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| Alternative names | ESO's Paranal Observatory | ||||||||||
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| Organization | European Southern Observatory | ||||||||||
| Observatory code | 309 | ||||||||||
| Location | Cerro Paranal,Chile | ||||||||||
| Coordinates | 24°37′38″S70°24′15″W / 24.62722°S 70.40417°W /-24.62722; -70.40417 | ||||||||||
| Altitude | 2,635 metres (8,645 ft) | ||||||||||
| Established | 1 April 1999 | ||||||||||
| Website | eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/ | ||||||||||
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  Location of Paranal Observatory | |||||||||||
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Paranal Observatory is anastronomical observatory operated by theEuropean Southern Observatory (ESO). It is located in theAtacama Desert of NorthernChile onCerro Paranal at 2,635 m (8,645 ft) altitude, 120 km (70 mi) south ofAntofagasta. By total light-collecting area, it is the largest optical-infrared observatory in the Southern Hemisphere; worldwide, it is second to theMauna Kea Observatory on Hawaii.
TheVery Large Telescope (VLT), the largest telescope on Paranal, is composed of four separate 8.2 m (320 in) telescopes. In addition, the four main telescopes can be used simultaneously for extra light gathering capacity, and forinterferometry. Four auxiliary telescopes of 1.8 m (71 in) each are also part of the VLTI to make it available when the main telescopes are being used for other projects. The site also houses two survey telescopes with wide fields of view, the 4.0 m (160 in)VISTA and the 2.6 m (100 in)VLT Survey Telescope for surveying large areas of the sky; and two arrays of small telescopes calledNGTS andSPECULOOS which are dedicated to searching forexoplanets.
Two major new facilities are under construction nearby: the southern part of theCherenkov Telescope Array gamma-ray telescope (not owned by ESO) will be sited in the grounds 10 km south-east of Paranal; while ESO's futureE-ELT will be on the nearby peak ofCerro Armazones 20 km east of Paranal, and will share some of the base facilities.
From an aerial view of the Paranal Observatory, the four large units of theVLT with their four small, dome-shaped auxiliary telescopes can be clearly seen. The Survey Telescope,VST, is immediately adjacent to the VLT and seen in between two of its units, whileVISTA is located on a secondary peak, some 1,500 m away in the background(see image).
TheVery Large Telescope (VLT) consists of four 8.2-metre telescopes operating in thevisible andinfrared. These telescopes, along with four smaller auxiliary telescopes, are also combined to operate as anoptical interferometer on certain nights of the year. All of the 8.2-metre telescopes haveadaptive optics and a full suite of instruments. The primary mirrors of the main telescopes are 8.2 meters in diameter but, in practice, the pupil of the telescopes is defined by the secondary mirrors, effectively limiting the usable diameter to 8.0 meters.[1]
VISTA is theVisible & Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy, a 4.0-metre telescope with a widefield of view, focusing on infraredsurveys of the sky. It was built close toESO'sVLT by a consortium of 18 universities from the United Kingdom, led byQueen Mary University of London. VISTA was handed over to the European Southern Observatory in December 2009.
TheVLT Survey Telescope or VST is a 2.6-metre telescope with a wide field imager intended to aid the four Very Large Telescope (VLTs) in their scientific aims.
TheNext-Generation Transit Survey (NGTS) is anexoplanet-survey facility located a few kilometers from the main peak. It consists of an array of twelve 0.2-meter robotic telescopes with a very large field of view of 96 square degrees or several hundred times the area of the full moon. The survey aims to discover numeroussuper-Earths and Neptune-sized planets around nearby stars, usingtransit photometry to detect them. NGTS is managed by a partnership of seven academic institutions from Chile, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom and its design is based on theSuperWASP project. Science operations began in early 2015.[2][3]
The SPECULOOS Southern Observatory (SSO) consists out of four telescopes, called Europa, Io, Callisto, and Ganymede. ESO hosts the 1-meter telescopes and the project is led by theUniversity of Liège. The project aims to findexoplanets aroundultracool dwarf stars andbrown dwarfs. The project builds on the success of theTRAPPIST telescope. The telescopes are located next to the NGTS.[4]
As well as the telescopes, control buildings and maintenance facilities, Paranal has aResidencia which provides accommodation for staff and visitors. This is located 200 m lower and 3 km from the telescopes. It is built half into the mountain with the concrete coloured to blend into the landscape. It has gym facilities, a swimming pool, a restaurant and two gardens. The construction was decorated by the Chileanarchitect Paula Gutiérrez Erlandsen,Marchioness of la Pica.[5]
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_at_Paranal.jpg)
![Tour the Skies[6]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aTour_the_Skies_-_potw2004a.jpg)
![Colour in the air[7]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aColour_in_the_air_-_Potw2007a.jpg)
To illustrate the isolation of the Paranal Observatory from the lights of civilization, it is located 38 kilometres (24 mi) in straight-line distance north ofPaposo, population 259, the nearest community to the observatory.[8]
The VLT hotel, the Residencia, served as a backdrop for part of the 2008 James Bond filmQuantum of Solace.
The observatory's facilities were used to stage thePacific Alliance's fourth summit in June 2012, formally launching the organization.
On 14 March 2013,Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark, accompanied by his wife,Princess Mary, visited ESO's Paranal Observatory, as part of an official visit to Chile. Their tour of Paranal's astronomical facilities was led by ESO's Director General, Tim de Zeeuw.
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