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Paraguayan Spanish (Spanish:castellano paraguayo) is the set of dialects of theSpanish language spoken inParaguay. In addition, it influences the speech of theArgentine provinces ofMisiones,Corrientes,Formosa, and, to a lesser extent,Chaco. Paraguayan Spanish possesses marked characteristics of the Spanish previously spoken in northernSpain, because a majority of the first Spanish settlers were fromOld Castile and theBasque Country. In addition, there is great influence, in bothvocabulary andgrammar, from theGuarani language. Guarani is co-official with Spanish in Paraguay,[3] and most Paraguayans speak both languages.[4] Guaraní is the home language of more than half the population of Paraguay, with higher proportions of its use in rural areas, and those who speak Spanish at home slightly in the majority in the cities.[5] In addition to the strong influence of Guarani, Paraguayan Spanish is also influenced byRioplatense Spanish due to the geographical, historical, and cultural proximity, as well as the sharing of features such asvoseo, which is "the use ofvos as asecond-personsingularpronoun."[6] Paraguayan Spanish is notable for its lack ofyeísmo, meaning that the phonemes /ʎ/ (spelled⟨ll⟩) and /ʝ/ (spelled⟨y⟩) are distinguished.
The Swedish linguist Bertil Malmberg visited Paraguay in 1946 and observed several features of Spanish pronunciation that he attributed to Guaraní influence.[7] The Guaraní origin of many of these features, however, has been questioned by other researchers, who document them in dialects not in contact with Guaraní.[8]
The unique features of Paraguayan Spanish developed in part due to Paraguay's early isolation; for example,José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, the country's president until 1840, sealed Paraguay's borders. Other experiences with geographic, political, and economic isolation relative to its neighbours allowed Spanish spoken in Paraguay to develop its own unique characteristics, even apart from the wide-ranging influence of Guarani.[3]
Paraguay is, depending on the context, considered part of a region of South America known as the Southern Cone (Spanish: Cono Sur; Portuguese: Cone Sul). In its truest definition, the region consists ofChile,Argentina, andUruguay, but can be expanded to include Paraguay and some regions ofBrazil (Paraná,Rio Grande do Sul,Santa Catarina, andSão Paulo). Excluding Brazil (where Portuguese is spoken), all the countries in that region have many similarities in vocabulary. Paraguayan Spanish shares many similarities withRiver Plate Spanish (that is, the variety spoken in Argentina and Uruguay) such as the use of thevoseo and various words and phrases.
Like all American dialects of Spanish, Paraguayan Spanish hasseseo, meaning that it lacks the distinction between/θ/ and/s/ that is present in Standard European Spanish.
Syllable-final/ɾ/ is pronounced as[ɹ] (as in American Englishred) before/l/ or/s/, influenced by a substrate from Native American languages;perla ('pearl') andverso ("verse") are pronounced[ˈpeɹla] and[ˈbeɹso].
Like in rural northern Spain, theAndes mountains, and inPhilippine Spanish, Paraguayan Spanish lacksyeísmo, the historical merger of thephoneme/ʎ/ (spelled⟨ll⟩) with/ʝ/ (spelled⟨y⟩). For speakers withyeísmo, the verbscayó 's/he fell' andcalló 's/he fell silent' arehomophones, both pronounced[kaˈʝo]. (In dialects that lackyeísmo, maintaining the historical distinction, the two words are pronounced respectively[kaˈʝo] and[kaˈʎo].)Yeísmo characterizes the speech of most Spanish speakers both in Spain and in the Americas.
The regions in dark blue completely replacetú withvos. In the regions in lighter blue,tuteo andvoseo occur simultaneously. In the regions in grey, onlytuteo occurs.
Partial preservation of the contrast between the graphemes⟨ll⟩ and⟨y⟩, traditionally pronounced as /ʎ/ and /ʝ/ respectively.[9] (seeYeismo)
Articulation of /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ as approximants not only in the intervocalic position but sometimes also in the initial position.
Use of the alveolar approximant [ɹ] for the pre-consonantal and final "r," similar to the pronunciation in American English or Randstad Dutch. Example: firmar [fiɹˈmaɹ].
Typical Paraguayan Spanish has a strong influence from the sentence structure of Guarani as translated to Spanish, as well as the words and borrowed particles ofGuarani for colloquial expressions. These are some common cases:
Guarani particles among Castilian words to emphasize expressions. Examples:
-na ("por favor"). E.g.: Vamos na = Vamos por favor
Due to the geographical and cultural proximity of Paraguay andArgentina, the two countries' dialects are often confused. In fact, along the border between Argentina and Paraguay, the local dialects of both countries have fused, creating a northeastern Argentine variety very similar to Paraguayan Spanish in the provinces along the border.[10] Examples:
Voseo is a peculiar characteristic of Paraguayan Spanish which is heavily influenced by theRiver Plate dialect (since historically in ParaguayGuarani was always spoken, and Spanish was relegated to the inhabitants of the capital or the most favored classes in the interior of the country). Another characteristic of voseo is how long it has been around for. "Voseo is the oldest form of Castilian Spanish". After the second half of the 20th century, the teaching of voseo depended on whether the teacher used vos or not. Adding to the strong Argentinian influence, either by the media or by the geographical and cultural proximity, voseo stayed as a distinctive characteristic of Paraguayan. Although it is rarely taught in schools today, voseo is beginning to regain some popularity in the form of an accepted regional dialect.
^Paul Cassano, "The Substrate Theory in Relation to the Bilingualism of Paraguay: Problems and Findings", inAnthropological Linguistics, 15 (1973), 406-426, as cited in D. Lincoln Canfield,Spanish Pronunciation in the Americas (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), p. 70.
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