| Papers, Please | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Developer | 3909 LLC |
| Publisher | 3909 LLC |
| Designer | Lucas Pope |
| Engine | Unity[1][note 1] |
| Platforms | Microsoft Windows,OS X,Linux,iOS,PlayStation Vita,Android |
| Release |
|
| Genres | Puzzle,simulation |
| Mode | Single-player |
Papers, Please is apuzzlesimulationvideo game created byindie game developerLucas Pope, developed and published through his production company, 3909 LLC. The game was released on August 8, 2013, forMicrosoft Windows andOS X, forLinux on February 12, 2014, and foriOS on December 12, 2014. A port for thePlayStation Vita was announced in August 2014 and was then released on December 12, 2017.[4] A new port for iOS as well as forAndroid was released in August 2022.
InPapers, Please, the player takes on the role of a border-crossingimmigration officer in the fictionaldystopian country of Arstotzka, which has been and continues to be in a state of mutual political hostility with its neighboring countries. The player must review travelers' passports and other supporting paperwork against an ever-growing list of rules using a number of tools and guides. Tasks include allowing in those with the proper paperwork while rejecting those without all proper documents, detaining those with falsified information, and balancing personal finances.
Papers, Please was positively received on its release, and it has come to be seen as an example of anempathy game and a demonstration ofvideo games as an art form. The game was recognized asone of the greatest video games ever made along with various awards and nominations from theIndependent Games Festival,Game Developers Choice Awards, andBAFTA Video Games Awards, and was named byWired andThe New Yorker as one of the top games of 2013. By its tenth anniversary,Papers, Please had sold more than five million copies.
The gameplay ofPapers, Please focuses on the work life of an immigration inspector at aborder checkpoint for the fictional country of Arstotzka in the year 1982.[5] In the time frame of the game, Arstotzka has recently ended a six-year-long war with the neighboring country of Kolechia, yet political tensions between them and other nearby countries remain high.
As a checkpoint inspector, the player is tasked with reviewing the documents of arrivals — allowing legitimate travelers through the border, denying entry to individuals with insufficient or expired documents, and arresting suspected criminals, terrorists, and entrants with forged or stolen documents. For each in-game day, the player is given specific rules on what documentation is required and conditions to allow entry, which become progressively more difficult over time. One by one, immigrants arrive at the checkpoint and provide their paperwork, which must be reviewed against the scheduled rules. If discrepancies are discovered, the player may interrogate the applicant, demand missing documents, compare the applicant's fingerprints against identity records, and order full body scans. If incriminating evidence is discovered, the player may order the entrant arrested. The player ultimately must stamp the entrant's passport to accept or deny entry, or order an arrest. If the player has violated protocol, a citation will be issued via in-game fax to the player's booth shortly after the entrant leaves. The player has a limited amount of real time, representing a full day shift at the checkpoint, to process as many arrivals as possible.
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At the end of each in-game day, the player earns money per entrant that is properly processed as well as from any bribes collected, lowered by citation penalties for protocol violations. The player then must decide on a simple budget for rent, food, heat and other necessities for their family, if the player goes into debt, the game ends with agame over. Accepting bribes risks being discovered and imprisoned by the government. As relations between Arstotzka and nearby countries deteriorate, sometimes due to terrorist attacks, new rules are added such as denying entry to citizens of specific countries or demanding new types of documentation. The player may be challenged with moral dilemmas as the game progresses, such as allowing the supposed spouse of an immigrant through despite lacking complete papers at the risk of accepting a terrorist into the country. The game uses a mix of scripted encounters interspersed between randomly generated entrants.
Over the course of the game, the player encounters members of an organization called EZIC which plots acoup d'état against the Arstotzkan government. Decisions made to grant or deny entry to EZIC agents have consequences on the ending of the game. The player can also choose to escape to a neighbouring country, Obristan, to start a new life, with or without their family. The game has a scripted story mode with twentypossible endings depending on the player's actions, as well as someunlockable randomized endless-play modes.[6][7]
Papers, Please was developed by Lucas Pope, a former developer forNaughty Dog on theUncharted series.[8] Around 2010, after the release ofUncharted 2: Among Thieves, Pope left the company to move toSaitama, Japan, with his wife Keiko, a game designer herself. The move was partly to be closer to Keiko’s family, but also driven by Pope’s desire to pursue smaller, independent projects. While at Naughty Dog, he had been working with Keiko on side projects and wanted to move away from the "definite formula" of theUncharted games to explore more experimental ideas.[9][10] The couple worked on a few independent titles and briefly relocated to Singapore to assist a friend with another project. From his travels in Asia and return visits to the United States, Pope became fascinated with immigration and passport control work, observing that inspectors had "a specific thing they're doing and they're just doing it over and over again."[9] He recognized that the "tense" experience of checking passports could form the basis of a fun game.[5][7]
Although he had designed the passport-checking mechanics early on, Pope initially lacked a narrative to support them. Inspiration came from films likeArgo and theBourne series, which feature characters infiltrating or escaping countries using forged documents. Pope decided to flip the scenario, casting the player as the immigration officer tasked with catching such individuals, complementing his gameplay mechanics.[9] He created the fictionaltotalitarian state of Arstotzka, set in 1982 and modeled loosely onEastern Bloc nations, with players instructed to uphold the country’s glory through rigorous passport inspections.[9] Arstotzka drew partial inspiration from Pope’s earlier gameThe Republia Times, where players act as a newspaper editor in a totalitarian state.[11] He also incorporated elements inspired by the Berlin Wall and the division betweenEast andWest Germany, admitting he was "naturally attracted toOrwellian communist bureaucracy."[12] However, to avoid direct political commentary, he deliberately omitted obvious references like the word "comrade" in all translations.[10] Using a fictional setting gave him freedom to shape the narrative without real-world constraints or assumptions.[11]
Work onPapers, Please began in November 2012, funded by Pope’s personal savings from his time at Naughty Dog. He originally expected development to take only a few weeks before moving on to a more commercially viable project.[9] He used theopen-sourceHaxe programming language and theNME framework,[13] building upon structures he and Keiko had developed for Helsing's Fire, aniOS game they created after moving to Japan. This allowed him to control how much information about a character was visible and to design random and semi-random encounters, ensuring each playthrough varied slightly.[11] The game’s "clunky" user interface was a deliberate design choice, inspired by Pope’s earlier experiences with visual programming tools likeHyperCard.[10] Balancing rules and randomness without overwhelming the player proved challenging, leading him to scale back some initially planned randomness. Pope aimed for a non-judgmental narrative, letting players interpret events themselves. Even elements like the family status screen at the end of each day were kept simple to avoid swaying players’ feelings too much.[11]
Throughout development, Pope shared updates on the independent game development forumTIGSource, receiving helpful feedback.[9] He also released a public demo, which gained positive attention. In April 2013, he submitted the game to theSteam Greenlight program. Although initially concerned about its niche appeal, attention from YouTube streamers helpedPapers, Please get greenlit within days.[9][13][14] With increased visibility, Pope estimated six more months of development, though it ultimately took nine.[8] He expanded the game by incorporating thousands of unique character names via a public submission process, although many submissions were unsuitable due to misunderstandings about the desired Eastern European style or joke entries.[9] Following Greenlight success, Pope added features that introduced moral complexity, such as the controversial body scanner used to detect threats like suicide bombers.[9] These additions served the narrative, explaining why the low-level inspector would be given such invasive tools.[10] AsPapers, Please gained recognition as an "empathy game," similar toCart Life, changes were made to accommodate players who were less interested in narrative elements, such as an "endless mode" focused solely on processing immigrants, limited only by the player’s error count.[12]
Papers, Please was released for Windows and macOS on August 8, 2013,[7] and for Linux machines on February 12, 2014.[15] Pope later ported the game toiPad and considered a PlayStation Vita version, although adapting the interface for handhelds presented several challenges that would require revamps.[16] The Vita version was formally announced atGamescom 2014.[17] During the iOS release process, however,Apple initially required Pope to censor the body scanner feature, considering it pornographic.[18] However, Apple later commented that the rejection was due to a "misunderstanding" and allowed Pope to resubmit the uncensored game by including a "nudity option".[19] The iPad version was released on December 12, 2014,[20] and the Vita version was released on December 12, 2017.[21] By March 2014, Pope admitted he was "kind of sick to death" ofPapers, Please, feeling that he had spent far more time on it than originally intended. While he planned to continue supporting ports, he had no intentions of expanding the game or releasing downloadable content, though he didn’t rule out revisiting Arstotzka in a future project.[10] On August 5, 2022, updated iOS and newly developedAndroid versions ofPapers, Please were released, redesigned for smaller screens without the need for zooming. The iOS version was free for existing iPad owners.[22][23][24] For the game's tenth anniversary, Pope released a free, browser-based demake styled as if running on an LCD handheld console.[25]
| Aggregator | Score |
|---|---|
| Metacritic | PC: 85/100[26] iOS: 92/100[27] |
| Publication | Score |
|---|---|
| Edge | 9/10[28] |
| Eurogamer | 9/10[29] |
| GameSpot | 8/10[30] |
| IGN | 8.7/10[31] |
| PC Gamer (US) | 87/100[32] |
| Polygon | 8/10[33] |
| TouchArcade | iOS:  [34] |
Papers, Please received positive reviews on release, receiving "generally favorable reviews" from 40 reviews onMetacritic.[26]Papers, Please has been praised for the sense ofimmersion provided by the game mechanics, and the intense emotional reaction it evokes in players.[35]CBC News' Jonathan Ore calledPapers, Please a "nerve-racking sleuthing game with relentless pacing and dozens of compelling characters – all from a desk job".[36] Simon Parkin writing forThe New Yorker blog declaredPapers, Please the top video game of 2013. He wrote: "Grim yet affecting, it’s a game that may change your attitude the next time you’re in line at the airport."[37] Some critics received the story very well:Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw ofThe Escapist's seriesZero Punctuation lauded the game for being a truly unique entry for 2013 and even made it one of his top five games for that year; he cited the game's morality as his reasoning by explaining that "[Papers, Please] presents us constant moral choices, but makes it really hard to be a good person... while you could waive the rules to reunite a couple [...] you do it at the expense of your own family... You have to decide if you want to create a better world or just look after you and yours."[38]
Wired listedPapers, Please as their top game for 2013, recognizing that the game's title alongside the drab presentation captured the ideas of living as a lowly worker in apolice state.[39] In 2019, the game was ranked 45th onThe Guardian newspaper's The 50 Best Video Games of the 21st Century list.[40]
Some critics reacted against the paperwork gameplay.Stephanie Bendixsen from the Australian game review talk showGood Game found the game "tedious", commenting "while I found the issues that arose from the decisions you are forced to make quite interesting, I was just so bored that I just struggled to go from one day to the next. I was torn between wanting to find out more, and just wanting it all to stop."[41]
Papers, Please is considered by several journalists as an example ofvideo games as an art form.[42][43]Papers, Please is frequently categorized as an "empathy game", a type of role-playing game that "asks players to inhabit their character's emotional worlds", as described by Patrick Begley of theSydney Morning Herald,[44] or as described by Pope himself, "other people simulators".[45] Pope noted that he had not set out to make an empathy game, but the emotional ties created by his scenarios came about naturally from developing the core mechanics.[46]
| Year | Award | Category | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | VGX 2013 | Best Independent Game | Nominated | [47] |
| Best PC Game | Nominated | |||
| 2014 | New York Game Awards | Off-Broadway Award for Best Indie Game | Nominated | [48] |
| 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards | Downloadable Game of the Year | Nominated | [49] | |
| Outstanding Innovation in Gaming | Nominated | |||
| Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction | Nominated | |||
| SXSW Gaming Awards | Matthew Crump Cultural Innovation Award | Won | [50] | |
| 10th British Academy Games Awards | Best Game | Nominated | [51][52] | |
| Game Design | Nominated | |||
| Game Innovation | Nominated | |||
| Strategy & Simulation | Won | |||
| Independent Games Festival Awards | Seumas McNally Grand Prize | Won | [53][54] | |
| Excellence in Narrative | Won | |||
| Excellence in Design | Won | |||
| Nuovo Award | Nominated | |||
| Game Developers Choice Awards | Innovation Award | Won | [55] | |
| Best Downloadable Game | Won | |||
| Games for Change Awards | Most Innovative | Won | [56] | |
| Best Gameplay | Won |
Papers, Please won theSeumas McNally Grand Prize, "Excellence in Narrative", and "Excellence in Design" awards at the 2014Independent Games Festival Awards and was nominated for the Nuovo Award. The title also won the "Innovation Award" and "Best Downloadable Game" at the 2014Game Developers Choice Awards. The game won "Best Simulation Game" and was nominated in the categories of "Best Game", "Game Design", and "Game Innovation" at the 2014BAFTA Video Games Awards.Papers, Please also won an Interactive Narrative and Game + Play Peabody Award in 2021.[57]
As of March 2014, at the time of the BAFTA awards, Pope stated that the game had sold 500,000 copies.[8] By August 2016, three years from release, Pope stated that more than 1.8 million copies had been sold across all platforms.[58] By its tenth anniversary, the game had sold 5 million units.[59]
Two Russian filmmakers, Liliya Tkach and Nikita Ordynskiy of Kinodom Productions, developed an 11-minute live-action film based onPapers, Please, entitledPapers, Please: The Short Film, starringIgor Savochkin as the passport inspector.[60] The film was authorized by Lucas Pope after Ordynskiy sent him the screenplay via email.[61] It premiered at the Trekhgorka House of Culture in Moscow, Russia, on January 27, 2018.[62] It debuted worldwide viaYouTube and theSteam storefront on February 24, 2018.[63][64] It received "Overwhelmingly Positive" reviews on Steam upon its release.[61] Its success led Tkach and Ordynskiy to pursue a similar short film forBeholder, another game set in a totalitarian state.[65] Ordynskiy would later voice Seaman Aleksei Toporov inReturn of the Obra Dinn, a 2018 video game developed by Pope that was also a Seumas McNally Grand Prize winner.[66][67]
The film follows a border inspector at the East Grestin checkpoint, much similar to the game. A soldier named Sergiu informs him that a woman named Elisa will arrive, but when she does, she lacks the proper entry permit. The inspector denies her entry, and she leaves him a heart-shaped locket to give to Sergiu. Later, an Obristani couple named Robynsky attempts to cross. There is a discrepancy in the wife’s documents (where her surname is spelled "Robinsky" in her entry permit), but is dismissed as a typo, and they are allowed entry. Moments after passing, the couple carries out a terrorist attack, killing several guards. The film ends with the inspector witnessing the aftermath of the bombing and being fatally shot by the husband.
