Parliament | |
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| Background information | |
| Origin | Plainfield, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Genres | |
| Works | Parliament discography |
| Years active | 1968–1970, 1974–1980, 2018 |
| Labels | Casablanca (1974–1980) Invictus (1968–1970) C Kunspyruhzy (2018) Def Jam (2021–present) |
| Spinoffs | |
| Spinoff of | The Parliaments |
| Past members |
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Parliament was an Americanfunk band formed in 1968 byGeorge Clinton as a flagship act of hisP-Funk collective. Evolving out of anearlier vocal group, Parliament became associated with a more commercial and lessrock-oriented sound than its sister actFunkadelic. Their work incorporatedAfrofuturist concepts, horn arrangements,synthesizer, and outlandish theatrics.[2] The band scored a number of Top 10 hits, including the million-selling 1976 single "Give Up the Funk (Tear the Roof off the Sucker)," and Top 40 albums such asMothership Connection (1975).
Parliament was originallyThe Parliaments, adoo-wop vocal group based at aPlainfield, New Jersey barbershop.[3] The group was formed in the late 1950s and includedGeorge Clinton,Ray Davis,Fuzzy Haskins,Calvin Simon, andGrady Thomas.[3] Clinton was the group leader and manager. The group scored a hit single in 1967 with "(I Wanna) Testify" (co-written by Clinton) on Revilot Records.[3] To capitalize on this chart success, Clinton formed a touring band, featuring teenage barbershop employeeBilly Nelson on bass and his friendEddie Hazel on guitar, with the line-up eventually rounded out byTawl Ross on guitar,Tiki Fulwood on drums, and Mickey Atkins on organ.
During a contractual dispute with Revilot, Clinton temporarily lost the rights to the name "The Parliaments", and signed the ensemble toWestbound Records asFunkadelic, which Clinton positioned as a funk-rock band featuring the five touring musicians with the five Parliaments singers as uncredited guests.[3] With Funkadelic as a recording and touring entity in its own right, in 1970 Clinton relaunched the singing group, now known as Parliament, at first featuring the same ten members.[3] Clinton was now the leader of two different acts, Parliament and Funkadelic, which featured the same members,[3] but were marketed as creating two different types offunk.
The Parliament album titledOsmium was released onInvictus Records in 1970,[3] and was later reissued on CD with non-album tracks as bothRhenium andFirst Thangs.Osmium featured a mostlypsychedelic soul sound that was more similar to the Funkadelic albums of the period, than to the later Parliament albums. The song "The Breakdown" was released separately as a single, and reached No. 30 on the R&B chart in 1971.[3] Due to continuing contractual problems and the fact that Funkadelic releases were more successful at the time, Clinton temporarily abandoned the name Parliament (which he revived in 1974).[3]
FollowingOsmium, the line-up of Parliament-Funkadelic began going through many changes and was expanded significantly, with the addition of important members such as keyboardistBernie Worrell in 1970, singer/guitaristGarry Shider in 1971, and bassistBootsy Collins (recruited from theJames Brown backing band) in 1972. Dozens of singers and musicians would contribute to future Parliament-Funkadelic releases. Clinton relaunched Parliament in 1974 and signed the act toCasablanca Records.[3] Parliament, now augmented by theHorny Horns (also recruited fromJames Brown's band) was positioned as a smoother R&B-based funk ensemble with intricate horn and vocal arrangements, and as a counterpoint to the guitar-based funk-rock of Funkadelic.[3] By this point, Parliament and Funkadelic were touring as a combined entity known asParliament-Funkadelic or simplyP-Funk (which also became the catch-all term for George Clinton's rapidly growing stable of funk artists).[3]
The albumUp for the Down Stroke was released in 1974, withChocolate City following in 1975.[3] Both performed strongly on theBillboard R&B album chart and were moderately successful on the pop chart. Parliament began its period of greatest mainstream success with the concept albumMothership Connection (1975), the lyrics of which launched much of theP-Funk mythology. The subsequent albumsThe Clones of Dr. Funkenstein (1976),Funkentelechy vs. the Placebo Syndrome (1977), andMotor Booty Affair (1978) all reached high on both the R&B and Pop charts, while Funkadelic was also experiencing significant mainstream success. Parliament scored the No. 1 R&B singles "Flash Light" in 1977 and "Aqua Boogie" in 1978.[3]
The rapidly expanding ensemble of musicians and singers in theParliament-Funkadelic enterprise, as well as Clinton's problematic management practices, began to take their toll by the late 1970s.[3] Original Parliaments membersFuzzy Haskins,Calvin Simon, andGrady Thomas, who had been with Clinton since the barbershop days in the late 1950s, departed acrimoniously in 1977, after disputes over Clinton's management. Other important group members like singer/guitaristGlenn Goins and drummerJerome Brailey left Parliament-Funkadelic in 1978 after disputes over Clinton's management. Two further Parliament albums,Gloryhallastoopid (1979) andTrombipulation (1980) were less successful than the albums from the group's prime 1975-1978 period.
In the early 1980s, with legal difficulties arising from the multiple names used by multiple groups, as well as a shakeup atCasablanca Records, George Clinton dissolved Parliament and Funkadelic as recording and touring entities.[3] However, many of the musicians in later versions of the two groups remained employed by Clinton. Clinton continued to release new albums regularly, sometimes under his own name and sometimes under the name George Clinton & the P-Funk All-Stars. TheP-Funk All-Stars continued to record and tour into the 1990s and 2000s, and regularly perform classic Parliament songs.
Parliament reformed in January 2018 and released the song "I'm Gon Make U Sick O'Me", which features the rapperScarface.[4] This was the first new Parliament release in 38 years. Clinton also announced the title of a new Parliament album,Medicaid Fraud Dogg, which was released on May 22, 2018.[5] Most of the 23 tracks on the album were written by Clinton in collaboration with his son, Tracey Lewis. Guest musicians on the album include former long-time James Brown collaboratorsFred Wesley andAlfred "Pee Wee" Ellis.
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