Pantex is the primary United Statesnuclear weapons assembly and disassembly facility that aims to maintain the safety, security and reliability of theU.S. nuclear weapons stockpile.[1][2] The facility is named for its location in thePanhandle of Texas on a 16,000-acre (25 sq mi; 65 km2) site 20 miles (32 km) northeast ofAmarillo, inCarson County, Texas. The plant is managed and operated for theUnited States Department of Energy (DOE) byConsolidated Nuclear Security (CNS) andSandia National Laboratories. CNS is composed of member companiesBechtel,Leidos,Orbital ATK, andSOC, withBooz Allen Hamilton as a teaming subcontractor.[3] CNS also operates theY-12 National Security Complex in Tennessee, a manufacturing facility for nuclear weapons components.[3]
As a major national security site, the plant and its grounds are strictly controlled, and the airspace above and around the plant is prohibited to civilian air traffic by theFAA asProhibited Area P-47.
The Pantex plant was originally constructed as aconventional bomb plant for theUnited States Army Air Force during the early days ofWorld War II. The Pantex Ordnance Plant was authorized February 24, 1942. Construction was completed on November 15, 1942 and workers from all over the U.S. flocked to Amarillo for jobs.
Pantex was abruptly deactivated when the war ended and remained vacant until 1949, when Texas Technological College inLubbock (nowTexas Tech University) purchased the site for $1.[4] Texas Tech used the land for experimental cattle-feeding operations.
In 1951, at the request of theAtomic Energy Commission (now theNational Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)), the Army exercised a recapture clause in the sale contract and reclaimed the main plant and 10,000 acres (40 km2) of surrounding land for use as a nuclear weapons production facility. The Atomic Energy Commission refurbished and expanded the plant at a cost of $25 million. The remaining 6,000 acres (24 km2) of the original site were leased from Texas Tech in 1989.
Pantex was operated byProcter & Gamble from 1951 to 1956,Mason & Hanger from 1956 to 2001, andBabcock & Wilcox from 2001 to 2014.[5]
In 2010, the plant employed about 3,600 people and had a budget of $600 million.[6]
There has been perennial interest in whether conditions at the plant have led to health problems in its workers or the surrounding communities. In 1998, theAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry documented astatistically significant incidence of increasedcancer rates andlow birth weights in some of the counties surrounding Pantex, but the counties closest to the plant (Armstrong and Carson) had no significant increase in cancer rates. The agency concluded that the plant was not likely to be associated with these findings.[4] A 2005 NIOSH study of cancer rates among Pantex workers over the timespan 1951–1995 found that they had a statistically significant increase in occurrence ofprostate cancer andmultiple myeloma with length of employment, leading the authors to recommend follow-up research to investigate whether the working conditions of those employees was the cause.[7] In 2013, theAmarillo Globe-News reported that some Pantex employees had been awarded financial compensation by the U.S. government after developing health problems that may have been related todepleted uranium orthorium exposure.[8]
In 1994, theEPA listed the plant as aSuperfund site, having found toxic chemicals, including radionuclides, in over a hundred places in its soil and groundwater. This was due to improper waste management practices for the materials in question, like storing wastewater in unlined ponds, burying waste in unlined landfills, and burning waste in the open. Using techniques such assoil vapor extraction andbioremediation as well as changing institutional practices at the plant, the EPA oversaw a cleanup that they said made the site safe in the short term as of 2009, although their long-term cleanup of the site'sperched groundwater is ongoing as of 2024.[9][10]
Labor troubles arose in 2007 following the implementation of stricter physical and performance requirements for armed security personnel following theSeptember 11th attacks. Theworker's union for the Pantex guards protested that the new standards were unfairly strenuous tomiddle-aged personnel nearing retirement.[12] In protest 500 guards walked off the job and went on strike in April 2007 and were replaced with a temporary guard force.[13] The strike ended with a negotiated settlement after 34 days. Guards also went on strike in a pay dispute in 1981, and unionized production and maintenance workers struck in 1970 and 2015.[14]
This article incorporatespublic domain material fromMortality Update for the Pantex Weapons Facility: Final Report.National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
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