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In the 2009 science-fiction filmAvatar, directorJames Cameron conceived afictional universe in which humans seek to mineunobtanium on the fictionalhabitable moon Pandora. TheEarth-like moon is inhabited by asapient indigenoushumanoid species called theNa'vi, as well as varied fauna and flora.Resources Development Administration (RDA―which, despite the name, is apublic company which evolved from aSilicon Valleystartup) scientists, administrators, recruits, support, and security personnel travel to Pandora in the 22nd century to discover this beautiful, lush world, which is inhabited by many lifeforms including the human-like Na'vi. The clan with which the humans have contact in the film lives "in a giant tree that sits on a vast store of a mineral called unobtainium, which humans want as an energy supply."[1] Cameron has describedAvatar as more "science fantasy" than true science fiction and has said that he would explain in the novel for the film why in the fictional universe the Na'vi look like humans.[2]
In the film, Pandora is depicted as being located in theAlpha Centauri A system, 4.37 ly from Earth. It is one of the manynatural satellites orbiting thegas giant Polyphemus,[3] named for thePolyphemus ofGreek mythology. Pandora's atmosphere is a mix ofnitrogen,oxygen,carbon dioxide,xenon,methane,ammonia andhydrogen sulfide, the latter three of which are unbreathable for humans, who wear Exo-Packs when outside their buildings or vehicles. The atmosphere of Pandora does have enough oxygen for humans (21–22 %), but too much carbon dioxide (16–18 %). The Na'vi have special organs (similar to kidneys) calledwichow that take advantage of this atmosphere to extract greater amounts of oxygen for their bloodstream. These organs use carbon dioxide and water in their bodies and convert them into methane and oxygen. The methane is exhaled back into the atmosphere. The extra oxygen is added to the Na'vi bloodstream to help power their extra-large bodies and powerful muscles. This process accounts for the small amount of methane in the Pandoran atmosphere. At rest or when the Na'vi are dormant, those same organs can convert some small amounts of methane back into carbon dioxide and water to replenish their water supply if needed. This is why humans can survive with just a filtration system (exo-packs), but the Na'vi need higher amounts of carbon dioxide to function. The high level of carbon dioxide and other gases such as hydrogen sulfide keep Na'vi blood pH at 5.25–5.75, which is more acidic than human blood (7.35–7.45).
Much of the fiction takes place on the world of Pandora, which has a highly biodiverse ecosystem. The moon contains a diversity of various animals with a six-leg body plan, multiple species of aerial organisms with membrane-like wings, aquatic wildlife, as well as other uniquefauna andflora (many that shows signs of gigantism due to the higher carbon dioxide composition of the atmosphere). Most species containbioluminescent capabilities among all ecological realms (terrestrial, marine, and freshwater). A vastbiological neural network plays a central role in Pandoran ecology as it encompasses the entire biosphere, spanning the entire lunar surface. The Na'vi and other wildlife can interact with this network physiologically with many species possessing structures explicitly evolved to do so. As a form of collective consciousness, it is shown to be capable of acting as a defense against large-scale ecological threats such as when it defeats human invaders in battle. Cameron used a team of expert advisors in order to make the various examples of fauna and flora as scientifically feasible as possible.[4] Cameron hopes to explore the other moons in future sequels, books, and spin-offs.[1][5][6][7]
James Cameron's core idea for theAvatar's fictional creatures was for them to be "superslick and aerodynamic, and be like a race car with racing stripes".[8]Neville Page worked onAvatar as the lead creature designer. He, Wayne Barlowe (author, artist, and initial lead creature designer), and Yuri Bartoli (concept designer and supervising virtual art director) adapted Cameron's conceptions of the fauna into a design that served three purposes: to appear expressive, to function with animation technology, and to seem realistic.[9] He and creature designer Wayne Barlowe sought to base the design of Pandora's creatures on race cars, but they struggled to adapt the concept. Page drew on his education in automotive design, recognizing the irony that race cars were based on real-life animals in having "bone lines". Existing automotive designs drew from seashells, turtle shells, and insects, so the designers returned the design to the fictional creatures. They found that the prime challenge in designing most creatures was to give them organic appearances, including skin texture. Some creatures were also designed to have special breathing holes located in thetrachea, copying how cars haveintakes.[8]
The Na'vi arehumanoid creatures that inhabit Pandora along with other creatures. They use animals ranging from direhorses to viperwolves. According toEntertainment Weekly, "The Na'vi can commune with animals on their planet by literally plugging their braid into the creatures' nerve systems. To become a warrior, a Na'vi must tame and ride a flying creature known as Ikran."[10] The Na'vi also use this neural bonding system, called "tsaheylu", tomate with a "life partner", a bond that, when made, cannot be broken in the Na'vi's lifetime. This is akin to human marriage.[11] Human visitors see the Na'vi as possessing a religion, whose chief and possibly sole deity is a benevolent goddess known as Eywa. The Na'vi are able to physically connect to Eywa when they use their braids to connect to the Tree of Souls and other similar flora which function as the global brain's interfaces. Eywa is said to have a connection to all things Pandoran.[12]
In theAvatar universe (set in the year 2154), humans have achieved a very technologically advanced,post-industrial society ruled/dominated by powerful corporations and industries. One of Earth's most powerful corporations is theglobally integratedResources Development Administration (RDA), apublic company which evolved from aSilicon Valleystartup, that owns all resources off Earth. The Interplanetary Commerce Administration granted these sole rights to the RDA under the stipulation that the use ofweapons of mass destruction is prohibited.[13] Known RDA personnel on Pandora include head administrator Parker Selfridge, Colonel Miles Quaritch, Private Sean Fike, Corporal Lyle Wainfleet, Dr. Max Patel, Dr. Grace Augustine, Dr. Norm Spellman, Samson 16 pilot Trudy Chacon, and many others.
Although Earth is never seen in the film, other than in the extended collector's edition, Cameron developed the future Earth ofAvatar as adystopian,overpopulated, over polluted, global urban slum wrecked by corrupt, nature-destroyingindustrialism; the movie's backgroundcyberpunk theme is a regular feature of his work. According to Jake, one of the main characters, the Earth is a "dying world" where humans have "killed theirmother", suggesting that there is very little, if any, functioning natural ecosystem left. By the film's 22nd century timeframe, Earth faces a worldwide economic/energy crisis due to the depletion of natural resources. Earth is also apparently so politically unstable that the services ofprivate security contractors and the militaries of Earth's nations are in high demand; Colonel Miles Quaritch boasts about serving three combat tours of duty inNigeria before coming to Pandora and notes that Jake is a veteran of a military operation inVenezuela. The planet has also suffered serious natural and man-made disasters, such as anintra-continental conflict andtsunamis hitting theeast andwest coasts of the United States.
Technologically, humans have achieved monumental advancements by 2154:interplanetary andinterstellarspace travel andcolonization; virtual3D printing andholography mapping; and advanced methods ofcryonics andpsionics (viasynthetic telepathy interface) are employed. Using their capability of advancedgenetic engineering, humans develop "Avatar" hybrid bodies from genetically distinct modified humanDNA and Na'vi alien genetic material. Throughpsionics, genetically matched humans are then mind-linked to these "Avatars" for remote control operation. In the area of medicine, humans have developed advancedstem cellneuroregeneration technology that can cure Jake's paralysis. However, in 2154, it is still extremely expensive and is not covered byVeterans Affairs benefits. Thus, RDA is initially able to use Jake's desire to regain the use of his legs as leverage against him.
As with many science fiction films, many space vehicles, aircraft, ground vehicles, weapons, and technologies were created to fit the story. Many were patterned after historical or contemporary technologies to give the film a sense of futuristic realism.[14] Concept artist Ryan Church based many drawings on aerodynamic research from previously classified NASA and DARPA technical papers. Unlike the movieAliens which employed one drop ship from de-orbit to ground combat, several vehicles cover specific roles of utility transport, gunship, and base resupply. This is similar to the specialization of aircraft and helicopters in the United States military since the Vietnam war.
Owen Gleiberman ofEntertainment Weekly writes, "Cameron turns Pandora into a vertiginously suspended forest landscape ... Jake and the sexy tribal princess Neytiri (Zoë Saldana) wow us with their fluid, prancing movements, but there's no subtext to their smoothly virtual faces."[15] Carol Kaesuk Yoon of theNew York Times wrote thatAvatar "has recreated what is the heart ofbiology: the naked, heart-stopping wonder of really seeing the living world".[16]
CNN reported that the film's universe has had a profound effect on the audience over their perception of Earth, and life on it, in reality. Avatar Forums posted a topic thread entitled "Ways to cope with the depression of the dream of Pandora being intangible" which received "1,000 posts from people experiencing depression and fans trying to help them cope" (a second thread was posted for more room). Philippe Baghdassarian, the site administrator, commented "I wasn't depressed myself. In fact, the movie made me happy, but I can understand why it made people depressed. The movie was so beautiful and it showed something we don't have here on Earth. I think people saw we could be living in a completely different world and that caused them to be depressed." Many have confessed to falling to depression and harboring suicidal thoughts, while others have expressed disgust towards humanity and "disengagement with reality." Psychiatrist Stephan Quentzel added that "Virtual life is not real life and it never will be, but this is the pinnacle of what we can build in a virtual presentation so far."[17]
In February 2010, CNN published an article exploring the "Avatar science" (the technology linking the human mind to a remotely controlled body). Elizabeth Landau wrote, "Scientists say we are many decades, even centuries, away from making this kind of sophisticated interaction possible, if it can be done at all." Aneuroscientist at theUniversity of Pittsburgh, Andrew Schwartz, further commented that it "shouldn't be taken as anything but fantasy."[18]
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