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Parade of sovereignties

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Declarations of sovereignty by Soviet republics
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Theparade of sovereignties (Russian:Парад суверенитетов,romanized: Parad suverenitetov) was a series of declarations ofsovereignty of various degrees by therepublics of the Soviet Union and autonomous units within the republics (autonomous republics,autonomous oblasts andautonomous okrugs) from 1988 to 1991.[1] The declarations stated the priority of the constituent republic power in its territory over the central power, which led to theWar of Laws between the center and the republics. The process followed the loosened power grip of theCommunist Party of the Soviet Union as a result ofdemokratizatsiya andperestroika policies underMikhail Gorbachev. Despite the efforts of Gorbachev to preserve the union under a new treaty in the form of theUnion of Sovereign States, many constituents soon declared their full independence. The process resulted in thedissolution of the Soviet Union.[2]

History

[edit]

The first top-level Soviet republic to declare independence wasEstonia (November 16, 1988:Estonian Sovereignty Declaration, March 30, 1990: decree on the transition to the restoration of Estonian statehood,[3] May 8, 1990: Law on the State Symbols, which declared independence,[4] August 20, 1991: Law of theEstonian restoration of Independence).

The first lower-level subdivision to declare independence was theNakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (January 19, 1990 althoughHeydar Aliyev, the leader ofSoviet Azerbaijan, having roots inNakhchivan, managed to keep Nakhchivan within Azerbaijan).[5]

The massivesecessionist event has served as a testbench for various theories of secession.[6][7]

Chronology

[edit]
Union republicDeclaration
of state sovereignty		RenamingDeclaration about cession
from the Soviet Union		Recognition of independence
by the Soviet Union[8]
 Estonian SSR16 November 1988[9]since 8 May 1990:
Republic of Estonia[10]		8 May 1990[10]6 September 1991[11]
 Lithuanian SSR26 May 1989[12]since 11 March 1990:
Republic of Lithuania[13]		11 March 19906 September 1991[14]
 Latvian SSR28 July 1989[15][16]since 4 May 1990:
Republic of Latvia[17]		4 May 19906 September 1991[18]
 Azerbaijan SSR23 September 1989[19]since 5 February 1991:
Republic of Azerbaijan[20]		18 October 1991[21]26 December 1991[22]
Georgian SSR9 March 1990[23][24][25]since 14 November 1990:
Republic of Georgia[26]		9 April 199126 December 1991[22]
Russian SFSR12 June 1990[27]since 25 December 1991:
Russian Federation[28]		12 December 199126 December 1991[22]
Uzbek SSR20 June 1990[29]since 31 August 1991:
Republic of Uzbekistan[30]		1 September 1991[30]26 December 1991[22]
 Moldavian SSR23 June 1990[31]since 23 May 1991:
Republic of Moldova[32]		27 August 199126 December 1991[22]
Ukrainian SSR16 July 1990[33]since 24 August 1991:
Ukraine		24 August 199126 December 1991[22]
Byelorussian SSR27 July 1990[34]since 19 September 1991:
Republic of Belarus[35]		25 August 199126 December 1991[22]
Turkmen SSR22 August 1990[36]since 27 October 1991:
Turkmenistan[37]		27 October 1991[37]26 December 1991[22]
Armenian SSR23 August 1990since 23 August 1990:
Republic of Armenia[13]		21 September 199126 December 1991[22]
Tajik SSR24 August 1990[38]since 31 August 1991:
Republic of Tajikistan[39][full citation needed]		9 September 1991[40]26 December 1991[22]
Kazakh SSR25 October 1990[41]since 10 December 1991:
Republic of Kazakhstan[42]		16 December 1991[43]26 December 1991[22]
Kirghiz SSR15 December 1990[44]since 5 February 1991:
Republic of Kyrgyzstan[45]		31 August 1991[46]26 December 1991[22]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Zakayev, Ahkmed (22 August 2025)."Chechnya on the brink of freedom: how Ukraine is changing the future of the Caucasus".The Gaze. Ukraine. Retrieved25 August 2025 – via YouTube.'In April, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR passed laws equalizing the status of autonomous republics with Union republics. This led to the parade of sovereignties.'
  2. ^Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993),The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union, Stanford University Press,ISBN 0-8047-2247-1
  3. ^ RussianWikisource has original text related to this article:Постановление ВС ЭССР от 30.03.1990
  4. ^ RussianWikisource has original text related to this article:Закон ЭССР от 08.05.1990 О символике Эстонии
  5. ^"Крах большевистской империи: как гласность «довела» СССР"Archived 2021-08-21 at theWayback Machine,Znak, January 20, 2017
  6. ^Henry E. Hale (2000), "The Parade of Sovereignties: Testing Theories of Secession in the Soviet Setting",British Journal of Political Science Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 31–56
  7. ^Emizet F. Kisangani, Vicki L. Hesli (January 1995), "The Disposition to Secede: An Analysis of the Soviet Case",Comparative Political Studies vol. 27,doi:10.1177/0010414095027004002
  8. ^The independence of the Baltic republics was recognized by the State Council of the USSR on September 6, 1991. The rest of the republics continued to formally remain part of the USSR until the adoption by the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of a declaration on the termination of its existence on December 26, 1991.
  9. ^Декларация Верховного Совета Эстонской Советской Социалистической Республики О суверенитете Эстонской ССР(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on 2017-04-20. Retrieved2017-04-20.
  10. ^abЗакон Эстонскй ССР О Символике Эстонии.Archived from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved2011-11-12.
  11. ^Statement ofState Council of the Soviet Union from 6 September 1991 No 1-SC "On recognition of Independence of Estonian Republic"
  12. ^ДЕКЛАРАЦИЯ Верховного Совета Литовской Советской Социалистической Республики О ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОМ СУВЕРЕНИТЕТЕ ЛИТВЫ(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved2015-08-08.
  13. ^abК Союзу Суверенных Народов. Сборник документов.Archived from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved2011-11-12.
  14. ^Statement ofState Council of the Soviet Union from 6 September 1991 No. 1-SC "On recognition of Independence of Lithuanian Republic"
  15. ^1989 год. Хроника событий. Archived fromthe original on 2016-08-28. Retrieved2015-08-08.
  16. ^Декларация «О государственном суверенитете Латвии»Archived 2016-10-24 at theWayback Machine. Принята ВС Латвийской ССР 28 июля 1989 г. // Ведомости Верховного Совета и правительства Латвийской ССР. 1989. № 32. Ст. 452.
  17. ^Декларация Верховного Совета Латвийской Советской Социалистической Республики О восстановлении независимости Латвийской Республики(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on 2018-02-18. Retrieved2015-08-10.
  18. ^Statement ofState Council of the Soviet Union from 6 September 1991 No. 1-SC "On recognition of Independence of Latvian Republic"
  19. ^Конституционный закон азербайджанской ССР о суверенитете Азербайджанской Советской Социалистической Республики(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-04-21. Retrieved2017-04-20.
  20. ^Закон Азербайджанской ССР "Об изменении в наименовании Азербайджанской ССР".Archived from the original on 2015-07-02. Retrieved2015-07-02.
  21. ^Декларация Верховного Совета Азербайджанской Республики О восстановлении государственной независимости Азербайджанской Республики
  22. ^abcdefghijklDeclaration of the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 26, 1991 No. 142-N
  23. ^"Горбачев будет английской королевой" — Ельцин против Горбачева, Горбачев против Ельцина.Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved2015-08-15.
  24. ^"События 1990 года | История новой России".Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved2015-08-16.
  25. ^На пути к "Беловежью": "парад суверенитетов" и ложь Ельцина.Archived from the original on 2016-05-29. Retrieved2015-08-16.
  26. ^Закон Республики Грузия ОббБ Объявлении Переходного Периода В Республике Грузия.Archived from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved2011-11-12.
  27. ^Декларация о государственном суверенитете Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики.Archived from the original on 2015-07-13. Retrieved2015-07-07.
  28. ^Закон РСФСР от 25 декабря 1991 г. N 2094-I "Об изменении наименования государства Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика".Archived from the original on 2022-04-08. Retrieved2021-12-07.
  29. ^Декларация О Суверенитете(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved2015-08-08.
  30. ^abЗакон Республики Узбекистан Об Основах Государственнои Независимости Республики Узбекистан.Archived from the original on 2020-07-28. Retrieved2021-03-12.
  31. ^Декларация о суверенитете Советской Социалистической Республики Молдова.Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved2015-08-08.
  32. ^Источник.Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved2015-06-22.
  33. ^Декларація про державний суверенітет України | від 16.07.1990 № 55-XII.Законодавство України.Archived from the original on 2015-05-31. Retrieved2015-07-07.
  34. ^Декларация Верховного Совета Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики О государственном Суверенитете Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики.Archived from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved2011-11-12.
  35. ^О названии Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики и внесении изменений в Декларацию Верховного Совета Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики о государств.... Archived fromthe original on 2015-05-27. Retrieved2015-07-07.
  36. ^Декларация о государственном суверенитете Туркменской Советской Социалистической Республики(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on 2016-09-12. Retrieved2017-04-20.
  37. ^abКонституҵионный закон Туркменистана О независимости И Основах Гоударственного Устройста ТУрКменистана
  38. ^Декларация О Государственном Суверенитете Таджикской Советской Социалистической Республики(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on 2016-09-11. Retrieved2017-04-20.
  39. ^Архивированная копия. Archived fromthe original on 2013-11-10. Retrieved2015-07-01.
  40. ^Постановление Верховного Совета Республики Таджикистан от 9 сентября 1991 г. № 392 «О провозглашении государственной независимости Республики Таджикистан». Archived fromthe original on 2015-04-09. Retrieved2015-04-09.
  41. ^Декларация о государственном суверенитете Казахской Советской Социалистической Республики
  42. ^Об изменении наименования казахской советской социалистической
  43. ^Конституционный закон Республики Казахстан от 16 декабря 1991 года № 1007-XII «О государственной независимости Республики Казахстан».Archived from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved2021-03-12.
  44. ^Декларация О государственном Суверенитете Республики Кыргызстан.Archived from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved2011-11-12.
  45. ^Закон КР от 5 февраля 1991 года № 386-XII «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Конституцию (Основной закон) Республики Кыргызстан».Archived from the original on 2015-06-23. Retrieved2015-06-22.
  46. ^Декларация ВС РК от 31 августа 1991 года № 578-XII «О государственной независимости Республики Кыргызстан».Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved2021-03-12.
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