5) andOrtigas Avenue (R-5 Road). Real estate and commercial developments along Mercedes Avenue and other areas near the city center are developing. The eastern part was mostly dominated by residential areas but numerous commercial establishments are now being developed alongMarcos Highway. In the arguably more significant western part of Pasig, east of the city ofMandaluyong and part of the barangay of San Antonio, lies theOrtigas Center.
Ortigas Center is one of the top business districts in the country. Numerous high-rise office buildings, residential condominiums, commercial establishments, schools and malls are situated here. TheUniversity of Asia and the Pacific is also located here. The head office of theIntegrated Bar of the Philippines was established in the district. The former headquarters of thePhilippine Stock Exchange is located alongADB Avenue.San Miguel Corporation, owner of one of the largest producers of beer in Asia, also has its headquarters in the district along San Miguel Avenue. Situated along Ortigas Avenue isCrowne Plaza, a five-star hotel nearRobinsons Galleria. Adjacent to Ortigas Center isCapitol Commons, a mixed-use development that was built on the old site of the second Rizal Provincial Capitol.
Notable developments along E. Rodriguez Jr. Avenue (C-5) includeArcovia City, The Grove by Rockwell, andOrtigas East (formerly Frontera Verde), home of theTiendesitas market. El-Pueblo, a colonial-themed commercial complex in Ortigas Center, provides new concept of cafes, restaurants and bars.Metrowalk (formerly Payanig), a commercial hub along Ortigas Avenue andMeralco Avenue, was established in 2005 and comprises shops, depot warehouses, stalls, restaurants and bars. Bridgetowne Destination Estates, a 31-hectare (77-acre) integrated township development of Robinsons Land, has its Victor Monument and bridge connecting Pasig and Quezon City.Parklinks, a 35-hectare (86-acre) urban estate, is partly built in Pasig near C-5.
Pasig City Hall (before its demolition in 2025).ThePasig Revolving Tower, a city landmark which host a revolving restaurant and the market administration and tourism offices of the city government
Pasig is governed primarily by the city mayor, the vice mayor, and the city councilors. The mayor acts as the chief executive of the city, while the city councilors act as its legislative body. Thevice mayor, besides taking on mayoral responsibilities in case of a temporary vacancy, acts as the presiding officer of thecity legislature. The two city districts have six elected councilors each.
The woman represents the Mutya ng Pasig. On the lower left portion is thePasig Cathedral, the seat of the Roman CatholicDiocese of Pasig. The factory in lower right portion represents the prosperity and progress of the city.
Pasig is the location of the east end of thePasig River. It is accessed byPasig River Ferry Service with 7 stations named after the Barangays of the city beside the river, these are the following:
This city is also served bySantolan andMarikina–Pasig Stations ofLRT Line 2, albeit being located within the city of Marikina, located along Marcos Highway near the Pasig–Marikina boundary. The line's depot is located in Barangay Santolan, Pasig. The city will also be served by theMetro Manila Subway, which is currently under construction, andMRT Line 4, which has been approved. The Metro Manila Subway will have two stations inOrtigas Center, namely: Ortigas North and Ortigas South.
Long before theManila Light Rail Transit System finally opened its services in the early 2000s, steam train services had once served Pasig in the past, even before World War II.
InMarikina, there is a street named "Daangbakal", also called by the names of "Shoe Avenue Extension", "Munding Avenue" and "Bagong Silang". There is also a similar "Daangbakal" in theSan Mateo and Montalban (Rodriguez) areas, and on the maps one can notice that the two roads should have been connected with each other. In fact, as the name suggests inTagalog, these streets were once a single railway line. The two sides of the "Daangbakal" roads were once connected by a bridge in the San Mateo-Marikina border. However, as the railroad tracks have been largely ignored after theJapanese occupation and was transformed into separate roads, the railway connection was abandoned.
The old railroad tracks, called the Montalban Branch, was connected fromTutuban station inManila, passing through Tramo (Barangay Rosario, Pasig) coming all the way to the town ofMarikina up toMontalban. On the northern end of the "Daangbakal" road in Montablan is a basketball court. That basketball court which stands today, surrounded by the Montalban Catholic Church and Cemetery, was once the railway station terminus of that particular line.
The present-day Santo Niño Elementary School in Marikina was said to be a train depot. And also it was said that a railroad station once stood in the Marikina City Sports Park.[citation needed]
The Montalban Line was completed in 1906, and continued its operation until 1936.[54] It was said that theImperial Japanese Army made use of this railway line during the Second World War. These railways were dismantled during the 1960s and were converted into ordinary roads.
Today, the citizens are dependent ontricycles,jeepneys, taxis,UV Express, buses, and AUV's which contribute to the everyday unusual and unbearable traffic of Metro Manila. Even now, there is uncertainty in the Northrail project, which links Manila to the northern provinces ofLuzon, because of corruption within the project's construction.
Aside from the Montalban Line, another railway branch in the Antipolo Line had existed in the city before it was permanently removed. It traversed fromSanta Mesa toAntipolo. There is also a street named "Daangbakal" in Antipolo, where like the "Daangbakal" roads on Marikina and San Mateo, a railway line once existed. Its operation ceased in 1917.
The Schools Division Office (SDO) of Pasig City oversees 44 public schools in the city: 28 elementary schools, 14 high schools, one senior high school (Buting Senior High School), and the Rizal Experimental Station and Pilot School of Cottage Industries (RESPSCI) in Maybunga. Those are geographically divided into ten clusters.[55]
Pasig Catholic College (PCC) is a private sectarian college located at the heart of Pasig. Established in 1913 as a small school managed by the CICM Fathers headed by Fr. Pierre Cornelis De Brouwer at the presentImmaculate Conception Cathedral of Pasig, it is considered as the city's center of Catholic educational institution of theRoman Catholic Diocese of Pasig.
St. Paul College Pasig was near the Philippine Institute of Sports Complex (ULTRA). It was established in 1970 as one of the educational institutions administered by the Congregation of theSisters of St. Paul of Chartres (SPC).
Pasig City Science High School (PCSHS) is the second science high school in Pasig recognized by theDepartment of Education for bright students of the city. It is located near theRainforest Park.
Rizal High School (RHS) is located in Pasig. Named after the Philippine national heroJosé Rizal, it is one of the world's largest secondary education by student population. Formerly hailed in theGuinness World Records as the largest school by overall enrolled students, it is now surpassed by the City Mississippi School (CMS) inLucknow, India.[56]
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig, a local university in Kapasigan, offers degree courses for poor, bright and deserving residents of Pasig. It is established during the term of Mayor Vicente Eusebio in 1999.
University of Asia and the Pacific (UA&P) in Ortigas Center traces back to the Center for Research and Communication (CRC) which started by two Harvard graduates in 1967 as an economic and social think-tank institution. Its spiritual and doctrinal formation is entrusted toOpus Dei.
Rizal Technological University (RTU), a state university based in Mandaluyong, has a branch campus located behindRainforest Park in Pasig City. RTU Pasig campus is established in 1994 that offered different courses in the field of Engineering, Education, Astronomy, Business and Entrepreneurship.
Arellano University, a private university based in Manila, also has its Andres Bonifacio Campus in Barangay Caniogan, Pasig. The 1.29-hectare (3.2-acre) campus was established in 1946.
MFI Foundation Inc. (formerlyMeralco Foundation Institute) was located near theOrtigas Center along Ortigas Avenue. It is established in 1983 to serve and meet the industry's demand for middle-level technical manpower. As a partner of Philippine government's institution of theTechnical Education and Skills Development Authority (Philippines) or TESDA, it provided two main programs in the Industrial Technician Program (ITP) which targets the youth and the Technical Training and MFI Training (formerly Testing Program) for skilled workers and professionals.
Domuschola International School is located in Barangay Ugong and offers theInternational Baccalaureate PYP program for elementary students. Established in 2000 as a pre-school under the name Second Mom, it has expanded to primary and secondary education. The school is in partnership with the TAO Corporation and as of 2015, became a candidate school of the IB Diploma Program.
Another international school that is located in Barangay Ugong is Reedley International School. Established in 1999, this school caters kindergarten to senior high school. The school adapts three curricula—Singaporean, Filipino, and American.