| Pannonian Rusyn | |
|---|---|
| руски язик ruski jazik | |
| Native to | Serbia Croatia |
| Ethnicity | Pannonian Rusyns |
Native speakers | c. 10,000[1][2][citation needed] |
Early forms | |
| Cyrillic (Pannonian Rusyn alphabet) | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Serbia (inVojvodina) |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Regulated by | Statute of Vojvodina |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | rsk |
rue-par | |
| Glottolog | pann1240 Pannonian Ruthenian |
Pannonian Rusyn (руски язик,romanized:ruski jazik), also historically referred to asYugoslav Rusyn, is avariety of theSlovak language, spoken by thePannonian Rusyns, primarily in the regions ofVojvodina (northern part of modernSerbia) andSlavonia (eastern part of modernCroatia), and also in the Pannonian Rusyndiaspora in theUnited States andCanada. Since Rusyns are officially recognized as anational minority both in Serbia and Croatia, their language is also recognized as aminority language, and in the provincial administration of Serbian province ofVojvodina is employed as one of six languages in official use.[4][5][6]
There are several scholarly debates on variouslinguistic issues related to this language, including the question whether Pannonian Rusyn should be reclassified as a distinctmicrolanguage, a dialect ofEastern Slovak, or still considered to be just a specific variety of the commonRusyn language, that also has other varieties, spoken byRusyns in northern (Carpathian) regions, mainly in southwesternUkraine, northeasternSlovakia, southeasternPoland, and northernRomania.[7]
In some non-Slavic languages, Pannonian Rusyns may be referred to by somewhat archaicexonyms, such as PannonianRuthenes or PannonianRuthenians, and their language is thus labeled as PannonianRuthenian,[8] but such terminology is not used in the native (Rusyn) language.[9]Ruthenian exonyms are also viewed as imprecise, since they have several broader meanings, both in terms of their historical uses and ethnic scopes, that are encompassing various East Slavic groups and their languages.[10][11] In English, Pannonian Rusyns generally refer to their language as simply "Ruthenian"; for instance, there exists a "Department of Ruthenian Studies" at the Faculty of Philosophy in the University of Novi Sad, which teaches courses relating to Pannonian Rusyn.
Most commonly, native speakers refer to their language simply asRusky (Pannonian Rusyn:руски язик |rusky iazik), that renders in English asRusyn. Sometimes they also use the somewhatarchaic termRusnacky (Pannonian Rusyn:руснацки язик /rusnatsky jazyk), that renders in English asRusnak. These terms are used both by laypersons in daily conversation, and by Pannonian-Rusyn linguists in native-language scholarly works.[12][13][14]
Since those terms have historically been (and still are) used byCarpathian Rusyns and otherEast Slavs as endonyms for their ownvernacular,[15] a need emerged for an appropriate adjective to identify this particular linguistic variety. In this spirit, Gabriel Kostelnik proposed the termBačvansko-Rusky (Pannonian Rusyn:бачваньско-руски язик,lit. 'Bačka Rusyn') to refer to the language spoken in the region ofBačka (modern-day Serbia).[16]
Eventually, the more general term,Bačka-Syrmia (Pannonian Rusyn:бачваньско-сримски), was adopted by several scholars and thus also encompassed the varieties of the language spoken in the region ofSyrmia (modern-daySerbia andCroatia).[17][18] Terms such asVojvodina Rusyn orVojvodinian Rusyn were alternatively used to refer to all variants in the region ofVojvodina. Even wider termYugoslav Rusyn was sometimes also used during the existence of formerYugoslavia.[19]
Finally, during the 1970s and 1980s, Rusyn writer and artist Yulian Kolyesarov proposed the termPanonsko-Rusky (Pannonian Rusyn:панонско-руски язик) orPannonian Rusyn.[20][21]
In spite of all the aforementionedendonymic tems, some modern authors still opt to use those based on theexonymic termRuthenian. Since native speakers do not useRuthenian or related terms for self-identification in their own language,[9] such terms are likewise not used in works written in the native language. Still, the terms are employed by some authors in various English-language and non-Slavic works; sometimes in a very general manner. For instance, instead of using regional identifiers (such asPannonian Ruthenian, corresponding toPannonian Rusyn), several of these authors have begun to simply designate that linguistic variety solely asRuthenian, excluding any regional or other adjectives.[22][23][24]
Thus, a peculiarterminological situation has emerged as the termRuthenian language already has a specific and well-established meaning in both traditional and scientific contexts and primarily refers to late medieval and early modern varieties ofEast Slavic as were spoken in the regions of modern-dayUkraine,Belarus from the 15th until 18th centuries.[25] More recently in the formerAustro-Hungarian Monarchy, the corresponding term (German:ruthenische Sprache) was employed until 1918 as the official exonymic term for the entire body of East Slavic languages within the borders of the Monarchy.[26]
In 2022, theISO 639-3 identifier,rsk, and language names,Rusyn andRuthenian, were approved for Pannonian Rusyn byISO. The change followed request in 2020 by a group of linguists (includingAleksandr Dulichenko) in which ISO was asked to recognize Pannonian Rusyn as distinct and separate fromCarpathian Rusyn and to issue it the new ISO 639-3 identifier,Ruthenian language (with the additional name,Rusnak).[27][28]
This ISO update is the latest development since a 2019 proposal from a smaller group of those same linguists which similarly requested suppression of the code,rue, and division of Rusyn language into two distinct languages: theEast Rusyn language (Carpathian Rusyn) and theSouth Rusyn language (Pannonian Rusyn). However, in 2020, ISO authorities rejected the request.[29]
As explained earlier, termRuthenian language already has a specific and well-established meaning. However, the additional term,Rusnak, also has a wider connotation as it is a traditional endonym for allRusyns (whether in Pannonia or Carpathian Rus').[30][31] The effects of the adoption of these terms for Pannonian Rusyn by ISO (if any) remain to be seen.
Pannonian Rusyn has recently been treated as a separate language fromCarpatho-Rusyn. By some scholars, mainly American scholars, Pannonian Rusyn has been treated as aWest Slavic language, and Carpatho-Rusyn as anEast Slavic language, which would make Pannonian Rusyn the only West Slavic language to use theCyrillic script.
In theISO 639-9 identifier application for Pannonian Rusyn (or "Ruthenian" as it is referred to in that document), the authors note that "Ruthenian is closest to [a] linguistic entity sometimes called [Slovak:východniarsky; Pan. Rusyn:виходнярски,lit. 'East Slovak'],[i] ... (the speeches ofTrebišov andPrešov [districts])."[32]
Though Pannonian Rusyn shares most of its linguistic features with these Eastern Slovak dialects, it shares nine features which are exclusive to South-WestZemplin (Trebišov) Eastern Slovakvarieties:[32]
Pannonian Rusyn also shares three features unique to South-EastŠariš (Prešov) Eastern Slоvаk varieties:[32]
Dulichenko[33] аlsо states that East Slovak features predominate both onphonological andmorphological level. He points to the following phonological features:[32]
Dulichenko also notes that Pannonian Rusyn shares the following morphological features with East Slovak dialects:[32]
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Pannonian Rusyn and Carpathian Rusyn are claimed by some scholars to both beEast Slavic languages.[dubious –discuss] Pannonian Rusyn differs from Carpathian Rusyn in that the former has been influenced by the surroundingSouth Slavic languages (especiallySerbian), whilst the latter has been influenced by the surroundingWest Slavic languages (especiallyPolish andSlovak).
Among the West Slavic languages, Pannonian Rusyn has been especially influenced by theEastern Slovak dialects. This influence occurred before the Rusyns emigrated toPannonia from the northern Carpathian region, around the middle of the 18th century.
More recently, Pannonian Rusyn has been claimed, even by linguists and grammarians of Pannonian Rusyn origin, to be an inherit from Old Slovak, with extraneous East Slavic influence being derived from historically geographically proximate Carpathian Rusyn. This largely manifests in vocabulary, for example words displaying-дї- and-тї-.
In turn, Carpathian Rusyn has also been influenced by pre-migration Pannonian Rusyn, albeit to a smaller degree; for instance, the word for "spear" isкопія, a feminine noun borrowed from Pannonian Rusynкопия, inherited from Old Slovakkopija. A native East Slavic inherit would yield a neuter noun; compare Russianкопьё.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
Pannonian Rusyn, for the vast majority of words, has penultimate stress, that is, the second-to-last syllable is stressed for every word with two or more syllables. For example,товариш (tovariš, "friend") is pronounced[tɔˈvariʃ], while its dative and locative form,товаришови (tovarišovi) is pronounced[tɔvariˈʃɔvi].
The main systematic exception is words ending in-изм (-izm, "-ism"), which are considered to have a syllabic ⟨м⟩ and thus pronounced[ˈizm̩]. The syllabicity of the ending is lost in oblique forms which append a vowel to the word, thus retaining stress as[ˈizm-].
Another exception is words which end in the indefinite suffix-шик (-šik). For those words, the stressed syllable is the same one as in the pronoun without this suffix, that is, despite the vowel, this suffix is not taken into account when considering penultimate stress. For instance,хторишик (xtorišik, "some, any") is pronounced[ˈxtɔriʃik] rather than[xtɔˈriʃik] which would have otherwise been derived according to the rule of penultimate stress.
For a minority of words, they may have irregular stress, which is usually indicated in dictionaries with an acute accent. These tend to be interjections, and examples of this includeакура́т (akurát[akuˈrat], "exactly!"),ба́яко (bájako[ˈbajakɔ], "of course not!") andни-а́ (ni-á[niˈa], "look...").
Pannonian Rusyn consonants displayvoicing and devoicing, depending on their position in a word or surrounding words.
At the end of a word, voiced consonants are devoiced, for exampleраз (raz, "time") is pronounced[ras] rather than[raz]. This phenomenon also occurs in many other Slavic languages, such as Russian or Polish. However, final devoicing does not occur when the word is followed by a word which begins with a voiced consonant or a vowel; instead, unvoiced consonants are voiced, for instanceбрат и шестра (brat i šestra, "brother and sister") being pronounced as[brad‿i‿ˈʃɛstra] rather than[brat‿i‿ˈʃɛstra].
In a consonant cluster, whether a consonant is voiced or not depends on the final consonant in the cluster. This affects whether the consonant(s) before it are voiced. For instance, in the wordдробизґ (drobizg, "poultry"), since the final consonant is devoiced to[k], the preceding consonant is also subsequently devoiced to[s], thus giving[ˈdrɔbisk] as the final pronunciation. Likewise, in the wordфранцузки (francuzki, "French"), since ⟨к⟩ is unvoiced, it affects the preceding ⟨з⟩ and devoices it to[s], therefore giving[franˈt͡suski] as the pronunciation, and also implying that-зки (-zki) and-ски (-ski) are essentially homophonic.
One unusual phenomenon is that for any conjugated verb form that ends in-ме (-me), any unvoiced consonant immediately preceding this suffix is voiced. For instance,плєцме (pljecme), the first-person plural imperative form ofплєсц (pljesc, "to knit"), is pronounced[ˈpʎɛd͡zmɛ] rather than[ˈpʎɛt͡smɛ]. This phenomenon is shared with standard Slovak, and is likewise generally not reflected in spelling. The main exception of this is the first-person plural present verb formзме (zme, "we are"), pronounced[zmɛ], which is the same as Slovaksme. Both forms come from Old Slovaksme.
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Being a language born of unique circumstances, Pannonian Rusyn bears numerous lexical influences.
A large amount of vocabulary is inherited from Old Slovak, and West Slavic cognates may be found in standard Slovak and/or Czech. For example,схопни (sxopni, "capable") being cognate with Czech and Slovakschopný,нащивиц (naščivic, "to visit") sharing a common origin with Czechnavštívit and Slovaknavštíviť, orозда (ozda, "perhaps") corresponding to Slovakazda.
In a majority of cases, Proto-Slavic*dь and*tь, later Old Slovakď, ť, becomeдз andц in Pannonian Rusyn. For instance, Proto-Slavic*děti becoming Pannonian Rusynдзеци (dzeci, "children")[ˈd͡zɛt͡si] compared to Slovakdeti[ˈɟɛci]. This phenomenon is also observed in the singular locative forms of certain nouns whose root end in-d or-t, for instanceместо (mesto) →месце (mesce). In some cases, this may converge with the standard Slovak term, such as Pannonian Rusynмедзи (medzi, "between") and Slovakmedzi both being[ˈmɛd͡zi]; orцесто (cesto, "dough") and Slovakcesto both being[ˈt͡sɛstɔ]. While the sounds of [ɟ] and [c] do exist in Pannonian Rusyn, as in Czech and standard Slovak, they are only used in loanwords, chiefly those from Carpathian Rusyn or Hungarian.
On the other hand, unlike Czech and Slovak, Proto-Slavic*zь and*sь have largely been retained, in the form of ⟨ж⟩ and ⟨ш⟩. For example, the word for "today" isнєшка (nješka), a reduced form ofднєшка (dnješka) which comes from Proto-Slavic*dьnьsьka, whence also Czechdneska, with*sь hardened tos. This also occurs before vowels, for instance Proto-Slavic*beseda → Pannonian Rusynбешеда (bešeda), or Proto-Slavic*zelenъ → Pannonian Rusynжелєни (željeni). This is most prevalent in the reflexive particle, which in Czech isse, in standard Slovaksa (dialectally, alsose), but in Pannonian Rusyn it isше (še), which perhaps bears greater phonological similarity to Polishsię. This is also seen in the locative form of certain nouns, for instanceлєс (ljes) becomingлєше (lješe) in the locative, orґузел (guzel) becomingґужлє (gužlje); as well as in the present tense conjugated forms of verbs whose infinitives end in-снуц or-знуц, such asроснуц (rosnuc, "to grow") becomingрошнє (rošnje, "is growing"), orмарзнуц (marznuc, "to freeze") becomingмаржнє (maržnje, "is freezing"); compare Polishrosnąć, rośnie, butmarznąć, marznie.
Certain inherited words display an unusual shift of*e, *ě or*ę →ей (ej), for example*pętь ("five") and*šestь ("six") →пейц (pejc),шейсц (šejsc). Some of these forms are in fact attested in Old Slovak, such aspejc, however there is no uniformity to this shift. It sometimes even occurs in loanwords, such asшейтац (šejtac, "to walk") from Serbo-Croatianшетати / šetati, orБейч (Bejč, "Vienna") from HungarianBécs.
In this case, Carpathian Rusyn refers to the East Slavic dialects spoken in the regions between Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine. One common trait of a loanword from Carpathian Rusyn is the usage ofдь, ть, which are not found in native Pannonian Rusyn words inherited from Old Slovak. For example,надїя (nadjija, "hope"), from Carpathian Rusynнадїя, orдїдо (djido, "grandfather") from Carpathian Rusynдїдо.
Another trait is the use of ⟨и⟩ where etymologically the word would have displayed ⟨о⟩. This usually indicates a Carpathian Rusyn word which displayed an*o → ⟨і⟩ or ⟨ӱ⟩ shift. For instance,мрія (mrija, "dream", cf. Belarusianмроя (mroja)) → Pannonian Rusynмрия (mrija, "imagination"), orчарівник (čarivnyk) or even*чарӱвник (*čarüvnyk, "wizard") → Pannonian Rusynчаривнїк (čarivnjik, "wizard, magician"), cf. Old Slovakčarovník.
Some common Pannonian Rusyns given names are of Carpathian Rusyn origin, such asМитро (Mitro) probably being a reduced form ofДмитро (Dmytro), orМикола (Mikola) being from Carpathian RusynМикола (Mykola), the Rusyn and Ukrainian variant of Nicholas.
Carpathian Rusyn has also given Pannonian Rusyn a number of country names or otherwise placenames, for instanceГаличина (Haličina, "Galicia"), from Carpathian RusynГаличина (Halyčyna); orКитай (Kitaj, "China") from Carpathian RusynКітай (Kitaj).
Hungarian loanwords may be divided into pre-Pannonian migration, and post-migration. Pre-migration words are often also found in Carpathian Rusyn, such asґовля (govlja, "stork") from Hungariangólya, whereas post-migration Hungarian loanwords are often shared with Serbo-Croatian, such asварош (varoš, "city; town") fromváros.
As a general rule, Hungarianó tends to becomeов (ov) in Pannonian Rusyn, usually pronounced[ɔw], but may change to[ɔv] in declined forms, as inашов (ašov, "spade", from Hungarianásó)[ˈaʃɔw], butашови (ašovi, "spades")[aˈʃɔvi]. For certain words, Hungariané may becomeей (ej), such ascédula becomingцейдула (cejdula) in theKucura dialect, orBécs ("Vienna") being colloquially referred to asБейч (Bejč). Hungarianh may be rendered as ⟨г⟩, such as inГорват (Horvat, "Croatian") from Hungarianhorvat; or it may be rendered as ⟨х⟩, e.g.харча (xarča, "catfish") fromharcsa.
In addition to regular vocabulary, many Pannonian Rusyns also bear Hungarian surnames (and/or, less often, first names), such asНадь (Nad') from HungarianNagy (literally "big"),Тамаш (Tamaš) fromTamás ("Thomas"), orДюри (Djuri) fromGyuri, a diminutive ofGyörgy ("George"). Some of these names and surnames are also found among Czechs and Slovaks, as well as other Rusyns.
In the two centuries since Pannonian Rusyns moved to modern-day Croatia and Serbia, a large amount of vocabulary from Serbo-Croatian has entered the language. This includes almost all internationalisms, country names, and modern technical vocabulary. Some of these may be direct borrowings, or they may be calques. Examples includeзаєднїца (zajednjica, "community") from Serbo-Croatianзаједница / zajednica, orопорцийовац (oporcijovac, "to tax") being a calque of Serbo-Croatianопорезовати / oporezovati. This extends to many modern-day technologies; for instance, the term for anHTTP cookie isколачик (kolačik, literally "little baked good"), which is asemantic loan of Serbo-Croatianколачић / kolačić.
Many country names, especially of European countries, end in either-ска (-ska) or-цка (-cka) and decline using a feminine adjectival declension, for instanceНємецка (Njemecka, "Germany"), genitive/dative/locativeНємецкей (Njemeckej). This is likely a calque of Serbo-Croatian-ска / -ska, which also declines with an adjectival declension.
Certain words may be a blend of Slovak, Carpathian Rusyn and Serbo-Croatian all at once; for instance,пошлїдок (pošljidok) seems to be a blend of Serbo-Croatianпоследица / posledica, Pannonian Rusynшлїд (šljid, via an unattested Old Slovak*slied), and Carpathian Rusynнаслїдок (nasljidok).
Serbo-Croatian influence has also promoted the use of certain words that had already existed in Old Slovak, but had become obsolete in modern standard Slovak. For instance, the use of the wordтайна (tajna, "secret") due to influence from Serbo-Croatianтајна / tajna. In some cases however, the similarities may be down to coincidence; збогом ("goodbye") exists in both Serbo-Croatian (zbogom) and in Pannonian Rusyn (zbohom), however phrases likeísť z Bohom (literally "go with God") have been attested in Old Slovak since at least as early as 1681, and indeedzbohom is still used in modern Slovak as it is in Pannonian Rusyn.
In the modern era, due to all Pannonian Rusyns being fluent speakers of Serbian or Croatian (depending on which country they live in), certain colloquialisms from Serbo-Croatian may be used in casual speech or informal writing, which tend to be proscribed by education authorities. Two examples of this areда (da, "so as to") andґод (god, "-ever"), which come from Serbo-Croatianда / da andгод / god respectively, where teachers would usually recommend using the native mostly-equivalentsнай (naj) andгоч (hoč). Where these two are commonly used even in written Pannonian Rusyn, one very common chiefly spoken filler used by Rusyns isовай (ovaj, "uh, um"), also used by Serbs and Croats asовај / ovaj.
Despite the proscription, some of these Serbisms have been used in Pannonian Rusyn for over a century;да (da), for example, is attested in a letter dated to July of 1925, and may have even been used prior to that. Furthermore, there exist some ubiquitous Serbisms which are not proscribed by language authorities, such asдок (dok, "while, as long as").
The vast majority of anglicisms in Pannonian Rusyn, including and especially technical and technological terminology, entered the language via Serbo-Croatian. There are nonetheless some exceptions, such as the obsolete wordштрицкара (štrickara, "tram") from Englishstreetcar, orчунґам (čungam) fromchewing gum.
If the English word contains an ⟨h⟩, then it is rendered in Pannonian Rusyn as ⟨г⟩, even though the Serbo-Croatian term would use ⟨х⟩. For instance, Englishhumor → Serbo-Croatianхумор / humor → Pannonian Rusynгумор (humor).
Certain English words may be morphologically modified depending on the intermediate language(s), such asбифтек (biftek, "steak") from Englishbeefsteak via Frenchbifteck.
Pannonian Rusyn also has some vocabulary from German, some of which may have entered via Bavarian. For instance,софт (soft, "gravy") fromSåft, the Bavarian variant of GermanSaft. Some such vocabulary may be present in other languages in the region;шпоргет (šporhet, "stove"), from GermanSparherd (possibly via some Bavarian*Spårhet), is cognate with Hungariansparhelt and Serbo-Croatianшпархет / šparhet. In some cases, German vocabulary may be retained where they may have become obsolete in other Slavic languages, such asгайзибан (hajziban, "train"), from GermanEisenbahn, which also exists in obsolete Serbo-Croatian asajzliban, and dialectally in Polish asejzebana.
Some words from Ottoman Turkish are also commonplace in Pannonian Rusyn, such asдутян (dutjan, "shop") andмаджун (madžun, "jam"). These terms most likely entered Pannonian Rusyn via a Serbo-Croatian intermediate.
Modern derivations from Czech or Slovak are uncommon, however some terms are hard to explain as deriving from elsewhere. Czech derivations in Pannonian Rusyn enter the language most often via Serbo-Croatian modern-day coinages, such asчасопис (časopis, "magazine, journal") orрукопис (rukopis, "handwriting; manuscript"). On the other hand, there also exists the termмоторка (motorka, "motorcycle, motorbike"), which either developed spontaneously in Pannonian Rusyn, or it may be a derivation from Czech/Slovakmotorka, asмоторка / motorka in Serbo-Croatian means "chainsaw", bearing in mind also that ethnic Slovaks also live in Vojvodina and in factoutnumber Rusyns.
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Pannonian Rusyn is written using theCyrillic script. This Cyrillic-based orthography has been used in an unofficial capacity since at least the beginning of the 20th century, popularized by Rusyn writer, poet, grammarian, linguist and philosopherHavriil Kostelnyk with his book of poemsЗ мойого валала (Z mojoho valala, "From my village", 1903), with further texts written in the 1920s and 30s, includingГраматика бачваньско-рускей бешеди (Gramatika bačvan'sko-ruskej bešedi, "Grammar of the Bačka-Rusyn language") published in 1923.
Based on Kostelnyk's work, Pannonian Rusyn was further codified and standardized by Mikola Kočiš inПравопис руского язика (Pravopis ruskoho jazika; "Orthography of the Rusyn language", 1971) andҐраматика руского язика (Gramatika ruskoho jazika; "Grammar of the Rusyn language", 1974), albeit with rather minimal changes, as texts written in the 1920s are still almost completely intelligible today.
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ґ ґ | Д д | Е е | Є є |
| Ж ж | З з | И и | Ї ї | Й й | К к | Л л | М м |
| Н н | О о | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у | Ф ф |
| Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ю ю | Я я | Ь ь |
The Pannonian Rusyn alphabet has 32 letters. It includes all the letters of theUkrainian alphabet exceptІ/і. Like theCarpathian Rusyn alphabets, and like the Ukrainian alphabet until 1990, the Pannonian Rusyn alphabet placesь afterя, while the vast majority ofCyrillic alphabets place ь beforeэ (if present),ю, and я.
Prior to the standardization of the Cyrillic script, various scripts were informally used, including a Latin script based on theHungarian orthography. Sometimes, this would lead to certain phonemes being misconstrued; for instance, the river and canalBega, known in Serbo-Croatian as "Begej", was genericized into the word meaning "canal" in Pannonian Rusyn as early as the late 1800s. However, it was then spelt asbegely in the unofficial Hungarian script, as the digraphly is pronounced [j] in modern Hungarian. Confusion arose as other Pannonian Rusyn speakers usedly to represent [ʎ], the palatalized form of [l] (spelt in modern Cyrillic asль). Hence, what was originally[ˈbɛɡɛj] became[ˈbɛɡɛʎ], and the word is today spelt in Cyrillic asбеґель.
The Cyrillic orthography was standardized based on the dialect spoken inRuski Krstur. One notable deviation is found in theKucura dialect, where the plural past perfect is realized with the ending -лї instead of -ли, as is standard. For instance, читали ("they read"), normally pronounced[t͡ʃiˈtali], would be pronounced as if spelt читалї, i.e.[t͡ʃiˈtaʎi], in the Kucura dialect. The ending is nonetheless written as -ли.[34]
Only four consonants -д, л, н, т - may be followed by the soft sign ⟨ь⟩, in which/d/,/l/,/n/,/t/ are palatalized and become/ɟ/,/ʎ/,/ɲ/,/c/ (and not/dʲ/,/lʲ/,/nʲ/,/tʲ/). These four consonants also attain this value when followed by ⟨є⟩, ⟨ї⟩, ⟨я⟩ or ⟨ю⟩. For all other consonants, ⟨є⟩, ⟨ї⟩, ⟨й⟩, ⟨я⟩ or ⟨ю⟩ only produce an additional/j/ sound followed by the corresponding vowel sound. In Carpathian Rusyn on the other hand, ⟨є⟩, ⟨ї⟩, ⟨й⟩, ⟨я⟩ or ⟨ю⟩ may also follow consonants such as ⟨з⟩, ⟨р⟩, ⟨с⟩ or ⟨ц⟩ depending on the specific orthography, for instance in the phraseв межичасї (v mežyčasji, "in the meantime").
Like with the Ukrainian orthography, the apostrophe ⟨'⟩ is also used to divide two consonants to prevent forming affricates, such asпод'жемни (pod'žemni, "underground") (composed ofпод-, "under" andжемни, "earth; ground") being pronounced[pɔdˈʒɛmni] rather than[pɔˈd͡ʒɛmni]; or it may be used to prevent a palatalizable consonant from being palatalized, such as in the wordст'юардеса (st'juardesa, "female flight attendant, stewardess") which is pronounced with[stju-] rather than[scu-].
ThePrešov Rusyn alphabet of Slovakia has 36 letters. It includes all the letters of the Pannonian Rusyn alphabet plusё,і,ы, andъ.
TheLemko Rusyn alphabet of Poland has 34 letters. It includes all the letters of the Pannonian Rusyn alphabet with the exception ofї, plus і, ы, and ъ.
In the Ukrainian alphabet,и precedes і and ї, and the Pannonian Rusyn alphabet (which doesn't have і) follows this precedent by placing и before ї. In the Prešov Rusyn alphabet, however, і and ї come before и, and likewise, і comes before и in the Lemko Rusyn alphabet (which doesn't have ї).
It should also be noted that ⟨г⟩ and ⟨ґ⟩ are treated as entirely independent letters and usage of the latter is not optional, as it may be in the Belarusian and Ukrainian orthographies. For instance, where Ukrainian hasгамбургер (hamburher) for "hamburger", Pannonian Rusyn only usesгамбурґер (hamburger). Nonetheless, there are certain loanwords, most often from Carpathian Rusyn and/orOld Church Slavonic, that display ⟨г⟩ even though its counterpart in Serbo-Croatian may use ⟨г⟩ [ɡ], such asграждан (hraždan, "citizen"),Єгипет (Jehipet, "Egypt"), andгречески (hrečeski, "Greek").
After theWorld War II, in the socialistYugoslavia, Rusyns were officially recognized as a distinct ethnic minority, and their legal status was regulated in Yugoslav constituent republics ofSerbia andCroatia. In the 1963 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Serbia, Rusyns were designated as one of seven (explicitly named) ethnic minorities,[35][36] and the same provision was implemented in the Statute of Vojvodina (an autonomous province of Serbia) that was adopted in the same year. During the same period, Rusyn ethnic minority was also recognized in the Socialist Republic of Croatia, by the Constitutional Amendment IV, that was adopted in 1972.[37] That provision was confirmed by the new 1974 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, that recognized not only local Rusyns but also localUkrainians, thus designating them as separate and distinct ethnic minorities.[38]
Consequently, a Rusyn language high school was established inRuski Krstur (Руски Керестур,Serbian:Руски Крстур /Ruski Krstur), the cultural centre of the Pannonian Rusyns. At least 250 Rusyn language books have been printed so far for the high school and elementary schools in the region.[citation needed])
There is a lectureship at the Rusyn Studies atNovi Sad University.[39][40]
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There are regular television and radio programmes in Pannonian Rusyn, by the regional public broadcasterRadio Television of Vojvodina, including the multilingual radio stationRadio Novi Sad 3, with the breakdown of minutes broadcasting language in 2001 was as follows: 23.5%Serbian, 23.5%Hungarian, 5.7%Slovak, 5.7%Romanian, 3.8% Rusyn, 2.2%Romani, and 0.2%Ukrainian.
The third theory defines Pannonian Rusyn as a West Slavic language originating in the East Slovak Zemplín and Šariš dialects and being a mixture of the two. It fits the linguistic data in the most consistent manner and has been accepted by an overwhelming majority of scholars in the field (Bidwell 1966; Švagrovský 1984; Witkowski 1984; Lunt 1998; Čarskij 2011) and verified by several comprehensive analyses of Pannonian Rusyn language data (Bidwell 1966; Lunt 1998; Čarskij 2011).
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{{cite book}}:Check|isbn= value: length (help)Суфикс-ли у коцурскей бешеди ше вигваря зозл':читалї.
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