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Pantherinae

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Subfamily of felids
For the biological tribe of moths formerly known as Pantheridae or Pantherini, seeAbraxini. For the psychoactive mushroom toxin sometimes called pantherine, seeMuscimol.

Pantherinae[1]
Pantherinae subfamily members(from left):jaguar,leopard,lion,tiger,snow leopard andclouded leopard
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Carnivora
Family:Felidae
Subfamily:Pantherinae
Pocock, 1917
Genera

ThePantherinae is asubfamily of theFelidae; it was named and first described byReginald Innes Pocock in 1917 as only including thePanthera species,[2] but later also came to include theclouded leopards (genusNeofelis). The Pantherinaegenetically diverged from acommon ancestor between9.32 to 4.47 million years ago and10.67 to 3.76 million years ago.[3][4]

Characteristics

[edit]

Pantherinae species are characterised by an imperfectly ossifiedhyoid bone with elastictendons that enable theirlarynx to be mobile.[2] They have a flatrhinarium that only barely reaches thedorsal side of the nose. The area between thenostrils is narrow, and not extended sidewards as in theFelinae.[5]

ThePanthera species have a single, rounded,vocal fold with a thickmucosal lining, a largevocalis muscle, and a largecricothyroid muscle with long and narrow membranes. A vocal fold that is longer than 19 mm (0.75 in) enables all but the snow leopard among them toroar, as it has shorter vocal folds of 9 mm (0.35 in) that provide a lower resistance to airflow; this distinction was one reason it was proposed to be retained in the genusUncia.[6][7]

Evolution

[edit]

The Felidae originated in Central Asia in theLate Miocene; the subfamily Pantherinae diverged from the Felidae between14.45 to 8.38 million years ago and16.35 to 7.91 million years ago.[3][4] SeveralfossilPanthera species have been described:

An additional fossil genusLeontoceryx was described in 1938.[20]

There is evidence of distinct markers for the mitochondrial genome for Felidae.[21][22]

Results of a DNA-based study indicate that the tiger (Panthera tigris) branched off first, followed by the jaguar (P. onca), the lion (P. leo), then the leopard (P. pardus) and snow leopard (P. uncia).[23]

Felis pamiri, first described in 1965 and once referred to asMetailurus in 1978, is now considered a probable relative ofextant Pantherinae and was moved to the genusMiopanthera.[24] However, this species was later reassigned as a species of a different genusPalaeopanthera, of whichP. blytheae is the type species.[17]P. blytheae was initially regarded as possibly the oldest known species ofPanthera related to the modern snow leopard that lived during theEarly Pliocene,[25] but subsequent studies have since agreed that it is not a member of or a related species of the snow leopard lineage and that it belongs to a different genus.[24][17][26]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Pocock originally defined the Pantherinae as comprising thegeneraPanthera andUncia.[2] Today,Uncia has been subsumed intoPanthera, and the genusNeofelis is also included.[27]

Living genera

[edit]

The following table shows theextant taxa within the Pantherinae, grouped according to the traditionalphenotypical classification.[27]

GenusNeofelis –Gray, 1867 – two species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Clouded leopard

Leopard with large spots facing viewer

N. nebulosa
(Griffith, 1821)		Central Nepal to continental Southeast Asia and southern China
Map of range		Size: head to body 68.6–108 cm (27.0–42.5 in) with 61–91 cm (24–36 in) long tail[28]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[29]

Diet: Medium-sized and small mammals on the ground and in trees, as well as birds[29]		 VU 


3,700-5,600Population declining[29]

Sunda clouded leopard

Leopard crouching under leaves at night

N. diardi
Cuvier, 1823

Two subspecies
Parts of Sumatra and Borneo
Map of range		Size: 69–108 cm (27–43 in) long, 61–91 cm (24–36 in) tail[30]

Habitat: Forest[31]

Diet: Medium-sized and small mammals[31]		 VU 


4,500Population declining[31]

GenusPanthera –Oken, 1816 – five species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Jaguar

Spotted jaguar on a rock

P. onca
(Linnaeus, 1758)		Large swathes of South and Latin America, and Arizona in the United States
Map of range		Size: 110–170 cm (43–67 in) long, 44–80 cm (17–31 in) tail[32]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, inland wetlands, savanna, and grassland[33]

Diet: Variety of mammals, reptiles and birds, preferringungulates[33]		 NT 


UnknownPopulation declining[33]

Leopard

Spotted leopard walking in front of grass

P. pardus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Eight subspecies
Much of Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, the Caucasus in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Siberia
Map of range		Size: 91–191 cm (36–75 in) long, 51–101 cm (20–40 in) tail[34]

Habitat: Forest, desert, rocky areas, grassland, savanna, and shrubland[35]

Diet: Ungulates, as well as other mammals, insects, reptiles, and birds[35]		 VU 


UnknownPopulation declining[35]

Lion

Brown male lion lying in tall grass

P. leo
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Sub-Saharan Africa and India
Map of range		Size: 137–250 cm (54–98 in) long, 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tail[36]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, shrubland, savanna, and desert[37]

Diet: Ungulates such as antelopes, zebra, andwildebeest, as well as other small to large mammals[37]		 VU 


23,000–39,000Population declining[37]

Snow leopard

Spotted snow leopard standing in the grass

P. uncia
(Schreber, 1775)		Himalayas reaching north to Mongolia
Map of range		Size: 90–120 cm (35–47 in) long, 80–100 cm (31–39 in) tail[38]

Habitat: Shrubland, rocky areas, forest, and grassland[39]

Diet:Caprines such as sheep and goats, as well as small mammals and birds[39]		 VU 


2,700–3,400Population declining[39]

Tiger

Large orange tiger with black stripes

P. tigris
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Two subspecies
Scattered sections of Southeast Asia, Indian subcontinent, and Siberia
Map of range		Size: 150–230 cm (59–91 in) long, 90–110 cm (35–43 in) tail[40]

Habitat: Shrubland, forest, and grassland[41]

Diet: Deer and wild pigs, as well as a wide variety of other animals[41]		 EN 


2,600–3,900Population declining[41]


See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Wozencraft, W. C. (2005)."Pantherinae". InWilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 545–548.ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^abcPocock, R. I. (1917)."The Classification of existing Felidae".The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 8.XX:329–350.doi:10.1080/00222931709487018.
  3. ^abJohnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006)."The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment".Science.311 (5757):73–77.Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J.doi:10.1126/science.1122277.PMID 16400146.S2CID 41672825.
  4. ^abLi, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016)."Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)".Genome Research.26 (1):1–11.doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114.PMC 4691742.PMID 26518481.
  5. ^Hemmer, H. (1966)."Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (Pantherinae). Teil I" [Researching the phylogenetic history of the Pantherinae. Part I].Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München.11:1–121.
  6. ^Hast, M. H. (1989)."The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats".Journal of Anatomy.163:117–121.PMC 1256521.PMID 2606766.
  7. ^Weissengruber, G. E.; Forstenpointner, G.; Peters, G.; Kübber-Heiss, A.; Fitch, W. T. (2002)."Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), tiger (Panthera tigris), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and domestic cat (Felis silvestris f. catus)".Journal of Anatomy.201 (3):195–209.doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x.PMC 1570911.PMID 12363272.
  8. ^abHemmer, H. (2023). "The identity of the "lion",Panthera principialis sp. nov., from the Pliocene Tanzanian site of Laetoli and its significance for molecular dating the pantherine phylogeny, with remarks onPanthera shawi (Broom, 1948), and a revision ofPuma incurva (Ewer, 1956), the Early Pleistocene Swartkrans "leopard" (Carnivora, Felidae)".Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments.103 (2):465–487.Bibcode:2023PdPe..103..465H.doi:10.1007/s12549-022-00542-2.
  9. ^abMazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P. & Kitchener, A. C. (2011)."Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger".PLOS ONE.6 (10) e25483.Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625483M.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483.PMC 3189913.PMID 22016768.
  10. ^Jiangzuo, Q.; Wang, Y.; Ge, J.; Liu, S.; Song, Y.; Jin, C.; Jiang, H.; Liu, J. (2023). "Discovery of jaguar from northeastern China middle Pleistocene reveals an intercontinental dispersal event".Historical Biology.35 (3):293–302.Bibcode:2023HBio...35..293J.doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2034808.S2CID 246693903.
  11. ^Marciszak, A. (2014). "Presence ofPanthera gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938) in the late Middle Pleistocene of Biśnik Cave, Poland, with an overview of Eurasian jaguar size variability".Quaternary International.326–327:105–113.Bibcode:2014QuInt.326..105M.doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.029.
  12. ^Sotnikova, M.V. & Foronova, I.V. (2014). "First Asian record ofPanthera (Leo) fossilis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia".Integrative Zoology.9 (4):517–530.doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12082.PMID 24382145.
  13. ^Burger, J.; Rosendahl, W.; Loreille, O.; Hemmer, H.; Eriksson, T.; Götherström, A.; Hiller, J.; Collins, M. J.; Wess, T. & Alt, K. W. (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lionPanthera leo spelaea".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.30 (3):841–849.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.020.PMID 15012963.
  14. ^Christiansen, P. & Harris, J. M. (2009). "Craniomandibular morphology and phylogenetic affinities ofPanthera atrox: implications for the evolution and paleobiology of the lion lineage".Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.29 (3):934–945.doi:10.1671/039.029.0314.S2CID 85975640.
  15. ^Sabol, M. (2011)."Masters of the lost world: a hypothetical look at the temporal and spatial distribution of lion-like felids".Quaternaire. Hors-série.4:229–236.
  16. ^Stinnesbeck, S. R.; Stinnesbeck, W.; Frey, E.; Avilés Olguín, J.; Rojas Sandoval, C.; Velázquez Morlet, A.; González, A. H. (2019). "Panthera balamoides and other Pleistocene felids from the submerged caves of Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico".Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology.32 (7):930–939.doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1556649.S2CID 92328512.
  17. ^abcHemmer, H. (29 March 2023). "The evolution of the palaeopantherine cats,Palaeopanthera gen. nov.blytheae (Tseng et al., 2014) andPalaeopanthera pamiri (Ozansoy, 1959) comb. nov. (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)".Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments.103 (4):827–839.doi:10.1007/s12549-023-00571-5.S2CID 257842190.
  18. ^Schubert, B. W.; Chatters, J. C.; Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Samuels, J. X.; Soibelzon, L. H.; Prevosti, F. J.; Widga, C.; Nava, A.; Rissolo, D.; Erreguerena, P. L. (2019)."Yucatán carnivorans shed light on the Great American Biotic Interchange".Biology Letters.15 (5) 20190148.doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0148.PMC 6548739.PMID 31039726.
  19. ^Ruiz-Ramoni, D.; Montellano-Ballesteros, M.; Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Caso, A.; Carvajal-Villarreal, S. (2019)."The large jaguar that lived in the past of Mexico: a forgotten fossil".Therya.11 (1):33–40.doi:10.12933/therya-20-821.hdl:11336/143724.
  20. ^Kretzoi, M. (1938). "Die Raubtiere von Gombaszo ̈g nebst einer Ubersicht der Gesamtfauna".Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici.3.
  21. ^Wei, L.; Wu, X. & Jiang, Z. (2008). "The complete mitochondrial genome structure of snow leopardPanthera uncia".Molecular Biology Reports.36 (5):871–878.doi:10.1007/s11033-008-9257-9.PMID 18431688.S2CID 22736941.
  22. ^Yu, L.; Qing-wei, L.; Ryder, O.A. & Ya-ping, Z. (2004)."Phylogenetic relationships within mammalian order Carnivora indicated by sequences of two nuclear DNA genes"(PDF).Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.33 (3):694–705.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.08.001.PMID 15522797. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2011-07-07.
  23. ^Yu, L.; Zhang, Y. P. (2005). "Phylogenetic studies of pantherine cats (Felidae) based on multiple genes, with novel application of nuclear beta fibrinogen intron 7 to carnivores".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.35 (2):483–495.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.017.PMID 15804417.
  24. ^abGeraads, D.; Peigné, S (2017)."Re-appraisal of'Felis' pamiri Ozansoy 1959 (Carnivora, Felidae) from the upper Miocene of Turkey: the earliest pantherine cat?".Journal of Mammalian Evolution.24 (4):415–425.doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9349-6.S2CID 207195894.
  25. ^Tseng, Z.J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G.J.; Takeuchi, G.T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014)."Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats".Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.281 (1774) 20132686.doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686.PMC 3843846.PMID 24225466.
  26. ^Jiangzuo, Q.; Madurell-Malapeira, J.; Li, X.; Estraviz-López, D.; Mateus, O.; Testu, A.; Li, S.; Wang, S.; Deng, T. (2025)."Insights on the evolution and adaptation toward high-altitude and cold environments in the snow leopard lineage".Science Advances.11 (3) eadp5243.doi:10.1126/sciadv.adp5243.PMC 11734717.PMID 39813339.
  27. ^abKitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017)."A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group"(PDF).Cat News (Special Issue 11): 64−75.
  28. ^Sunquist, M. & Sunquist, F. (2002)."Clouded leopardNeofelis nebulosa (Griffiths, 1821)".Wild cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 278–284.ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.
  29. ^abcGray, T.; Borah, J.; Coudrat, C. N. Z.; Ghimirey, Y.; Giordano, A.; Greenspan, E.; Petersen, W.; Rostro-García, S.; Shariff, M.; Wai-Ming, W. (2021)."Neofelis nebulosa".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2021 e.T14519A198843258.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T14519A198843258.en.
  30. ^"CatSG: Sunda clouded leopard".International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group.Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. RetrievedMarch 25, 2019.
  31. ^abcHearn, A.; Ross, J.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Haidir, I.A.; Loken, B.; Mathai, J.; Wilting, A.; McCarthy, J. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]."Neofelis diardi".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2015 e.T136603A97212874.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136603A50664601.en.
  32. ^"CatSG: Jaguar".International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group.Archived from the original on March 7, 2015. RetrievedMarch 25, 2019.
  33. ^abcQuigley, H.; Foster, R.; Petracca, L.; Payan, E.; Salom, R.; Harmsen, B. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]."Panthera onca".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2017 e.T15953A123791436.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15953A50658693.en.
  34. ^"CatSG: Leopard".International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group.Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. RetrievedMarch 25, 2019.
  35. ^abcStein, A. B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I.; Ghoddousi, A. (2016)."Panthera pardus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016 e.T15954A50659089.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15954A50659089.en.
  36. ^"CatSG: African lion".International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group.Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. RetrievedMarch 25, 2019.
  37. ^abcNicholson, S.; Bauer, H.; Strampelli, P.; Sogbohossou, E.; Ikanda, D.; Tumenta, P.F.; Venktraman, M.; Chapron, G.; Loveridge, A. (2024) [amended version of 2023 assessment]."Panthera leo".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2024 e.T15951A259030422. Retrieved7 July 2024.
  38. ^"CatSG: Snow leopard".International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group.Archived from the original on March 18, 2018. RetrievedMarch 25, 2019.
  39. ^abcMcCarthy, T.; Mallon, D.; Jackson, R.; Zahler, P.; McCarthy, K. (2017)."Panthera uncia".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2017 e.T22732A50664030.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.en.
  40. ^"CatSG: Tiger".International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group.Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. RetrievedMarch 25, 2019.
  41. ^abcGoodrich, J.; Lynam, A.; Miquelle, D.; Wibisono, H.; Kawanishi, K.; Pattanavibool, A.; Htun, S.; Tempa, T.; Karki, J.;Jhala, Y.; Karanth, U. (2015)."Panthera tigris".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2015 e.T15955A50659951.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en.

External links

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ExtantCarnivora species
Prionodon(Asiatic linsangs)
Pantherinae
Neofelis
Panthera
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Hemigalinae
Paradoxurinae
Paradoxurus
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subgenusGenetta
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subgenusHerpailuropoda
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subgenusPardogale
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subgenusPrionailuropoda
subgenusLeptailuropoda
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subgenusOsbornictis
Herpestoidea
    • see below↓
Hyaenidae
(hyenas)
Proteles
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Crocuta
Herpestidaesensu lato
Eupleridae
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    • see below↓
Musteloidea
    • see below↓
Odobenidae
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    • see below↓
Mellivora
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subgenusMustela
(paraphyletic)
subgenusLutreola
(paraphyletic)
subgenusPutorius
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