| Parc Montsouris | |
|---|---|
 Alley in Parc Montsouris | |
 Interactive map of Parc Montsouris | |
| Type | Urban park |
| Location | 14th arrondissement,Paris |
| Coordinates | 48°49′20″N2°20′18″E / 48.82222°N 2.33833°E /48.82222; 2.33833 (Parc Montsouris) |
| Area | 38 acres (15 ha) |
| Created | 2 October 1875 |
| Operated by | Direction des Espaces Verts et de l'Environnement (DEVE) |
| Status | Open all year |
| Public transit access | Located near theRER stationCité Universitaire |
Parc Montsouris (French pronunciation:[paʁkmɔ̃suʁi]; English: Montsouris Park) is a public park situated in southernParis,France. Located in the14th arrondissement, it was officially inaugurated in 1875 after an early opening in 1869.
Parc Montsouris is one of the four large urban public parks, along with theBois de Boulogne, theBois de Vincennes and theParc des Buttes Chaumont, created by EmperorNapoleon III and his prefect of the Seine,Georges-Eugène Haussmann, at each of the cardinal points of the compass around the city, in order to provide green space and recreation for the rapidly growing population of Paris.[1] The park is 15.5hectares in area, designed as anEnglish landscape garden byJean-Charles Adolphe Alphand.[2]
The park contains a lake, a cascade, wide sloping lawns, as well as many notable varieties of trees, shrubs and flowers. It is also home to a meteorology station, a cafe and aguignol theatre. The roads of the park are popular with joggers on weekends. Parc Montsouris is bounded to the south byBoulevard Jourdan and theCité Internationale Universitaire de Paris (CIUP), to the north by Avenue Reille, to the east by Rue Gazan and the Rue de la Cité Universitaire and to the west by Rue Nansouty and Rue Émile Deutsch-de-la-Meurthe.Cité Universitaire station onRER B is located in the southern part of Parc Montsouris, where it connects toÎle-de-France tramway Line 3a.
According to the official website of the Park and other sources, the name of the park came from an old windmill, called the Moulin de Moque-Souris, which in the 18th century stood not far from the park site at the crossroads of rue d'Alesia and rue de la Tomb-Issoire.[3][4] Moque-Souris ("mocks-the-mice") was a common name for windmills in France at the time; it was a facetious name, suggesting that the miller dared the mice to find any grain inside. The name over time changed from moque-souris to Montsouris.[5]
Another possible origin of 'Montsouris' is common with the name of a former principal roadway, today's rue de la Tombe Issoire: after leaving the city to the south, it passed through a Roman-era cemetery that had fallen into disuse from the 4th century,[6] and it may have been one these abandoned tombs that an influential 13th-century writer declared to be the burial place of "Ysoré", a defeated giant of popular legend.[7] No matter the veracity of the story, many of the area's landmarks had taken the 'tombe Issoire' name by the 18th century,[8] and if 'Issoire' emerged from 'Ysoré', 'Montsouris' could be a 'mont Ysoré' that evolved over time.[9]
The park was built byJean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, the engineer who headed the service of promenades and plantations created byGeorges-Eugène Haussmann, with the assistance of city architectGabriel Davioud and horticulturistJean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps. This was the team which together made the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes, and the other great landscape parks of theSecond Empire. The project was decided in 1865, but construction did not actually begin until 1867, because of the long negotiations needed to buy the parcels of land needed for the park. The purpose of the park, according to Alphand, was "to bring life and movement to the center of a quarter until then left to isolation and abandon. "[10]
Unlike the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, the site for the future park did not have any trees or other vegetation. It was largely occupied by a large stone quarry, and to make the work more complicated, it was above a network of tunnels of abandoned mines, which were filled with human skeletons. These tunnels were part of the ossuary of Paris, popularly known as thecatacombs of Paris, where the remains of some six million Parisians had been moved at the end of the 18th century. Before construction of the park could begin, some eight hundred skeletons were removed from the tunnels. The work was also complicated by the track of the railroad line which circled Paris, which passed directly through the site.
Despite these difficulties, the work went ahead briskly. A one-hectare artificial lake was dug, fed by an artificial stream that passed over an artificial cascade made of rocks and cement. Stairways were constructed up the hills, with rustic-looking railings made of cement formed to resemble logs. Winding roads and paths were built throughout the park. Davioud designed and built picturesque gatehouses, pavilions, a theatre, bandstand and a cafe to fit into the landscape. Barillet-Deschamps planted hundreds of trees and bushes, and laid out sloping lawns and flowerbeds. Every feature of the park was designed to create an idealized natural landscape, with space for both relaxation and recreation, which could be enjoyed by all classes of Parisians. The park was officially dedicated in 1869, but work on the park continued until 1878.[11]
According to a park legend, on the day of the park official opening someone made a mistake with the plumbing, and the water in the artificial lake drained away in a single day. According to the legend, the park engineer was so distraught that he committed suicide. It is recorded that the lake did in fact drain accidentally in one day in 1878, but there is no record of a suicide.[12]
During the 1871Paris Commune, the park was the site of a military encampment, and witnessed fighting between the army and the Communards. In October 1897, the park was the setting of secret meetings between some of the figures involved in theDreyfus Affair, including Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy and Max von Schwartzkoppen.
During World War II, a French soldier, Pierre Durand, was killed by a bomb in the park. A small monument near the lake remembers this event. In 1942, during the German occupation, one of the main monuments of the park, an 1893 allegorical statue of theFrench Revolution by sculptor Auguste Paris, was taken away and melted down for its bronze.
For many decades the most famous structure in the park was the Palais du Bardo, a reduced-size replica of the palace of the Bey ofTunis, made of wood and stucco, which was originally made for the Paris Universal Exposition of 1867. It was relocated to the park by park architect Gabriel Davioud, and placed at the highest point in the park (75 meters above sea level) which is also the highest point in the part of Paris on the left bank of the Seine. For many years it was the home of the meteorological station in the park, but the structure, designed to be temporary, began to crumble. The station moved to a new building, and the Palais suffered from decay and vandalism. In 1991 the ruins were destroyed by a fire.[13]
A stone monument in the park indicates the location of the Meridian of Paris, an imaginary line that passes from north to south through the center of Paris. This line, first defined by French astronomers in 1667, was used as the zero point forlongitude on all French maps until 1884, when France agreed, reluctantly, to use longitudes measured fromGreenwich Observatory near London instead of Paris.
The stone was originally located in the garden of theParis Observatory, directly north of the park. The inscription shows it was first put in place in 1806 during the time of the EmperorNapoleon I, though his name was scratched off after the Restoration of the French monarchy. Today it is not exactly on the line of the Paris Meridian, but is about seventy meters east.
The main In the lower section of the park, an island in the middle of a tiny lake provides sanctuary to forty species of wild ducks, geese, herons, and other migratory birds. Some turtles imported from Florida, regularly sunbathe on the lake's stony shores.
Common trees in the park include:
The rarer species include:
The most common shrubs are:
Sculptures in bronze and marble include:
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
