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| Olympic Games |
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The rate ofparticipation of women in the Olympic Games has been increasing since their first participation in1900. Some sports are uniquely for women, others are contested by both sexes, while some older sports remain for men only. Studies of media coverage of the Olympics consistently show differences in the ways in which women and men are described and the ways in which their performances are discussed. The representation of women on theInternational Olympic Committee has historically run well behind the rate of female participation, and long missed its target of a 20% minimum presence of women on their committee. As of 2023, 41.1% of members are women. The 2024 Paris Olympics were notable for being the first to have the goal of achieving gender parity between men and women.[1][2]
The first modern Olympic Games to feature female athletes was the1900 Games in Paris.[3]Hélène de Pourtalès of Switzerland became the first woman to compete at the Olympic Games and became the first female Olympic champion, as a member of the winning team in the first1 to 2 ton sailing event on May 22, 1900.[4][5] BritonCharlotte Cooper became the first female individual champion by winning thewomen's singles tennis competition on July 11.[6] Tennis and golf were the only sports where women could compete in individual disciplines. 22 women competed at the 1900 Games, 2.2% of all the competitors.[7] Alongside sailing, golf and tennis, women also competed incroquet.
There were several firsts in the women's golf. This was the first time ever that women competed in the Olympic Games. The women's division was won byMargaret Abbott ofChicago Golf Club. Abbott shot a 47 to win and became the first ever American female to win agold medal in the Olympic Games,[8] though she received a gilded porcelain bowl as a prize instead of a medal. She is also the second overall American woman to receive an Olympic medal. Abbott's mother,Mary Abbott, also competed in this Olympic event and finished tied for seventh, shooting a 65. They were the first and only mother and daughter that have ever competed in the same Olympic event at the same time.[9] Margaret never knew that they were competing in the Olympics; she thought it was a normal golf tournament and died not knowing. Her historic victory was not known untilUniversity of Florida professor Paula Welch began to do research into the history of the Olympics and discovered that Margaret Abbott had placed first. Over the course of ten years, she contacted Abbott's children and informed them of their mother's victory.[10][11]
Jane Moulin andElvira Guerra competed in thehacks and hunter combined (chevaux de selle) equestrian event at the 1900 Games. Originally only the jumping equestrian events were counted as "Olympic", but IOC records later added the hacks and hunter andmail coach races to the official list of 1900 events, retroactively making Moulin and Guerra among the first female Olympians.[12][13]
In1904, the women'sarchery event was added, marking a significant step in including women in Olympic competitions.[14][15]
By the time of the London 1908 Olympics, there were 37 female athletes who competed in archery, tennis, and figure skating. This represented a growing but still limited participation of women in the Games.[7]
Moving forward toStockholm 1912, the number of women participating increased to 47, and new sports such asswimming anddiving were introduced. However, figure skating and archery were removed from the program for that year. Despite these changes, Stockholm 1912 includedart competitions that were open to women, although detailed records of their participation were not consistently kept. The progression in women's participation up toStockholm 1912 shows a gradual expansion in both the number of sports and athletes involved, though it was still far from the comprehensive inclusion we see in modern Olympic Games. These early years laid foundational steps for women's sports in the Olympics, reflecting societal shifts towards greater gender equity in athletic competition.
The1916 Summer Olympics were due to be held inBerlin but were cancelled following the outbreak ofWorld War I.[16]
In 1920, 65 women competed at the Games.Archery was added back into the programme.
A record 135 female athletes competed atParis 1924. At the1924 Summer Olympics held the same year in Paris,women's fencing made its debut with DaneEllen Osiier winning the inaugural gold.[17] Archery was again removed from the programme of sports.Dorothy Margaret Stuart was the first woman to gain a medal in thearts, winning silver inmixed literature.[18]
In1924, the first Winter Olympics also took place, with women competing only infigure skating.Herma Szabo became the first ever female Winter Olympic champion when she won theladies' singles competition.[19]
At the 1928 Winter Olympics inSt Moritz, no changes were made to any female events. Fifteen year oldSonja Henie won her inaugural of three Olympic gold medals.[20] The 800 meters, which had just been opened to women and was won byLina Radke in 1928 (on the right in the photograph), was forbidden to them until 1960 because it was considered unsuitable for women. This year also marked an increase in women's participation from less than 5% of the total number of athletes in previous years to 10% in 1928.
At the Summer Games of the same year, women's athletics and gymnastics made their debut.[21] In athletics, women competed in the100 metres,800 metres,4 × 100 metres relay,high jump anddiscus throw. The 800-metre race was controversial as many competitors were reportedly exhausted or unable to complete the race.[22] Consequently, the IOC decided to drop the 800 metres from the programme; it was not reinstated until 1960.[23]Halina Konopacka ofPoland became the first female Olympic champion in athletics by winning the discus throw.[24] At thegymnastics competition, the hostDutch team won the first gold medal for women in the sport.[25] Tennis was removed from the program.
The1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles were pivotal, debuting thejavelin throw and the80 meters hurdles, which expanded the athletic landscape. A significant highlight wasBabe Didrikson Zaharias, an American athlete who won two gold medals in the 80m hurdles and javelin and a silver medal in the high jump, drawing considerable attention to women's athletics. Four years later, at the1936 Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, women competed in thealpine skiing combined event for the first time, with German athleteChristl Cranz securing the inaugural gold medal.[26] The1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin reintroduced gymnastics to the women's program.
The1940 Winter Olympics due to be held in Sapporo,1940 Summer Olympics due to be held in Tokyo,1944 Winter Olympics due to be held in Cortina d'Ampezzo and the1944 Summer Olympics due to be held in London were all cancelled due to the outbreak ofWorld War II. Six female Olympic athletes died due to World War II:[27]
| Athlete | Nation | Sport | Year of competition | Medal(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estella Agsteribbe | Netherlands | Gymnastics | 1928 |  |
| Dorothea Köring | Germany | Tennis | 1912 |  |
| Helena Nordheim | Netherlands | Gymnastics | 1928 | |
| Anna Dresden-Polak | Netherlands | Gymnastics | 1928 | |
| Jud Simons | Netherlands | Gymnastics | 1928 | |
| Hildegarde Švarce | Latvia | Figure Skating | 1936 |
At the1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, women made their debut in thedownhill andslalom disciplines, having only competed in thecombined event in 1936. In 1948, women competed in all of the same alpine skiing disciplines as the men.Barbara Ann Scott ofCanada won theladies' singles figure skating competition, marking the first time a non-European won the gold medal in the event.[28] At the London1948 Summer Olympics, women competed in canoeing for the first time.[29] The women competed in theK-1 500 metres discipline.[29]Alice Coachman won a gold medal in the women's high jump at the1948 Summer Olympics, marking the first gold medal won by a Black woman for the United States. At the1952 Winter Olympics held in Oslo, women competed incross-country skiing for the first time. They competed in the10 kilometre distance. At the1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, women were allowed to compete inequestrian for the first time.[30] They competed in the dressage event which was open to both men and women to compete against one another.[30] Danish equestrianLis Hartel of Denmark won the silver medal in theindividual competition alongside men.[31] At the1956 Winter Olympics held in Cortina d'Ampezzo, the3 × 5 kilometre relay cross country event was added to the program. The1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, had a programme identical to that of the prior Olympiad.[note 1]
Speed skating for women[33] made its debut at the1960 Winter Olympics held in Squaw Valley.Helga Haase, representing theUnited Team of Germany, won the inaugural gold medal for women, in the500 metres event.[34] The programme remained the same for the1960 Summer Olympics held in Rome. At the1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, the women's5km cross-country skiing event debuted.[35] At the1964 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo,Volleyball made its debut with the hostJapanese taking the gold.[36] The 1964 Tokyo Olympics, women comprised 13% of the participants. The Tokyo Games marked the first time that women competed in judo and synchronized swimming.[37] At the1968 Winter Olympics held in Grenoble,women's luge appeared for the first time.Erika Lechner ofItaly won the gold afterEast German racersOrtrun Enderlein,Anna-Maria Müller andAngela Knösel allegedly heated the runners on their sleds and were disqualified.[38] Whether the East Germans actually heated their sleds or if the situation was fabricated by theWest Germans remains a mystery.[39] At the1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, women competed inshooting for the first time.[40] The women competed in mixed events with the men and were allowed to compete in all seven disciplines.[40] The Games featured significant achievements by female athletes, such as gymnastVera Caslavska, who won four gold medals, and swimmerDebbie Meyer, who also had a notable performance.Enriqueta Basilio made history by becoming the first woman tolight theOlympic Cauldron. She was the last torch-bearer of the19th Summer Olympics inMexico City on October 12, 1968.[41][42]
At the1972 Winter Olympics held in Sapporo there were no changes to the sports open to women. At the1972 Summer Olympics in Munich,archery was held for the first time since 1920.[43] At the1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, ice dancing was added to the programme.[note 2] Women competed in three new events at the1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal. Women debuted inbasketball andhandball.[44][45] Women also competed for the first time inrowing, participating in six of the eight disciplines.[46]Nadia Comăneci, a Romanian gymnast, made history at the 1976 Montreal Olympics by scoring the first perfect 10.0 in Olympic gymnastics. Her remarkable performance, which included seven perfect scores and three gold medals, elevated the global profile of women's gymnastics. Comăneci's achievements set new standards in the sport and continue to inspire future generations of gymnasts. There were no new events for women at the1980 Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid. At the1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow,women's field hockey debuted. The underdogZimbabwean team pulled off a major upset, winning the gold, the nation's first ever Olympic medal.[47] However, these Olympics were marred by theUS-led boycott of the games due to theSoviet invasion of Afghanistan.[48]
Thewomen's 20 kilometre cross-country skiing event was added to the programme for the1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo.Marja-Liisa Hämäläinen of Finland dominated thecross-country events, winning gold in all three distances.[49]
Multiple new events for women were competed in at the1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.Synchronized swimming made its debut, with only women competing in the competition.[50] The host Americans won gold in both thesolo andduet events.[51] Women also made their debut in cycling, competing in theroad race.[52] This event was also won by an American,Connie Carpenter.[52] Also,rhythmic gymnastics appeared for the first time with only women competing; the winner was CanadianLori Fung.[53] Thewomen's marathon also made its first appearance in these Games, with AmericanJoan Benoit winning gold in 2:24:52, a time many thought was impossible for women just a few years earlier.[54][55] These were also the first Games where women competed only against other women inshooting.[56] These games were boycotted by the Soviet Union and its satellite states. At the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, women made up 23% of the participants and featured women's events in sports such as rowing.[57]
There were no new events at the1988 Winter Olympics held in Calgary. At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul,table tennis appeared for the first time for both men and women.[58] They competed in thesingles anddoubles disciplines. Also, a female specific sailing event debuted at these Games, thewomen's 470 discipline.[59] For the first time women competed in a track cycling event,the sprint.[60]
In 1991, the IOC made it mandatory for all new sports applying for Olympic recognition to have female competitors.[61] However, this rule only applied to new sports applying for Olympic recognition. This meant that any sports that were included in the Olympic programme prior to 1991 could continue to exclude female participants at the discretion of the sport's federation.[62] At the1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, women competed inbiathlon for the first time.[63] The athletes competed in theindividual,sprint andrelay disciplines. Freestyle skiing also debuted at the 1992 Games, where women competed in themoguls discipline.[64]Short track speed skating first appeared at these Games.[65] Women competed in the500 metres and the3000 metre relay. At the1992 Summer Olympics held in Barcelona,badminton appeared on the programme for the first time.[66] Women competed in thesingles anddoubles competition.[66] Women also competed in the sport ofjudo for the first time at these Games.[67] 35 nations still sent all-male delegations to these Games.[68] 1992 was the last Olympic games that skeet competition opens to both men and women, and the only mixed shooting competition at the Olympics ever won by a woman:Zhang Shan.[69][70]
At the1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, theaerials discipline offreestyle skiing officially debuted.[71]Lina Cheryazova of Uzbekistan won the gold medal, which is to date her nation's sole medal at an Olympic Winter Games.[72]
The promotion of women became a key mission of theInternational Olympic Committee (IOC) and is enshrined in the Olympic Charter. By the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, this commitment was evident as the proportion of female participants had increased to 26%.[60] The 1996 Olympics in Atlanta represented a watershed moment forWomen's soccer andsoftball, marking its official debut as an Olympic sport.[73][74] The United States women's national soccer team clinched a historic gold medal in a thrilling final against China. This victory was not only the team's first-ever Olympic gold in women's soccer but also a triumph achieved on home soil in Atlanta. The impact of this victory was profound, helping to catapult women's soccer into the spotlight both in the United States and globally. The team's achievement resonated widely, earning them the nickname "The Women's Games" for their standout performance in the inaugural women's soccer tournament at the Olympics.[75] This milestone was not just a sporting achievement but also a cultural phenomenon, sparking increased interest and participation in women's soccer around the world. The success of the U.S. team laid a solid foundation for the growth of women's soccer on the international stage, inspiring young athletes and paving the way for further advancements in women's sports.
At the1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano,ice hockey (with the United States winning gold) andcurling (with Canada winning gold) debuted for women.[76][77] Numerous new events made their premieres at the2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.Weightlifting,modern pentathlon,taekwondo,triathlon andtrampoline all debuted in Australia.[78] At the2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, women'sbobsleigh made its first appearance.[79]Jill Bakken andVonetta Flowers of the USA won thetwo-woman competition, the sole bobsleigh event for women at the 2002 Games.[80]
From 2004 to 2012, the Olympic Games witnessed pivotal advancements for women in sports, symbolizing a transformative period towards greater gender equity and inclusivity. The2004 Athens Summer Olympics marked historic firsts as women'swrestling and sabre fencing were introduced, alongside Afghanistan's female athletes competing for the first time following a ban in 2000.[81][82] These milestones not only expanded the range of sports available to women but also challenged cultural barriers, exemplified byMariel Zagunis of the USA winning gold in sabre fencing, showcasing women's athletic prowess on a global stage.[83][84] In 2004, women fromAfghanistan competed at the Olympics for the first time in their history after the nation was banned from Sydney 2000 by the IOC due to theTaliban government'sopposition to women in sports.[85]
In the subsequent2008 Summer Olympics, the inclusion ofBMX cycling, women's3000 m steeplechase, and the10 kilometre marathon swim further diversified the Games, providing new platforms for female athletes to excel.[86][56][87]Baseball andboxing remained the only sports not open to women at these Games.
The2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics continued this trend with the debut ofski cross for both men and women, though controversy arose as women'sski jumping was excluded due to participation concerns.[88]Ashleigh McIvor of Canada won the inaugural gold for women in the sport.[89] Controversy was created when women'sski jumping was excluded from the programme by the IOC due to the low number of athletes and participating nations in the sport.[90] A group of fifteen competitive female ski jumpers later filed a suit against theVancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games on the grounds that it violated theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms since men were competing in the same event.[91] The suit failed, with the judge ruling that the situation was not governed by the Charter.[92]
By the2012 London Summer Olympics, however, strides towards gender parity were evident aswomen's boxing made its Olympic debut.[93] This, combined with the decision by the IOC to drop baseball from the programme for 2012, meant that women competed in every sport at a Summer Games for the first time.[94] This landmark event was accompanied by a significant global shift, as all national Olympic committees sent female athletes and countries likeBrunei,Saudi Arabia, andQatar included women in their delegations for the first time, reflecting a broader embrace of women's sports participation worldwide.[95][96] In 2012, for the first time, women athletes outnumbered the men on Team USA. By 2012, women constituted approximately 44% of the total athlete population at the Olympics, highlighting substantial progress in overcoming gender barriers and fostering a more inclusive sporting environment. The London Games of 2012 were particularly notable for being referred to as the "Women's Games," reflecting the substantial advancements in female athlete participation. These developments underscored the Olympic movement's commitment to gender equality, providing women with enhanced opportunities to showcase their talents and inspiring future generations of female athletes to pursue their Olympic dreams.[97]
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The2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi saw a groundbreaking moment withCarina Vogt winning the first-ever gold medal in women'swomen's ski jumping, marking the sport's long-awaited debut.[98][99] This achievement was a pivotal step forward for gender equality in winter sports.
The2016 Summer Olympics followed suit with another historic first as theAustralian teamrugby sevens competition team triumphed, showcasing the sport's inaugural appearance and emphasizing its growing global appeal.[100][101] Meanwhile, Rio 2016 also welcomed the return ofGolf to the Olympic program after over a century-long absence.[102]Inbee Park of South Korea seized the opportunity, clinching the gold medal and rekindling interest in golf as an Olympic discipline.[103] The Games also set a remarkable record for Team USA's female contingent, with 291 women competing across various sports and collectively bringing home an unprecedented 65 medals. Among the standout athletes wereKatie Ledecky andSimone Biles, who each secured five medals, underscoring their dominance in swimming and gymnastics respectively.
At the2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang, the event continued to evolve with the introduction of exciting new events like big air snowboarding andmixed doubles curling.Jamie Anderson of the USA emerged as a standout, notching medals in both big air and slopestyle snowboarding, cementing her status as one of the most decorated female snowboarders in Olympic history.[104][105]
In 2020, an IOC policy change permitted one male and one female athlete to jointly carry their nation's flag during the opening ceremony of the2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics, resulting in 194 female athletes selected as flag bearers.[106] The 2020 Olympics introduced four new sports, all with women's events (karate,sport climbing,surfing, andskateboarding), as well as the one-time reintroduction ofsoftball.[107] It was also the debut of themixed 4 × 100 medley relay race in swimming,[108] and multiple events incanoeing, including the first time women competed in thecanoe sprint andcanoe slalom disciplines at the Olympics.[109] New Zealand'sLaurel Hubbard became the first openlytransgender woman to compete at the Olympics, participating in thewomen's +87 kg weightlifting event.[110]
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TheInternational Ski Federation stated in 2017 that it aimed to include women's Nordic combined in the Olympic program for the first time at the2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.[111] However,Nordic combined at the 2022 Winter Olympics ended up having three men only events, just as in 2018. Women accounted for 44.7% of the athletes competing in Beijing and participated in 53.2% of the total combined events.[112] Athletes likeEileen Gu in freestyle skiing/snowboarding andAnna Shcherbakova in figure skating stood out with their gold medal performances.
As of 2024, women constituted 41% of the members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC).[113] The 2024 Paris Olympics were notable for being "the first Olympic Games in history with full gender parity on the field of play".[114] Of the 11,215 athletes registered, 5,712 were men and 5,503 were women.[115] Multiplenon-binary and trans-male athletes, such asHergie Bacyadan, competed in women's events.[116] The 2024 Olympics showcased 28 gender-balanced sports, with 152 medal events designated for women and 20 mixed-gender events. Additionally, boxing included an equal number of weight categories for both men and women.
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At the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, Team USA's roster included a greater number of women than men for the fourth consecutive Games. The U.S. team comprised 314 women and 279 men. When considering both mixed and team events, American women contributed to 57% of the 126 medals won by Team USA. In the gold medal tally, American women made a significant impact, securing 26 of the country's 40 gold medals. This performance tied the U.S. with China for the highest number of golds. Notably, swimmerKatie Ledecky distinguished herself by winning two gold medals, one silver, and one bronze in Paris, thereby becoming the most decorated American woman in Olympic history with 14 career medals. Ledecky's achievements included setting new records, such as in the4 × 100 m medley relay with teammatesRegan Smith,Lilly King,Gretchen Walsh, andTorri Huske. Smith also set an American record in the 200m butterfly, earning a silver medal.Caroline Marks secured her second consecutive Olympic gold medal in women's surfing at the 2024 Olympics, defeatingTatiana Weston-Webb from Brazil. Gymnast Simone Biles further solidified her reputation as one of the greatest gymnasts of all time by winning three gold medals and one silver, totaling 11 career Olympic medals and making her the most decorated American gymnast in Olympic history. Biles, along withSuni Lee, contributed to USA Gymnastics' historic achievement of having two women's all-around gold medalists in a single Olympics. In athletics,Sydney McLaughlin-Levrone excelled by becoming the first two-time gold medalist in the 400m hurdles, setting a new world record and securing another gold in the4 × 400 m relay. Additionally,Valerie Allman defended her Olympic title in the discus throw, becoming the first American woman to win two gold medals in an Olympic field event.[117]
Women have competed in the following sports at the Olympic Games.[118]
| Sport | Year added to the programme |
|---|---|
| Tennis | 1900 |
| Golf | 1900 |
| Sailing | 1900[note 3] |
| Archery | 1904 |
| Figure skating | 1908 |
| Diving | 1912 |
| Swimming | 1912 |
| Fencing | 1924 |
| Athletics | 1928 |
| Gymnastics | 1928 |
| Alpine skiing | 1936 |
| Canoeing | 1948 |
| Cross-country skiing | 1952 |
| Equestrian | 1952 |
| Speed skating | 1960 |
| Volleyball | 1964 |
| Luge | 1964 |
| Shooting | 1968 |
| Basketball | 1976 |
| Handball | 1976 |
| Rowing | 1976 |
| Field hockey | 1980 |
| Cycling | 1984 |
| Table tennis | 1988 |
| Badminton | 1992 |
| Biathlon | 1992 |
| Judo | 1992 |
| Short track speed skating | 1992 |
| Softball | 1996 |
| Association football (Soccer) | 1996 |
| Curling | 1998 |
| Ice hockey | 1998 |
| Modern pentathlon | 2000 |
| Taekwondo | 2000 |
| Triathlon | 2000 |
| Water polo | 2000 |
| Weightlifting | 2000 |
| Bobsleigh | 2002 |
| Skeleton | 2002 |
| Wrestling | 2004 |
| Boxing | 2012 |
| Ski jumping | 2014 |
| Rugby | 2016 |
| BMX Biking | 2020 |
| Karate | 2020 |
| Skateboarding | 2020 |
| Surfing | 2020 |
| Sport climbing | 2020 |
| Breaking | 2024 |
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Incombined events at the Olympics, women compete in the seven-eventheptathlon but men compete in three more events in thedecathlon.[119] Awomen's pentathlon was held from 1964 to 1980, before being expanded to the heptathlon.
Insprint hurdles at the Olympics, men compete in the 110 metres hurdles, while women cover 100 metres.[119] Women ran 80 metres up to the 1968 Olympics; this was extended to 100 metres in 1961, albeit on a trial basis, the new distance of 100 metres became official in 1969. No date has been given for the addition of the 10 metres.[119] Both men and women clear a total of ten hurdles during the races and both genders take three steps between the hurdles at elite level.[120]
Historically, women competed over3000 metres until this was matched to the men's5000 metres event in 1996. Similarly, women competed in a10 kilometres race walk in 1992 and 1996 before this was changed to the standard men's distance of 20 km. The expansion of the women's athletics programme to match the men's was a slow one. Triple jump was added in 1996, hammer throw and pole vault in 2000, and steeplechase in 2008. The last difference remaining (excluding hurdle height and throwing implement differences which still persist) was the men-only50 kilometres race walk event, which was removed from the Olympics in 2024 and replaced with themarathon race walk mixed relay.[121][122][123][124]
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Canoeing excluded women at the Olympics from both the sprint and slalom disciplines[125] until Tokyo 2020.[126]
At the summer Olympics, men's boxing competitions take place over three three-minute rounds and women's over four rounds of two minutes each.[127] Women also compete in three weight categories against 10 for men.[119]
Women are excluded from the 25 metres rapid fire pistol even. They also were excluded from the now discontinued 50 metres pistol and 50 metres rifle prone events.[128] Men are excluded from the 25 metres pistol event.[128] From 1996 to 2004, women participated in the double trap competition. The women's event was taken off the Olympic program after the 2004 Summer Olympics.[129]
Since 1984, when women's cycling events were introduced, the women's road race has been 140 kilometres to the men's 250 kilometres. The time trials are 29 kilometres and 44 kilometres respectively. Each country is limited to sending five men and four women to the Summer Games.[119]
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Until the 2020 games, women competed in three-set matches at the Olympics as opposed to five sets for men.[119] The men's matches were shortened for Tokyo 2020.[130]
In Olympic soccer, there is no age restriction for women, whereas the men's teams field under-23 teams with a maximum of three over-aged players.[131]
Women are excluded from Greco-Roman wrestling. Prior to 2016, women competed in four weight categories of Freestyle wrestling, while men competed in seven, down from a high of ten weight categories. Since the 2016 Olympics both women and men have six weight categories of Freestyle wrestling.[132]
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Historically, female athletes have been treated, portrayed and looked upon differently from their male counterparts. As the 20th century was coming to an end, Georgia state legislators suggested the Equity in Sports Act (House Bill 1308). Not only was this bill presented to strengthen the Title IX policies but also bring awareness to women sports. Later on in 2004, California passed the Fair Play Act which required gender equity, opportunities, facilities, and more.[135] As of 2024, more than 3 million girls participate in high school sports, compared to fewer than 300,000 girls before the law was passed.[136]
In the early days of the Olympic Games, manyNOCs sent fewer female competitors because they would incur the cost of a chaperone, which was not necessary for the male athletes.[137] Female athletes continue to be treated as less than compared to male athletes.[138] For example, in 2012, theJapan women's national soccer team travelled to the Games in economy class, while the men's team travelled in business class.[139] Although women compete in all sports at the summer Olympics, there are still 39 events that are not open to women.[140] Men have to compete in longer and tougher events, such as 110 meters hurdles, compared to 100 meters hurdles for women. In a study done by "Women in International Elite Athletics: Gender (in)equality and National Participation,"[141] it was found within this study by the testing of macro-social gender equality, that within countries that have a higher affiliation with the Muslim religion, there was less of a push for women to pursue sports. This also was slightly true in the idea that if the World Sports organization made more pushes for equality campaigns, there would be a correlation in the number of women who play these sports.
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Historically, coverage and inclusion of women's team sports in the Olympics has been limited. Commentators are more likely to refer to female athletes using "non-sporting terminology" than they are for men.[142] A 2016 study published byCambridge University Press found that women were more likely to be described using physical features, age, marital status and aesthetics than men were, as opposed to sport-related adjectives and descriptions.[143] The same study found that women were also more likely to be referred to as "girls" than men were to be called "boys" in commentary. In addition, women were twice as likely to be referred to as 'ladies', compared to 'gentlemen' who are frequently referred to by the neutral term 'men'.[144] This disparity in the quality of coverage for women's Olympic sports has been attributed to the fact that 90% of sports journalists are male.[145]
The most common adjectives sports commentators used to describe returning female Olympians during the 2016 Olympics were 'aged', 'older', 'pregnant', and 'married' or 'un-married', while for male Olympians, 'fastest', 'strong', 'big', 'real' and 'great' were the most common adjectives.[144]
Coverage of women's sports has typically been lower than men's. From 1992 to 1998, American women have always had less raw clock time when being covered on television. Compared to American men, the women have only had 44, 47, and 40 percent of the Olympic television coverage, respectively.[146]
TheInternational Olympic Committee (IOC) was created byPierre, Baron de Coubertin, in 1894 and is now considered "the supreme authority of the Olympic movement".[147] Its headquarters are located inLausanne, Switzerland. The title of supreme authority of the Olympic movement consists of many different duties, which include promoting Olympic values, maintaining the regular celebration of theOlympic Games, and supporting any organization that is connected with the Olympic movement.[147]
Some of the Olympic values that the IOC promotes are practicing sport ethically, eliminating discrimination from sports, encouraging women's involvement in sport, fighting the use of drugs in sport, and blending sport, culture, and education.[147] The IOC supports these values by creating different commissions that focus on a particular area. These commissions hold conferences throughout the year where different people around the world discuss ideas and ways to implement the Olympic values into the lives of people internationally.[147] The commissions also have the responsibility of reporting their findings to thePresident of the IOC and its executive board.[147] The President has the authority to assign members to different commissions based on the person's interests and specialties.
The first two female IOC members were the VenezuelanFlor Isava-Fonseca and the FinnishPirjo Häggman and were co-opted as IOC members in 1981.[148]
The IOC can contain up to 115 members, and currently, the members of the IOC come from 79 countries.[147] The IOC is considered a powerful authority throughout the world as it creates policies that become standards for other countries to follow in the sporting arena.[149]
In 2011 only 20 of the 106 members of the IOC were women. In 2023, this was 44 of 107 members - 41.1%.[150][151]
A goal of the IOC is to encourage these traditional countries to support women's participation in sport because two of the IOC's Olympic values that it must uphold are ensuring the lack of discrimination in sports and promoting women's involvement in sport. The commission that was created to promote the combination of these values was theWomen in Sport Commission.[152] This commission declares its role as "advis[ing] the IOC Executive Board on the policy to deploy in the area of promoting women in sport".[152] This commission did not become fully promoted to its status until 2004, and it meets once a year to discuss its goals and implementations.[152] This commission also presents a Women and Sport Trophy annually which recognizes a woman internationally who has embodied the values of the IOC and who has supported efforts to increase women's participation in sport at all levels.[149] This trophy is supposed to symbolize the IOC's commitment to honoring those who are beneficial to gender equality in sports.[153]
Another way that the IOC tried to support women's participation in sport was allowing women to become members. In 1990,Flor Isava Fonseca became the first woman elected to the executive board of the IOC. The first American woman member of the IOC wasAnita DeFrantz, who became a member in 1986[154] and in 1992 began chairing the prototype of theIOC Commission on Women in Sport. DeFrantz not only worked towards promoting gender equality in sports, but she also wanted to move toward gender equality in the IOC so women could be equally represented. She believed that without equal representation in the IOC that women's voices would not get an equal chance to be heard. She was instrumental in creating a new IOC policy that required the IOC membership to be composed of at least 20 percent women by 2005.[154] She also commissioned a study conducted in 1989 and again in 1994 that focused on the difference between televised coverage of men's and women's sports.[154]Inequality still exists in this area, but her study was deemed to be eye opening to how substantial the problem was and suggested ways to increase reporting on women's sporting events. DeFrantz is now head of the Women in Sport Commission.
The IOC failed in its policy requiring 20 percent of IOC members to be women by 2005.[150] By June 2012, the policy had still not been achieved, with only 20 out of 106 IOC members women, an 18.8 percent ratio. Only 4 percent ofNational Olympic Committees have female presidents.[150]
In 1919, French translator and amateur rower,Alice Milliat initiated talks with the IOC andInternational Association of Athletics Federations with the goal of having women's athletics included at the 1924 Summer Olympics.[155] After her request was refused, she organized the first "Women's Olympiad", hosted inMonte Carlo.[156] This would become the precursor to the first Women's World Games. The event was seen as a protest against the IOC's refusal to include females in athletics and a message to their PresidentPierre de Coubertin who was opposed to women at the Olympics.[157] Milliat went on to found theInternational Women's Sports Federation who organized the first Women's World Games.
The first ever "Women's Olympic Games" were held inParis in 1922. The athletes competed in eleven events:[158]60 metres,100 yards,300 metres,1000 metres,4 x 110 yards relay,Hurdling 100 yards,high jump,long jump,standing long jump,javelin andshot put. 20,000 people attended the Games and 18 world records were set.[159] Despite the successful outcome of the event, the IOC still refused to include women's athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics. On top of this, the IOC and IAAF objected to the use of the term "Olympic" in the event, so the IWSF changed the name of the event to the Women's World Games for the 1926 version.[160] The1926 Women's World Games would be held in Gothenburg, Sweden. The discus throw was added to the programme. These Games were also attended by 20,000 spectators and finally convinced the IOC to allow women to compete in the Olympics in some athletics events.[161] The IOC let women compete in 100 metres, 800 metres, 4 × 100 metres relay, high jump and discus throw in 1928.[162] There would be two more editions of the Women's World Games,1930 in Prague and1934 in London.[163] The IWSF was forced to fold after theGovernment of France pulled funding in 1936.[164]Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the International Olympic Committee, was quoted with saying "I do not approve of the participation of women in public competitions. In the Olympic Games, their primary role should be to crown the victors."
