Pan Guangdan (Chinese:潘光旦; 1898–1967) known in English asQuentin Pan, was a Chinese sociologist, eugenist, and writer. He was one of the most distinguished sociologists andeugenists of China. Educated atTsinghua University on aBoxer Indemnity Scholarship,Dartmouth College andColumbia University, where he was trained byCharles B. Davenport,[1] Pan was also a renowned expert on education. His wide research scope included eugenics, education policy, matrimony policy, familial problems, prostitute policy, and intellectual distributions. Pan's wide-ranging intellect led to his active participation in theCrescent Moon Society.[2]
Pan's most famous student wasFei Xiaotong, the "father of Chinese anthropology."[citation needed]
Pan joined the China Democratic Groups League (laterChina Democratic League) in 1941, and was a standing committee member of the central committee of the League. During theAnti-Rightist Movement, he was determined to be a "rightist." Pan was persecuted inCultural Revolution, and died in 1967, at 69. He was rehabilitated in 1979.
For Pan, eugenics was both a political and scientific matter, as well as economic, ethnological and sociological; and he is credited with the popularization of eugenic thought in the 1920s and '30s in China. Some of his most influential works includeThe Eugenic Question in China (中国之优生问题) andChinese Family Problems (中国之家庭问题)(1928). In these works, Pan promoted the family structure over individualism, which he believed, along with traditional marriage, to be most effective in racial improvement through biological inheritance. Urban living, he said, only promoted decadent individualism and contributed nothing to the racial fitness of the nation. Although he supported the use of state power for the implementation of eugenic policies, primarily through his founding of The Chinese Eugenics Institute, conflicts such as theSino-Japanese War,World War II, and thecivil war between theKMT and theCommunists prevented governmental adoption of his ideas.[3]
In a 1937 volume of essays, "Minzu texing yu minzu weisheng" (民族 特性 与 民族 卫生 Racial characteristics and racial hygiene) Pan argued that government programs of health and reconstruction were of no use if the majority of the people were of low quality. He included his translations from the works ofEllsworth Huntington and the American missionaryArthur H. Smith's 1894 bookChinese Characteristics. Smith's chapters "Absence of Nerves", "Disregard of Accuracy", and "Absence of Public Spirit", he said, illustrated the selfish, unscientific, face-loving, "Chinese Everyman" who weakened the Chinese race. He called for educated and intelligent Chinese to increase their rate of birth and improve Chinese people's health by increasing the number of people who were genetically superior.[4]
Pan argued that the anthropological category of “race” was not yet scientifically substantiated. Eugenics as a newly established discipline should not, he believed, become entangled with dubious claims about superior races, since every “color” of people shared both the good and the bad germplasm distributed in its own population.[1]
During theSecond Sino-Japanese War, Pan was among the prominent Chinese eugenists who viewed the war as a contest of population that would allow only the strongest to survive.[5] Consistent with this reasoning,Nationalist China enacted more stringent abortion laws during the war.[5]
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